CRJU: 1040 Exam

Which of the following statements is true of the particularistic perspective on police behavior?

Officers act differently based on legal restrictions.

Federalism, often confused with democracy, is another feature of American government that has served to shape the policing apparatus in the United States. Which of the following is a key feature of federalism?

Power divided between a centralized body and constituent units

_______ is the practice of canvassing neighborhoods in an effort to discourage people from committing crime.

Preventive patrol

________ is one of two settings identified by John Crank in which police officers perform daily tasks that involve interaction with ordinary citizens and with other criminal justice professionals.

Street environmentCorrect. Street environment is one of two settings identified by John Crankin which police officers perform daily tasks that involve interaction with ordinary citizens and with other criminal justice professionals

Slave patrols were ________________.

a private activity, mainly by volunteers, to apprehend runaway slaves

Louis Dunn works as a Community Service Officer in the Washington County Sheriff's Office. During work hours, Louis witnesses a robbery at the nearby convenience store. Even though Louis is in the police department, he cannot legally arrest the robbers. According to this scenario, Louis most likely falls under the category of ________.

nonsworn personnelCorrect. Nonsworn personnel are support staff members of a law enforcement agency who are not empowered to make arrests.

The police subculture makes it difficult to accept ____________.

nontraditional images of police workCorrect. Police subculture is so committed to a traditional view of police work, which is focused almost exclusively on crime fighting, that efforts to promote community policing can demoralize an entire department, rendering it ineffective at its basic tasks.

Jerry is conducting research on calls to the police. He finds, that only 10 to 20 percent of all calls involve situations that ________.

require a law enforcement responseCorrect.

Research suggests that the police are more active in neighborhoods characterized by extensive racial heterogeneity. Heterogeneous neighborhoods are those with

ethnic or racial diversity.

Which of the following is not a possible consequence for the investigating officer when a prosecutor elects to develop a case?

A sense of standing alone in efforts to fight crimeCorrect. An officer may feel as though they are standing alone in their efforts to fight crime if the prosecutor rejects a case that the investigating officer perceives to be strong.

Choose from below the reason that there is a lack of qualified police candidates today.

All of the aboveCorrect. There are many reasons for today's lack of qualified applicants. One has been the war in the Middle East, which has drained young men and women from the U.S. civilian workforce. Another explanation has been the relative strength of the economy; police departments have a hard time competing with higher- paying private-sector jobs. An increasing (though relatively small) number of agencies are also requiring that their applicants have at least a few college credits, if not an actual degree. This further restricts the pool of eligible applicants

A mayor announces a new plan to deploy police officers in a way that moves them closer to citizens. They can then act in conjunction with others within their community to find solutions to community problems. Which of the following is this an example of?

Community policingCorrect. Community policing is a collaborative effort between the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems.

Which of the following perspectives would seek to increase collaborative groups consisting of both police and citizens working together to rebuild two neighborhood playgrounds?

Community-revitalization perspectiveCorrect. Community revitalization emphasizes the importance of the police and citizens working closely together to improve neighborhoods and make them safer places.

There are essentially five goals of the police mission. Which, from the following, promotes the locking of doors, the securing of valuables, and the monitoring of suspicious people?

Crime prevention

_______ is a collaborative effort between the police and the public that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the public in the search for solutions to these problems.

Community policing

Which of the following statements is true about investigations

Criminal investigation is the most romanticized police function.Correct. Criminal investigation is the most romanticized police function

________ is defined as the progressive loss of idealism, energy, purpose, and concern that result from the conditions of work.

BurnoutCorrect. Burnout is the progressive loss of idealism, energy, purpose, and concern that results from the conditions of work.

Which of the following statements is true about the elements of culture?

Culture is shared through a host of verbal and nonverbal channels.Correct. Culture is shared through a host of verbal and nonverbal channels.

Which of these is a value that is not always prized by others, but may be necessary for safe and effective police work?

CynicismCorrect. Social isolation becomes both a consequence and a stimulus. Police officers find that constraints of schedule, of secrecy, of group mystique, and of growing adaptive suspiciousness and cynicism limit their friendships and relationships in the non-police world.

________ is a form of government that vests supreme authority in the people, usually through their freely elected representatives.

Democracy

Hot spots and hot times are associated with which type of patrol?

Directed patrolCorrect. Directed patrol is a form of patrol that involves concentrating the police presence in areas where certain crimes are a significant problem.

Which term often gets confused with third-party policing?

Environmental criminologyCorrect. Third-party policing should not be confused with environmental criminology, which is concerned with designing "places" to make them less vulnerable to crime (e.g., access control with a tall security gate).

Which document specifically ensures that the government of the United States cannot go too far without answering to the people?

The Bill of Rights

Which of the following is a reason to initiate community policing services?

The insulation of police administration from community input and accountabilityCorrect. The insulation of police administration from community input and accountability is one of the reasons to initiate community policing services.

The New Era came about because of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and ongoing threats to the safety and security of Americans. All of these were responses to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States except which one?

The possible end of the community era of law enforcement in the United States

What is demonstrated by the fact that nearly half of the affirmative action programs in place for police hiring in Americaʹs 50 largest cities are court mandated?

Police departments are not voluntarily ending discrimination.Correct. One researcher found that affirmative action plans played a significant role in police hiring in America's 50 largest cities. It is noteworthy, however, that 23 of the affirmative action plans in these 50 cities were court mandated, and not voluntary.

Gary is writing a research paper on community policing. Which from the following is NOT a critique he would find?

Police officers are not willing to accept traditional images of police work.Correct. Police officers are not willing to accept nontraditional images of police work.

Which of the following statements is true about the sources of police subculture

Policies and procedures, sometimes known as standard operating procedures, contribute to shaping police subculture.Correct. Policies and procedures, sometimes known as standard operating procedures, contribute to shaping police subculture.

________ is the acquisition and use of security products and services, as well as the application of specialized knowledge in areas like crime control, investigation, and risk management, by nonsworn personnel.

Private policingCorrect. Private policing is the acquisition and use of security products and services, as well as the application of specialized knowledge in areas like crime control, investigation, and risk management, by nonsworn personnel.

Which of the following statements is true of federalism?

Federalism helps democracy by promoting participation in all levels of government.

Which of the following statements is true about the role of guns in the context of police subculture

Gun use by police officers is infrequent.Correct. Gun use by police officers is infrequent.

All of these may influence a police officer not to arrest someone except which one?

If the officer believes that the prosecutor will accept the caseCorrect. A prosecutor accepting a case would NOT deter an officer from arresting an individual.

Under what conditions does a prosecutor decide to bring charges against a suspect?

If the evidence is persuasive enough to be compelling

What was one of the ways that community-era reformers attempted to improve relationships with citizens and ensure citizen satisfaction

Increased foot patrolsCorrect. This is where officers get out of their cars and patrol their beats on foot in an effort to develop closer relationships with citizens

Which of these was a key effect on police departments due to the passage of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994?

