CRJ 100: Chapter 1

Justice Reinvestment

A data-driven approach to criminal justice reform that examines and addresses justice system expenditures and population drivers in order to generate cost-savings that are then reinvested in high-performing public safety strategies.

__________ refers to crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research.

Evidence-based practices

Which of the following cases would fall under civil justice?

Jeff applies for a job and is turned down because of his sexual orientation.

Which of the following is most likely to be a public-order advocate?

Juan, who supports the targeting of certain ethnic groups for "stop-and-frisks," in an attempt to identify possible terrorists.

George has been arrested and is being held by the police. He is brought before a judge who must decide if there is sufficient probable cause to continue the justice process. Which stage of the justice process is George experiencing?

Preliminary Hearing

Which of the following statements best describes the state of criminal justice as an academic discipline in the 1960s?

Scientific research into criminal justice system operations was being encouraged by the federal government.

Sentinel Event

A bad outcome that no one wants repeated and that signals the existence of underlying weaknesses in the system.

Social Justice

An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.

Which of the following individuals is credited with making criminal justice an academic discipline?

August Vollmer

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a failure to provide criminal justice?

Chris, a police detective, falsely implicates an innocent man in a rape case.

Which of the following cases falls within the administration of criminal justice?

Ferdinand, a prison warden, subjects a convict to physical abuse.

Social Disorganization

A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.

Conflict Model

A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components function primarily to serve their own interests. According to this theoretical framework, justice is more a product of conflicts among agencies within the system than it is the result of cooperation among component agencies.

Consensus Model

A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice.

Crime-Control Model

A criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders.

Donna quit her job at Portland, Inc. and joined a rival company. Portland, Inc. accused her of breaking her contractual obligations and decided to take her to court. In this scenario, which component of social justice is involved?

Civil Justice

Rex is an individual-rights advocate while his friend Diana is a public-order advocate. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true in this case?

Diana believes that prison sentences for serious violent offenders should be increased.

Social Diversity

Differences between individuals and groups in the same society, including differences based on culture, race, religion, ethnicity, age, gender identity, and disabilities.

Jacob is a suspect in a burglary case who has been arrested by the police. A judge tells him the charges against him and advises him of his rights. The judge also sets bail. Which stage of the criminal justice process is Jacob experiencing?

First Appearance

Criminal Justice

In the strictest sense, the criminal (penal) law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law. Criminal justice cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation's criminal courts reflects basic American understandings of right and wrong.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the due-process model?

Judith, a suspect in an armed robbery, is given a court-appointed attorney because she cannot afford to hire one herself.

Which of the following best illustrates the events that occur during an arraignment?

Salma, who has been charged with burglary, is asked to enter a plea.

Which of the following statements best defines social justice?

Social justice encompasses all aspects of civilized life, such as fairness, cultural beliefs of right and wrong, and the relationship of individuals.

Suzette has been charged with second-degree murder and is awaiting trial. Which model of criminal justice will most likely focus on the need to protect Suzette from any injustice at the hands of the criminal justice system?

The due-process model.

Which of the following occurs during the indictment?

The grand jury decides whether the case should go to trial.

Administration of Justice

The performance of any of the following activities: detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post-trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision, or rehabilitation of accused persons or criminal offenders.

In 2013, 15-year-old Michael was incarcerated for committing a serious violent crime that was part of an epidemic of violence sweeping across the United States between 2012 and 2018. Michael was most likely sent to prison for __________.

committing a mass shooting.

Jerome H. Skolnick's research showing that the police preferred to use clearance rates as a measure of police effectiveness in solving crimes demonstrates support for the _________.

conflict model.

Jean, a Creole-speaking suspect who does not understand English, is charged with larceny. At his first appearance following his arrest, the court provides Jean with a Creole interpreter to ensure that Jean understands his rights and the criminal charges filed against him. The court's actions are an example of __________ in the criminal justice system.

cultural competence

Procedural Justice

The implementation of fair and equitable procedures in the administration of justice.

Due Process

A right guaranteed by the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution and generally understood, in legal contexts, to mean the due course of legal proceedings according to the rules and forms established for the protection of individual rights. In criminal proceedings, due process of law is generally understood to include the following basic elements: a law creating and defining the offense, an impartial tribunal having jurisdictional authority over the case, accusation in proper form, notice and opportunity to defend, a trial according to established procedure, and discharge from all restraints or obligations unless convicted.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be an individual-rights advocate?

Abigail, who led a series of protests when President George W. Bush gave the National Security Agency the authority to monitor the phone calls and emails of American citizens in an effort to combat possible terrorist attacks.