Increased funding through grants to local agencies, allowing additional hiring

Which of the following scenarios is an example of territorial imperative

Officer Caroline has been patrolling the same area for over six months. She is very fond of the area and its residents and has a strong personal desire to protect it

Officer Williams is patrolling a neighborhood that would apply to George Kelling's Broken Windows Theory. Choose from the following the characteristics of the neighborhood Williams is patrolling.

Officer Williams is patrolling a neighborhood with signs of physical and social disorder

Which state, using the centralized model, was credited with having the first modern state police agency?

PennsylvaniaCorrect. The Pennsylvania Constabulary, known today as the Pennsylvania State Police, was the first modern force to combine the duties of criminal investigations and state highway patrol. It has been described as the first modern state police agency. Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, and Delaware are a few of the states that patterned their state-level enforcement activities after the Centralized Pennsylvania model.

The ________ is a police academy model that closely parallels a military-style boot camp and that aims to produce well-groomed and disciplined officers.

Plebe systemCorrect. The plebe system is a police academy model that closely parallels a military-style boot camp and that aims to produce well-groomed and disciplined officers.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the influence of neighborhood factors on police decision making

Police are more active in neighborhoods characterized by extensive racial heterogeneity.

Under what circumstances is a city council likely to approve a mayorʹs desire to fire the police chief without specific cause?

When a new mayoral administration is taking office

Which of the following is a true statement about the pretrial phase?

Without assistance from police investigators, prosecutors would be going into trial blind.

What was the significant step towards full public policing that occurred in 1735?

Two London parishes paid their watchmen out of tax collections.

All of the following are part of the Department of Homeland Security except which one?

U.S. Forest ServiceCorrect. U.S. Forest Service falls under the Department of Agriculture.

Arnold Layton worked in one of the federal agencies between the years 1850 and 1890. He was charged with an assortment of duties including catching criminals, taking national census, seizing assets which were utilized to help the Confederacy, catching runaway slaves, and keeping law and order in the Old West. Arnold was most likely employed as a(n) ________.

U.S. Marshal

Until the Secret Service was established in 1865, the ________ focused their efforts on apprehending counterfeiters.

U.S. Marshals

Predictable beats and schedules can get boring. Research has found that rotating officers into different beats, units, or shifts results in

increased distance between officers and the community

Culture highlights the role of shared values and norms. However, when values are what people consider important, but they also reflect an impression of how certain things should be done, this is an example of __________.

institutional valuesCorrect. Organizations promote their own institutional values, such as those based on religion or science.

Acquiring and using security products and services in areas like crime control, investigation, and risk management by nonsworn personnel is termed _______.

private policingCorrect

Crankʹs term ʺinner circleʺ refers to ________.

reporters who have experience with and understanding of policing.Correct. The media have perhaps the most influence on police subculture. Some members of the media are supportive of the police and represent what Crank has called the "inner circle." These are often reporters who have worked with police officers for years and have come to appreciate the difficulties involved in policing.

Protektplus Corp. is a private security company. It is approached by a client who wants complete security solutions from the company. Protektplus can provide the client with security systems, surveillance cameras, guards, and ________.

risk management consultationCorrect. Private security refers to the industry that provides for-profit security products and services, which include three broad categories: the provision of guards, equipment, and investigation or consulting services. Consulting services that private security companies provide include specialized knowledge in areas like crime control, investigation, and risk management.

Usually presided over by a sergeant, a typical officer usually reports for duty at _______, where they are given their assignments, activities of the previous shift are recounted, and new policies and anything of importance are discussed.

roll callCorrect. The typical officer usually reports for duty at roll call. This may take place in a briefing room where officers are given their assignments, activities of the previous shift are recounted, new policies are discussed, and anything else of importance is brought up

Jonathan, a patrol officer, see's courts as soft on crime or totally out of touch with the realities of police work. The attitudes that police officers have toward the courts:

run from very favorable to very unfavorable.Correct. Some officers view the courts as supportive and helpful. Others regard them as being soft on crime or totally out of touch with the realities of police work.

Which state policing model is less prevalent, and combines the tasks of major criminal investigations and the patrol of state highways?

centralized policing modelCorrect

The Newtown Police Department executes an arrest warrant against career criminal Chris Posen for the armed robbery of First Lenders Bank. Irrefutable evidence concerning Posen's guilt was obtained by the lead detective Samantha Espinoza by recovering a partial fingerprint from the teller's desk. In this scenario, Chris was charged by using the practice of ________.

dactylographyCorrect. The suspect was found with the help of fingerprint analysis. Dactylography is an early name for fingerprinting.

A rational theory of a crime is based on

deductive and inductive reasoning.Correct. A rational theory of crime is based on deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning, also called deductive logic or logical deduction, is the process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion. Inductive reasoning is reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion.

The principles of government in the nation of Caulia are equality of rights, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and the right to vote regardless of class, race, and gender. The people of Caulia are unrestricted by unnecessary government influence in their lives. Caulia's system of government is consistent with that of a(n) ________.

democracy

Police officers who dress in riot gear during a high-profile public protest ___________.

demonstrate their readiness to maintain peace and orderCorrect. This is an example of times in which officers need to take a visible approach to maintain order.

A ________ is a concentrated area of significant criminal activity, such as a street corner known for its prostitution traffic.

hot spotCorrect. A hot spot is a concentrated area of significant criminal activity, such as a street corner known for its prostitution traffic.

New York follows the ______ model, which allows interested applicants to complete basic training requirements before seeking employment; once they are sworn officers, they complete their training.

hybridCorrect

The police department that Martha works at has a tradition of celebrating promotions. The officer who is being promoted is given a trophy that is signed by everyone in the department. This way of celebrating promotions is an example of ________.

institutional valuesCorrect. The tradition comes from a sense of agreement within the department on the preferred approach to celebrating promotions. This is an example of institutional values, which refer to a sense of agreement within a particular culture about how to accomplish a valued objective.

Officer Marcus is assigned patrol duty in a single neighborhood on a daily basis. He knows all the regular customers at the local diner as well as the law enforcement officials working in that area. Most of the residents in that area are also familiar with Officer Marcus. According to John Crank, the area that is assigned to Officer Marcus is his _______

street environment

Which of the following is NOT part of the mission of the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)?

tax collectionCorrect. The U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) does not deal with tax collection.