During which stage of American criminal justice case processing are defendants usually advised of their Miranda rights?

Arrest

Neil has been charged with aggravated assault. He is not allowed to have a lawyer represent him in court and has to represent himself at the trial. Neil has been denied a right that is guaranteed by the __________.

Bill of Rights.

Crime

Conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse.

A local police department has begun to arrest domestic violence offenders, based on research that suggests this will help to reduce repeat violence. However, because court calendars are backed up, the district attorney's office frequently releases the suspects without filing charges. Which of the following criminal justice perspectives best represents the events in this scenario?

Conflict Model

Evidence-Based Practice

Crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research.

Sustainable Justice

Criminal laws and criminal justice institutions, policies, and practices that achieve justice in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to have the benefits of a just society.

Why are members of the criminal justice system today expected to have a significant level of cultural competence?

Cultural competence helps to ensure that the criminal justice process addresses the values, perspectives, and needs of all members of the community. 5

The American Criminal Justice Process

First Appearance - The accused suspect is brought before a magistrate. - Must occur within hours of arrest. Preliminary Hearing - The hearing judge seeks to determine whether there is probable cause. - The prosecution is given an opportunity to test the strength of the evidence. Indictment - The grand jury hears evidence presented by the the prosecutor. - The grand jury decides whether the case should go to trial. Arraignment - The accused hears the information or indictment against them. - The defendant is asked to eater a plea. Adjudication - A jury hears the evidence and decides issues of guilt or innocence. - The judge ensures the fairness of the adversarial proceeding.

Which of the following scenarios is occurring during the adjudication stage of the American criminal justice process?

Linda, the defense attorney in a robbery case, presents evidence before a jury.

Which of the following statements regarding multiculturalism and social diversity in U.S. society today is true?

Multiculturalism and social diversity have had a profound impact on the criminal justice system.

You are charged with a crime and do not want to spend the money to pay an attorney to represent you. You ask the court to appoint an attorney for you, even though you can afford to hire one for yourself. Will the court comply with your request and why?

No, because the court only provides attorneys to defendants who cannot afford to hire counsel.

Public-Order Advocate

One who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights.

Individual-Rights Advocate

One who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the consensus model?

Robert, who is accused of armed robbery, is arrested and sentenced to five years in prison following a speedy trial.

During which of the following decades in American history was the crime rate relatively stable?

The 1950s.

Which of the following first encouraged the application of scientific research in the operation of the criminal justice system?

The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice.

Cultural Competence

The ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures. Cultural competence helps to ensure that the needs of all community members are addressed.

Civil Justice

The civil law, the law of civil procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action. Civil justice cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation's civil courts reflects basic American understandings of right and wrong.

Which of the following is true of the conflict model of the American criminal justice system?

The conflict model assumes that the American criminal justice system's components function primarily to serve their own interests.

Who is responsible for interpreting and clarifying the due process guarantees of the Bill of Rights?

The courts.

Which of the following statements regarding the due-process model is true?

The due-process model requires an informed consideration of the facts of each individual case.

Justice

The principle of fairness; the ideal moral equity.

Individual Rights

The rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the U.S. Constitution (especially those rights found in the first ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights). These rights are particularly important to criminal defendants facing formal processing by the criminal justice system.

Criminology

The scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders.

Which of the following is a criticism of the systems model of criminal justice?

The systems model fails to consider that individual actors within the system often do not share immediate goals.

Social Control

The use of sanctions and rewards within a group to influence and shape the behavior of individual members of that group. Social control is a primary concern of social groups and communities, and it is their interest in the exercise of social control that leads to the creation of both criminal and civil statutes.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the conflict model of the American criminal justice system?

Treesa, a correctional officer, attempts to increase the number of offenders who are released on parole, to reduce the problem of overcrowding in the prison.

Brain, a prosecutor, goes before a grand jury to present evidence against a suspected murderer. The grand jury considers the evidence and decides that the case should go to trial. This is occurring during the __________ stage of the American criminal justice process.

indictment

An early crime epidemic in the United States that occurred between 1850 and 1880 was apparently linked to __________.

large-scale immigration.

A public order advocate is most likely to argue that _________.

offenders should be made accountable for violating criminal laws.

In 1984, Fred was convicted of a crime and sentenced to three years in prison. He was surprised at the severity of his sentence and his attorney pointed out that the President had declared a "war" against the type of crime he had committed. Fred was not likely sentenced for __________.

the sale and use of illicit drugs.