Officer Nathan has been patrolling the same neighborhood for over seven months. He shares a close relationship with most of the residents because of his friendly nature. Officer Nathan feels that it is his duty, not just as a police officer but also as a friend of the neighborhood, to protect the area. This is an example of ________.

territorial imperative

In the context of moving from private to public policing, what was the praefectus urbi?

the first paid law enforcement official

The universalistic perspective of police behavior believes that all police officers are similar and that they exhibit some of the same characteristics and behavior patterns. The universalistic perspective primarily focuses on:

the influence of peers and coworkers

Inordinate fear of injury or death is known as ________________

the paradox of policingCorrect. A phenomenon that has been identified in policing called the paradox of policing which relates to Inordinate fear of injury or death.

The majority of 911 calls are directed to

the police.Correct. Any citizen from any city, suburb, or town across the United States can mobilize police resources by simply picking up the phone and placing a direct call to the police.

The systems perspective of organizational style is rooted in _________

the science of biology.Correct. The systems perspective is a view of organizational style, rooted in biology that posits that organizations are living organisms that strive for a state of equilibrium, or balance, and that affect or are affected by their environment.

According to John Crank, one of the two types of encounters (police interacting with ordinary citizens) that are especially important in shaping police culture is _______, in which the officer's personal beliefs, the circumstances of the encounter, and the attitudes each party brings to the encounter can influence behavior in ways that are enduring and reinforcing.

the street environmentCorrect. The street environment is an influential shaper of police subculture, but the traffic stop is at least equally influential.

What is the chain of command

the supervisory channel within a law enforcement organizationCorrect

The sense of obligation and protectiveness that officers feel when routinely patrolling an area is called ______.

the territorial imperativeCorrect. Territorial imperative is the sense of obligation, even protectiveness, which develops in officers who routinely patrol the same area.

The _________ is the perception that it is "us," the police, against "them," everyone else.

the us-versus-them mentalityCorrect

The use of federal-local law enforcement partnerships in recent years has led critics to contend that _______.

we are moving towards a national police force

In order to prevent crime, August Vollmer suggested, police should

work with families, schools, and other influential institutions.

The rules put in place to protect citizens and police organizations are known as

standard operating procedures.Correct. Policies and procedures, sometimes known as standard operating procedures, also shape police subculture

________ is the process of fingerprinting, processing, and photographing a suspect, after which he or she is typically placed in a holding cell.

Booking

Johnny lives in a country in which constituent units make laws and hold power, because there is not a strong central government. The form of government used in Johnny's country is _____.

Confederation

The most significant problem with anthropometry was which of the following?

It was inaccurate.

_______ is the practice of taking proactive steps to boost the presence of historically marginalized groups in the ranks of an organization by giving preference to members of those groups.

Affirmative actionCorrect. Affirmative action is the practice of taking proactive steps to boost the presence of historically marginalized groups in the ranks of an organization by giving preference to members of those groups.

What sort of violent encounters do officers respond to most?

Altercations between friends and acquaintancesCorrect. Although the media may suggest otherwise, the typical violent encounters that officers respond to are those between friends and acquaintances, and high on the list are domestic incidents.

Which is the most objective explanation of the causes of on-the-job stress for police officers?

An incompatibility of the employee's capabilities and the job's environmentCorrect. Stress is a problem of incompatibility between a person and his or her environment. It can occur when an individual is overwhelmed by negative environmental factors or when the environment fails to provide for or meet the needs of the individual. The environment requires that the employees possess certain skills and abilities in order to perform the job.

All of the following are situational factors influencing police decision making except:

An officer's attitudeCorrect. An officer's attitude is an individual characteristic that can clearly affect an officer's decision making, but it is NOT a situational factor

As per Robert Worden, the attitudinal dimensions that can be used to explain differences among individual police officers include all of the following except:

An officerʹs trainingCorrect. An officer's training is not an attitudinal dimension that explains differences among individual police officers.

How do most police officers spend the majority of their time?

Answering non-emergency calls, controlling traffic, and writing ticketsCorrect. It is the job of the police to enforce the law; it is not their only job. Most officers spend the majority of their time answering non emergency public-service calls, controlling traffic, or writing tickets. Most are not involved in intensive, ongoing crime fighting activities.

Which is the most expensive and time-consuming phase of the hiring process

Background investigationsCorrect. By far, the most expensive and time-consuming phase of the hiring process is the background investigation. The investigator will draw on official records and will conduct in-depth interviews with friends, family members, coworkers, acquaintances, and even former acquaintances. In short, the background investigation is intended to discover those skeletons, if any, in the applicant's closet that are not revealed during other phases of the hiring process.

Which of the following statements is true of minorities in policing?

Before the civil rights era, several southern cities required black officers to call on white officers when they needed to arrest a white suspect.Correct. A study from 1959, right before the dawn of the civil rights era, revealed that several southern cities required black officers to call on white officers when they needed to arrest a white suspect.

Foot patrol and automobile patrol have opposite effects in terms of officer mobility and community rapport. ______ gives officers much more mobility than foot patrol and can be advantageous for community relations.

Bicycle patrol

The ________ is a tax-collection, enforcement, and regulatory arm of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and ExplosivesCorrect. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) is a tax-collection, enforcement, and regulatory arm of the U.S. Department of Justice

Which of the following is a possible characteristic of eustress?

ChallengeCorrect. Eustress is a positive form of stress that does not threaten or harm the individual but is pleasurable, challenging, or exciting

________ is a preventive watch program staffed by civilian volunteers.

Citizen patrolCorrect. Citizen patrol is a preventive patrol program staffed by citizen volunteers.

Adele just attended a training program designed to help her recognize what she needs to do if she sees suspicious behavior while she is on volunteer duty in her neighborhood. Which of the following is she a part of?

Citizen patrolsCorrect. Citizen patrol is a preventive patrol program staffed by citizen volunteers.

Which of the following is used primarily by third -party policing that is not normally used by police?

Civil lawCorrect. Civil law is the branch of modern law that governs relationships between parties.

Which of the following would include paid, non-sworn personnel to augment sworn officers

CivilianizationCorrect. Civilianization has been defined as a "law enforcement agency's hiring of non-sworn personnel to replace or augment its corps of sworn officers, typically with the aims of reducing costs and improving service". This definition makes it clear that civilianization is something distinct from private security, private policing, and privatization in general.

The ____ system is becoming more popular today, as it exposes police trainees to problem solving, sensitivity to marginalized groups, and other valuable topics in addition to required technical knowledge.

CollegeCorrect

Which of the following would promote the development of creative forms of crime control, such as drug courts and teen courts?

Community justiceCorrect. A relatively new and innovative set of ideas about how the goals of the criminal justice system can be achieved. It favors original, nontraditional approaches to crime control that draw heavily on input and cooperation from the community.

________ is a relatively new and innovative set of ideas about how the goals of the criminal justice system can be achieved; it favors original, nontraditional approaches to crime control that draw heavily on input and cooperation from the public

Community justiceCorrect. Community justice is a relatively new and innovative set of ideas about how the goals of the criminal justice system can be achieved. It favors original, nontraditional approaches to crime control that draw heavily on input and cooperation from the community.

________ is a management theory that recognizes that there are often different types of tasks within a single organization, including repetitive tasks that call for standardization and control and non-repetitive tasks that call for flexibility and participatory management.

Contingency theoryCorrect. Contingency theory is a management theory that recognizes that there are often different types of tasks within a single organization, including repetitive tasks that call for standardization and control and non-repetitive tasks that call for flexibility and participatory management.

What is the key criterion that would allow a police department to legally refuse to hire an applicant with a disability?

Determining that the person could not perform key functions of the jobCorrect. Departments have a little more leeway, though, with serious physical disabilities. For example, a court sided with a department that put an officer on disability leave after he lost his arm in a motorcycle accident. The court concluded that the department was justified in its decision because the officer could no longer perform one of the key functions of the job: making an arrest.

________ is John Crank's substitute for the term territoriality, which refers to an officer's sense of personal ownership over the area for which he or she is responsible.

DominionCorrect. Dominion is John Crank's substitute for the term territoriality, which refers to an officer's sense of personal ownership over the area for which he or she is responsible.

If a black police officer roughs up and yells at a black suspect in order to avoid having white officers think that he or she shows favoritism toward blacks, this would exemplify what?

Double marginalityCorrect. Double marginality refers to a situation in which black officers treat black suspects harshly to gain the respect of their white counterparts and to avoid giving the impression that they are biased toward members of their own race. Law enforcement agencies should strive to create a workforce that contains a broad range of diversity including race, gender, language, life experience, and cultural background to improve understanding and effectiveness in dealing with all communities.

Officer Williams has informants who give him information about the circulation and sources of substances like heroin, LSD, MDMA, and marijuana. He then uses this information to track down and arrest people involved in such dealings. Officer Williams most likely works for the ________.

Drug Enforcement Administration Correct. Officer Williams arrests dealers involved in the illegal drug trade. He most likely works for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which is the U.S. law enforcement agency tasked with enforcing controlled-substance laws and regulations.

The newly formed nation of Asthain has adopted a structure of government where the powers of the central government, like taxation and the use of military force, are clearly defined in the Constitution. The central government and the state both share certain powers but remaining powers belong entirely to the state authorities. What form of government has Asthain adopted?

Dual federalism

Officer Vance has been in the police force for over two years but has only spent eight months on active duty. He was forced to take three sabbaticals because of his attitude. His lieutenant criticizes Vance for his tendency to use excessive force at every available opportunity and his absence of concern for other people's feelings. According to William Ker Muir, Jr.'s study, what type of officer is Vance?

Enforcer

How do officers who are on the force demonstrate that they are ready for promotion

Exhibiting job performance that demonstrates readiness for increased responsibilityCorrect. Those officers who hope for promotion must demonstrate that, through their job performance, they have the ability and qualifications to take on greater responsibilities.

Harold is organizing efforts that focus resources on reducing the amount of robberies the city tourists have been experiencing in a particular area. He hopes to deter would-be criminals. What is Harold initiating?

Harold is creating crime prevention programs.Correct. Harold is targeting areas in which crime has been prevalent, to prevent it from reoccurring.

What is a key characteristic of the patronage system that sets it apart from the civil service system in police department hiring?

Hiring decisions were notably influenced by a candidateʹs political support for an officeholder.Correct. Patronage system is a system of hiring in which decisions are based more on an individual's political support for an officeholder than on his or her abilities and qualifications. Patronage was common in police agencies during the political era.

When was fingerprinting first used in a criminal justice context?

In first-century RomeCorrect. Knowledge of using fingerprints to solve crimes predated English criminal investigations, and was tied back to a Roman lawyer, Quintilianus, who used a bloody fingerprint to defend a child accused of murdering his father.

The police could be considered de facto policy-makers. According to your text, why would this be?

In large part, this is due to the large power of discretion allotted to officers.

What are quality-of-life offenses?

Infractions that demoralize residents by creating disorderCorrect. A minor law violation that demoralizes residents and business people by creating disorder. Sometimes called petty crime.

Which police organization has the mission of promoting ʺglobal and cultural friendship among peace officers?"

International Police Association (IPA)

Which of the following is NOT part of the mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)?

Investigation of people and organizations involved in illegal use of controlled substancesCorrect. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is tasked with enforcing controlled substance laws and regulations. The agency brings to justice people and organizations involved in the illegal growing, manufacture, and distribution of controlled substances.

Which of the following statements is true about private policing?

It focuses on loss prevention.Correct. Private policing focuses on loss prevention.

Collecting trace evidence may be challenging for all of these reasons except which one?

It gets old very quickly.

All the following are true of New York Cityʹs early police force except which one?

It had about 800 officers.

Which, from the following is NOT a consequence of Federalism on the police?

It has created a racial divide amongst the police.

Which of the following statements is true of third-party policing?

It involves coercing guardians to target problems at the places they are responsible for.Correct. Third-party policing involves t coercing guardians to target problems at the places they are responsible for.

Which of the following statements is true of civilianization

It is done largely because it saves money.Correct. Civilianization is done largely because it saves money. However, expanding the hiring of citizens is also a move toward a progressive change-oriented agency.

Which of the following statements is true of problem-oriented policing?

It is possible for problem-oriented policing to have no community involvement.Correct. It is possible for problem-oriented policing to have no community involvement.

How does denial fit into the five phases of response to a critical incident

It is the first stage of response in coping with critical incidents.Correct. Denial is the first stage of response in coping with critical incidents. During the denial stage, the officer does not want to believe what has happened.This stage is usually very brief in officer-involved shootings.

Which of the following statements is true about directed patrol

It is used at hot spots.Correct. Directed patrol is used at hot spots. Hot spots are concentrated areas of significant criminal activity, such as a street corner known for its prostitution traffic.

Suspicion can become a problem when:

It spills over into an officer's private life.Correct. Suspicion can creep into an officer's private life and into his or her associations with others, such as neighbors and strangers, who are not employed in the same line of work. Some say that the lack of trust police officers exhibit toward others explains why they do not associate much with civilians while off the clock.

Which of the following statements is true of the broken windows model?

It suggests that by controlling disorderly behavior in public spaces, police agencies can create an environment in which serious crime cannot easily flourish.Correct. The broken windows model suggests that by controlling disorderly behavior in public spaces, police agencies can create an environment in which serious crime cannot easily flourish.

What was the key event that made firearms identification a science?

Its development of the bullet comparison microscope by Calvin Goddard

Which of the following is a problem with undercover work?

Lack of supervisionCorrect. The lack of supervision and the procedural flexibility that go with undercover work can diminish some officers' respect for procedural rules or tempt them with a number of criminal perks.

Democracy has greatly contributed to the unique nature of policing in America. Which of the following is not a key feature of Democracy?

Law enforcement is divided between federal and state levels.

Avery just took part in a citizen police academy session and came away from it with some interesting information. When asked by a researcher how he felt about police, he responded that he had more respect for them. The researcher did not take this as a significant sign of attitude change. Why not?

Most people who enter these academies already have respect for the police.Correct. Citizen police academy participants who enter these academies have a respect for them before they start their training session.

The parent association, founded in 1972, for local and regional associations of African-American police professionals is known as ________.

National Black Police Association

Which from the following IS not one of the three types of police academies?

NationalCorrect

Which of the following is NOT known to impact the development of police subculture?

Officer salary

Kethy, a senior level police chief, is not allotted the same discretionary powers as Johnson, a patrol officer. As an officer's rank increases, he or she is able to make fewer discretionary decisions. The discretion of chiefs of police and other high-level administrators is limited by certain factors. Which from the following would NOT be considered one of these factors?

Older officers, as a group, are less apt to rely on discretion.Correct. Older officers as considered less apt to rely on discretion.

Which of the following dimensions would be involved in planning and implementing new computer programs to create better communication and transfer of information?

Organizational dimensionCorrect. The organizational dimension, though not necessarily a fundamental part of community policing, is essential to its development. The structure of police agencies and their management and information services need to be adjusted to accommodate community policing through such changes as decentralization, strategic planning, and program evaluation.

What is the name of the concept of leadership that allows subordinates a role in decision making and planning?

Participatory managementCorrect. Participatory management is an important concept in police management circles today. It refers to a form of leadership that allows subordinates to participate in decision making and planning, especially with regard to the manner in which their own units are operated. Related to this is the use of quality circles, groups of qualified officers from all ranks who work together (often around one table) to solve organizational problems.

In 1789, President George Washington appointed the first 13 U.S. Marshals in accordance with the Judiciary Act. As the mission of the U.S. Marshals developed, they were charged with doing all of the following except which one?

Patrolling the border

All of these are attitudinal dimensions identified by Robert Worden as explaining differences among individual police officers except which one?

Perceptions of authorityCorrect. Perception of authority is not an attitudinal dimension that explains differences among individual police officers

Which of the following is an institutional value that is ubiquitous in policing

Personal responsibilityCorrect. This belief in personal responsibility is clearly manifested throughout criminal justice agencies, including police departments

Which of the following is a true statement about the recruitment process in policing?

Personality tests are routinely used in the hiring process.Correct. Personality tests are routinely used in the hiring process. They consist of numerous, sometimes odd and repetitive questions that result in scores that agencies can then use to weed out the psychologically unfit.

Which of the following most typically happens immediately after booking?

Placing the suspect in a holding cell

Which of the following is described as an analytic framework used by police to identify problems that require multiple calls for help

Problem-oriented policingCorrect. Problem-oriented policing involves identifying areas, times of days, specific crimes, individuals, and the like that are particularly troublesome and then crafting a creative solution to these problems.

Police officers in a neighborhood precinct notice that trouble occurs at the same time each day when students from one high school get off at a certain bus stop at the same time as students from another high school. They decide to create a basketball league with off-duty police officers and students from each of these high schools on each team right after school to get the kids talking to each other. What is this an example of?

Problem-solving policingCorrect. Problem-solving policing is a method of policing that is geared toward identifying and solving problems within a community that are particularly troublesome and then crafting creative solutions to them.

An organizational structure that follows the military model to some extent, but with subtle differences is called _____________

Quasi-militaryCorrect. Quasi-military is an organizational structure that follows the military model to some extent, but with subtle differences

What might white officers accuse their superiors of if they were systematically bypassed for promotion in order to promote minority officers?

Reverse discriminationCorrect. Racial quotas are requirements for hiring and promoting a specified number of minorities. When minorities are hired and promoted based more on race than on any other criterion, allegations of reverse discrimination emerge— usually from white male officers. Reverse discrimination has also been described as entailing a "white backlash."

Which of the following situations is an example of a quality-of-life offense?

Ross regularly indulges in binge drinking and singing very loudly while walking on the streets.Correct. A quality-of-life offense is a minor law violation that demoralizes residents and business people by creating disorder. Examples include excessive noise, graffiti, abandoned cars, vandalism, panhandling and aggressive begging, public urination, prostitution, roaming youth gangs, public consumption of alcohol, and street-level substance abuse.

Robert was one of the first members of a newly formed federal agency. His job required him to work on criminal investigations against counterfeiters at first. He was later required to travel alongside the president and his family for their protection. Robert was working for the ________.

Secret Service

All of the following may be tasks of the police commission except which one?

Shadowing officers to evaluate their performance

The attitude of rejecting beliefs based on faith or tradition alone and demanding rigorous scientific proof for acceptance of ideas is called what?

Skeptical positivismCorrect. Skeptical positivism rejects beliefs based on faith or tradition alone and demands rigorous scientific proof before an idea can be accepted.

Officer Green was struggling with his job as an officer. He began having feelings of intense apathy and frustration. What was Officer Green experiencing according to the five stages of burnout?

Stage three: the chronic symptoms/frustration stage Correct.

Community policing has undergone changes in response to changing societal needs and beliefs. Which of the following is true of this process?

Structural change is frustratingly slow, resulting in failed attempts at functional change.Correct. Research appears to confirm the discouraging news that structural change linked to community policing is frustratingly slow and is failing to result in functional change.

Which of the following dimentions would include assigning officers to schools to help build relationships with students by acting as mentors?

StrategicCorrect. The strategic dimension consists of "the key operational concepts that translate philosophy into action." Community policing strategies include reoriented operations (e.g., from cruiser patrol to foot patrol), geographic permanency (assigning patrol officers to the same areas for extended periods of time), and an emphasis on crime prevention (e.g., police officers acting as mentors and role models).

According to the text, health-related problems, family breakdown, and alcoholism are all potential results of what aspect of police work?

Stress related to the constant potential for violenceCorrect. Distress is the harmful variety of stress. It threatens the individual's functioning or can overload his or her capacity to cope with environmental stimuli. Distress may result from such things as an extraordinarily high caseload, assignment to a high-crime area, inadequate equipment, or an unsupportive supervisor

Which of the following is a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder?

Sudden loss of interest and feelingsCorrect. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder include persistent and recurring memories of the event, loss of interest and feelings, problems sleeping and concentrating, and hypervigilance.

Which of the following is a significant difference between the convening of a grand jury and a criminal trial?

Suspects are not present and cannot offer testimony in their defense.

________ is the sense of obligation, even protectiveness, which develops in officers who routinely patrol the same area.

Territorial imperative

In jurisdictions in which a grand jury is used, police officers may be called upon to do which of the following?

Testify before the grand jury

Which of the following remained in the Justice Department rather than moving to the newly formed Department of Homeland Security (DHS)?

The Federal Bureau of InvestigationCorrect. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) remains in the U.S. Department of Justice, but its mission has changed to some extent as a result of September 11. Its mission is now to "protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.

Which of the following happened last, chronologically?

The Secret Service is expanded to include visiting heads of state.Correct.

If listed in chronological order, which of the following happened last?

The Secret Service is expanded to include visiting heads of state.Correct. Congress authorized protection for visiting heads of a foreign state in 1971.

___________ is the U.S. legislation that established the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services in the U.S. Justice Department.

The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

Officer Jerry has shown up for court duty for a young defendant he had previously arrested. Officer Jerry knows the defendant pretty well, having dealt with him on more than just a few occasions. Officer Jerry wishes to help the defendant straighten out his life and decides to reach out to other criminal justice actors. According to the book, which criminal justice actor should Jerry reach out to, that generally the police don't have such close working relationships with, but that he could collaborate with to help keep the youngster out of trouble in the future?

The defendant's parole/probation officer

Which of the following statements is true about police discretion?

The discretion of administrators tends to be limited by budget constraints, union pressures, governing boards, influential politicians, and others.

Which of these factors is a limit to the effectiveness of the officer in automobile patrols?

The distraction of the act of driving

What, from the following, is an example of the "lines being blurred" when it comes to cooperative federalism between the federal government and the states?

The federal government's large amount of control over interstate commerce.

Which of the following statements is true of the role of the U.S. Marshals in the early years of their foundation?

The marshals were required to take the national census every ten years.

Which of the following police roles will likely remain an impediment to complete trust within a community?

The role of restraining illegal behavior that violates the lawCorrect. The police role of restraining behavior that violates the law will always produce friction between police departments and some segments of the community.

Which of the following does not affect whether a trial is held?

The severity of the charge, minor or serious

According to Ted Rubinstein, the transfer of officers from one squad to another can result in what?

The spread of knowledge of ex-colleagues which the transferred officer offers new colleagues, enriching their knowledge about coworkers who are frequently seen, greeted, and chatted with, but are not known in a personal way.Correct. Occasionally, an officer transfers from one squad to another, bringing knowledge of ex-colleagues which he offers to his new colleagues. This illustrates shift work's impact on the development of the police subculture.

Which of these is a key value of using hostage negotiators in a crisis situation?

The time it takes to negotiate gives the suspect a chance to calm down.

Which of these would someone with a particularistic perspective believe?

There is no one personality or set of traits that all police officers share.

Which of the following statements is true about decentralized policing models?

They are most prevalent in the southern portion of the United States.Correct. Decentralized models are most prevalent in the southern portion and some Midwestern portions of the United States.

How did the shire-reeves address crime?

They fined criminals and parishes that failed to capture criminals.

How were sheriffs paid for their work in the early days of law enforcement?

They were allowed to appropriate money collected for the king.

Which of the following statements is true of how police organizations differ from other organizations?

They work in the public eye and must follow all the rules applicable to government agencies.Correct. Police organizations work in the public eye and must follow all the rules applicable to government agencies.

La Tasha works at a local bar that has been known to have late night brawls. The police decide to pay La Tasha a visit as her bar has been a catalyst in many of their late-night calls. The police explain to La Tasha that she needs to close her bar earlier, at 11, instead of the usual hour of 2 am. When La Tasha refuses, the police warn her that due to old statute's her liquor license could be suspended. La Tasha agrees to close her bar at an earlier hour. What is this an example of?

Third-party policingCorrect

Which of the following efforts would use a non-offending individual to enforce an issue that is within his or her realm of responsibility or face civil consequences?

Third-party policingCorrect. In our definition of third-party policing, the "non-offending" persons are the guardians. They are basically persuaded by police to do something about identified problems "or else." Simply put, "third-party policing establishes a control over non-offending persons and persuades (or coerces) them to engage in activities thought to control crime."

________ is a recently coined term that describes police efforts to persuade or coerce non offending persons to take actions that are outside the scope of their routine activities and that are designed to indirectly minimize disorder caused by other persons or to reduce the possibility that crime may occur. Third-party policingCorrect.

Third-party policingCorrect. Third-party policing is a recently coined term that describes police efforts to persuade or coerce non offending persons to take actions that are outside the scope of their routine activities and that are designed to indirectly minimize disorder caused by other persons or to reduce the possibility that crime may occur.

Modern crime prevention aims to do all of the following except:

Thoroughly punish criminals for the crimes they have committed

Which of the following sums up the main purpose of citizen police academies?

To create better perceptions of policeCorrect. Citizens are given an opportunity to learn about the policing profession, which often consists of a watered-down version of a police academy where citizens are taught the nature, operations, and complexity of the policing profession.

What is the primary function of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC

To intervene on behalf of affected individuals and file suit on their behalfCorrect. EEOC was given authority to "intervene on behalf of affected individuals" and to "file suit against businesses or governmental entities in cases of discrimination." What this means is that individuals no longer need to shoulder the burden of proving a discrimination claim; they can turn to the federal government for help.

What is a key difference between police organizations and all other organizations

Usually, only police have legitimate arrest power and authority to use force.Correct. Police organizations differ from other types of organizations, most obviously because usually only the police have both legitimate arrest power and authority to use force.

According to George Kelling, discretion consists of a two-part decision made by a police officer in a particular situation. What is considered in the first part?

Whether to intervene

Which best describes the role of a public information officer?

a police departmentʹs spokesman, responsible for fielding media inquiries

The cost of achieving public order through police action is a combination of cost in tax dollars and ________.

a reduction in civil libertiesCorrect. The degree to which any society achieves some amount of public order through police action depends in part upon the price that society is willing to pay to obtain it. Swanson describes the price to be paid in terms of (1) police resources paid for by tax dollars and (2) "a reduction in the number, kinds, and extent of liberties" that are available to members of the public.

Officers who patrol smaller areas, especially in small towns, tend to

adopt more of a service orientation.

Kent county sheriff's department wants to hire more female candidates because of the abundance of male cops in the department. To attract more female applicants, the department has decided to organize a recruitment drive solely targeted at female candidates. The department is using ________ to correct the imbalance in the gender ratio of the department.

affirmative actionCorrect. Kent county sheriff's department is using affirmative action. Affirmative action is the practice of taking proactive steps to boost the presence of historically marginalized groups in the ranks of an organization by giving preference to members of those groups.

According to Van Maanen, the proper order for the three steps police officers use to identify an ʺassholeʺ is

affront, clarification, remedy.Correct. According to Maanen, the identification of an "*******" proceeds in three steps. First, the affront is when an officer's authority is questioned. The second stage, clarification, occurs when the officer attempts to ascertain what kind of person he or she is dealing with. Finally, the remedy consists of the officer's response.

Hopes of changing the world and engaging in exciting crime-fighting activities are considered by younger officers___________ and by cynical older officers_________?

aspirational; delusionalCorrect. Younger officers who have aspirations (some cynical older officers might say "delusions") of changing the world and of engaging in exciting crime-fighting activities are often soon disillusioned by the routine and even frustrating nature of many calls for service, especially those dealing with property crime.

The ________ is a model of policing based on the notion that physical decay in a community can breed disorder and lead to crime by signaling that laws are not being enforced.

broken windows modelCorrect. The broken windows model is a model of policing based on the notion that physical decay in a community can breed disorder and lead to crime by signaling that laws are not being enforced.

The decentralized police force model that developed in America

came from America's rejection of the idea of a national police force.

Mark and Havier are part of a group that feels strongly about the safety of their city. The members of this group have received a short formal training from the police department on how to handle beats. Mark and Havier, like the other members of the group, patrol different sections of the city. They act as the eyes and ears of the police department and report any suspicious activity or crimes that they witness. Mark and Havier are most likely a part of a ________.

citizen patrolCorrect. Mark and Havier are a part of citizen patrol. A citizen patrol is a preventive patrol program staffed by citizen volunteers.

Harry, a civilian, enrolled in a course where he learned how the police department in his city works. He was given the opportunity of going for a jail tour and a ride along with sworn police officers. Harry most probably enrolled in the city's ________.

citizen police academyCorrect. Harry went to the city's citizen police academy. A citizen police academy is a training experience that offers citizens an opportunity to learn about the policing profession and even to experience some of the same situations that uniformed officers experience.

The difference between the mayor-council and council-manager forms of city government is the presence or absence of a ________.

city manager

The authorities of Ada County seize the land where the local farmers are set. The residents are told that the land is a government property and trespassers will be prosecuted. In order to protest, the residents gather at the seized land. This is an example of ________

civil disobedienceCorrect. Civil disobedience refers to law-breaking used as a political tactic to prove a point or to protest against something. In order to protest the seizure of the land, the residents of Ada County are trespassing on purpose.

Officer Candice levels allegations against Officer Christopher of spreading rumors about her. She intends to sue him for defamation of character. This lawsuit would come under the purview of ________.

civil lawCorrect. The defamation of character would be settled under civil law. Disputes between individuals, families, and organizations fall under the purview of civil law. Civil law is the branch of modern law that governs relationships between parties.

Jennifer did not have to go through police training when she joined the Baker City Police Department. She joined the department as a member of the records management team. The department thought that it would be more cost-effective and also a better use of resources to hire non-sworn personnel for such jobs, rather than using trained police officers. This is an example of ________.

civilianizationCorrect. The Baker City Police Department is using civilianization, which refers to a law enforcement agency's hiring of non-sworn personnel to replace or augment its corps of sworn officers, in an effort to reduce costs and improve service.

Gavin has cleared the eligibility exams for the police department and is undergoing training to become an officer. He is learning a lot of things during this training, like procedures, report writing, cultural sensitivity, media relations, tactical communication, law, driving, firearms training, physical training, and stress management. From this information, it can be inferred that Gavin is most likely training under the ________.

college systemCorrect. Gavin is learning more than just the technical skills required for policing. The college system is a police academy training model intended to enhance the professional aspects of police training curricula by exposing trainees to problem solving, sensitivity to marginalized groups, and other valuable topics in addition to required technical knowledge.

Tyler McNaughton, a prosecutor, realized that William, his teenage neighbor, has been stealing from his home for the past few months. Knowing the juvenile justice system, he decided not to go to the police. Instead, he went to a restorative group. As a group, Tyler, William, their families, and the members of the neighborhood discussed the crime and the best way to handle the situation. William acknowledged his mistake and apologized. The members of the group agreed with Tyler that the best way to compensate would be for William to help the people in the neighborhood mow their lawns for the next six months. This is an example of ________.

community justice.Correct. Tyler McNaughton did not follow the traditional approach to crime control. He used the method of community justice, which is a relatively new and innovative set of ideas about how the goals of the criminal justice system can be achieved. It favors original, nontraditional approaches to crime control that draw heavily on input and cooperation from the community.

Members of the Malloy neighborhood in downtown Conway Springs met with officers from the nearby 34th precinct to discuss an abandoned building near the local school, which had become a hub of illicit drug activity. The residents and the police file for the building to be condemned, and it is eventually torn down to end the drug activity. This is an example of ________.

community policingCorrect. The end to the drug problem in the Malloy neighborhood was achieved with community policing, which is a collaborative effort between the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems.

The Baker County Sheriff's Office has set a standardized procedure for filing reports for traffic violations, small robberies, and battery. At the same time, it has also given its officers more flexibility in filing reports for crimes such as involuntary manslaughter, grand theft of automobiles, and identity fraud. It has also made a special note to include the inputs of officers in the lower ranks in the decision making process. The Baker County Sheriff's Office is using the ________ of management to inculcate standardization as well as controlled flexibility in the department.

contingency theoryCorrect. The Baker County Sheriff's Office seems to be following the contingency theory. It is a management theory that recognizes that there are often different types of tasks within a single organization, including repetitive tasks that call for standardization and control and non-repetitive tasks that call for flexibility and participatory management.

Contingency theory allows overall organizational approaches to be _______.

contingent upon the task at hand.Correct. Contingency theory recognizes that there are often different types of tasks within a single organization: repetitive and nonrepetitive tasks. The former calls for standardization and control, while the latter calls for flexibility and participatory management. On one hand, consider the traffic enforcement division. Its tasks are repetitive, and it can easily be managed via a traditional organizational model; there is little need for flexibility in writing tickets. On the other hand, a problem-solving unit within the same agency may need to be structured to allow team members to be creative and do what it takes within the limits of the law to effectively target certain crimes. This is the very definition of contingency theory; organizational strategies are contingent on the tasks at hand.

An emergency situation that evokes immediate police response and that takes priority over all other police work is called _________

critical incidentCorrect. A major source of stress in police work concerns the possibility of becoming involved in critical or traumatic incidents. An emergency situation (a crime in progress, a traffic accident with serious injuries, a natural disaster, a terrorist attack, an officer's request for assistance, and other situations in which human life may be in jeopardy) evokes immediate police response and takes priority over all other police work.

Frustrations over the likes of Boss Tweed ushered in an era of profound reform. Reverend Charles Parkhurst ____________.

crusaded to reform the political system in New York City

Which of the following is not a focus of private policing?

detection, apprehension, and punishmentCorrect. Detection, apprehension, and punishment don't come under private policing.

Max advises Steven against robbing the local gas station. Max tells Steven that the area is regularly patrolled by the police and the chances of him getting caught are very high. To convince Steven further, Max tells him that the amount of money he could steal is very low compared to the risk of getting caught. In this scenario, Max's view is consistent with ________.

deterrence theoryCorrect. Max's view is consistent with deterrence theory, which is a perspective that holds that crime will be less likely to occur when the potential for getting caught outweighs any likely benefits from breaking the law.

Max advises Steven against robbing the local gas station. Max tells Steven that the area is regularly patrolled by the police and the chances of him getting caught are very high. To convince Steven further, Max tells him that the amount of money he could steal is very low compared to the risk of getting caught. In this scenario, Max's view is consistent with the ________.

deterrence theoryCorrect. Max's view is consistent with the deterrence theory, which is a perspective that holds that crime will be less likely to occur when the potential for getting caught outweighs any likely benefits from breaking the law.

The idea of making policing a civil service profession was tied to the idea of _______.

divorcing law enforcement from politics

Chris, a black man, is pulled over by Brian, a black cop, and his partner Dave, who is white. Chris was speeding when Brian and Dave were patrolling the streets. Brian behaves aggressively toward Chris and questions him endlessly. Dave begins to notice that Brian is aggressive only toward black suspects. When Dave confronts Brian, Brian tells him that he does not want to seem easy going toward suspects of his own race. This scenario is an example of ________.

double marginalityCorrect. Brian is discriminating against his own race. Double marginality refers to a situation in which black officers treat black suspects harshly to gain the respect of their white counterparts and to avoid giving the impression that they are biased toward members of their own race.

Officer Mike and his partner Dave go to a coffee shop to buy some coffee. The owner of the coffee shop tells them that they do not need to pay for the coffee. Mike thanks the owner and is about to leave when Dave says that they should not take advantage of the fact that they are police officers. Dave insists that they pay for their coffee because it is morally right. Dave's behavior is an example of ________.

dramaturgyCorrect. Officer Dave put on a display of a sense of high morality. In the context of law enforcement, dramaturgy is the act of putting on a display of high-mindedness.

What can private police do that would be unethical for employees of law enforcement agencies?

follow a client-driven mandateCorrect. One of the hallmarks of public policing is that it is funded by tax dollars. One distinguishing feature of private policing, on the other hand, is its "client-driven mandate." Client-driven relationships in the world of public policing are usually regarded as unethical. For example, most people regard it as inappropriate for a store owner to offer perks (such as free merchandise or discounts) to a city police officer. An officer who receives such benefits from a citizen may be more inclined to favor that person with additional security or to ignore minor criminal offenses.

The earliest patrol method used in America's early cities was

foot patrol.Correct. Bicycles give officers much more mobility than foot patrol and can also be advantageous from the standpoint of community relations.

According to the research of David Allen and Michael Maxfield, the attitudes of police sergeantsʹ and their approaches ___________

have virtually no direct effects on their subordinatesʹ activities.Correct. David Allen and Michael Maxfield studied the arrest, citation, and warrant activities of police officers and found that sergeants had virtually no direct effects on their subordinates' activities—particularly the quantity of those activities.

Kelly, a line officer, has become rather cynical of her job. She believes that the public does not support her or her fellow officers, and thus, they cannot be trusted. As such, she and many of her colleagues are very secretive and have developed a tight-knit culture in which they look out for one another. William Westly would refer to this an example of _____________.

isolation in police workCorrect.

Daemon has earned a lot of cash by selling illegal substances. In order to avoid getting caught by the government, he has opened a gaming arcade. Daemon accommodates hundreds of dollars in his account books by making fake entries of his daily turnover. This is an example of ________.

money laundering Correct. Money laundering is the process by which criminals or criminal organizations seek to disguise the illicit nature of their proceeds by introducing them into the stream of legitimate commerce and finance.

As a result of historical circumstances, America's system of policing is _______.

nearly unique in the world

A ________ refers to rule or expectation for behavior that characterizes a particular social group.

normCorrect. A norm refers to a rule or expectation for behavior that characterizes a particular social group.

Van Maanen's Observations on the Making of Policemen was one of the first studies of police socialization. He identified four stages by which recruits are socialized into the police department. As per Maanen's Observations, the third stage ________.

occurs once academy training comes to a close and the officer enters the fieldCorrect. The third stage in Van Maanen's Observations on the Making of Policemen is known as change. This occurs once academy training comes to a close and the officer enters the field.

British citizens were initially fearful about the police force because _______.

of concerns that the line between policing and the military was too thin

Officer Griffin has been working in the police department for three years. His track record shows that he attempts to solve serious crimes, like murder, robbery, rape, and burglary, aggressively. He has a good track record for closing his cases along with a reputation for bending the rules occasionally. According to Michael Brown's study, Working the Street: Police Discretion, Officer Griffin is most likely a(n) ________.

old-style crime fighter

Police control is somewhat synonymous with _____________.

order maintenanceCorrect. Control is somewhat synonymous with order maintenance, one of the principal police functions.

James was imprisoned for five months for breaking and entering a store and for petty theft. After serving three months, he was let out on conditional release. Soon after, his fingerprints were found at another crime scene. The investigating officer should collaborate with the ________ assigned to James in order to get some leads on the case and avoid duplication of efforts.

parole officer

Leonard and Chad are having a discussion on the behavior of the police officers who patrol their neighborhood. Leonard says that all police officers are insensitive and rude. Chad argues that all police officers are not the same. He mentions that the officers who patrol their area are friendly and do not penalize the residents for petty offences, unlike officers patrolling other neighborhoods. Chad's view is consistent with the ________.

particularistic perspective

A _______ of about 25 officers are organized to work different shifts that are divided up based on geographic areas.

platoon or a squadCorrect. Police agencies today often use terms other than platoon or squad, but the organizational makeup remains more or less the same.

The political era was the period of American policing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries during which _______.

police jobs were given to the chosen supporters of corrupt politicians

Before Andrea joined the police, she was easygoing, trusting, and naïve. After being in the police department for a year, she is now cynical and suspicious just like most of her colleagues. This change in personality is most likely because of the influence of the ________

police subculture.Correct. Andrea's personality change is most likely due to the influence of the police subculture; cynicism and suspicion are values that are unique to the police. The term police subculture has been used to describe the shared values and norms and the established patterns of behavior that are found among police officers.

The type of program used in field training that focuses on developing an officer's learning capacity, leadership, and problem solving skills is called _________.

police training officer (PTO) programCorrect.

Officer Jack was in a shootout that resulted in the death of his partner. Jack has recurring nightmares of his partner dying in front of him. He finds it difficult to sleep at night and feels numb throughout the day. During working hours, he is usually very tense and on his guard. Officer Jack has symptoms of ________

posttraumatic stress disorderCorrect. Officer Jack has faced the trauma of witnessing his partner's death. He displays symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, which include persistent and recurring memories of the event, loss of interest and feelings, problems sleeping and concentrating, and hypervigilance

If research demonstrated that policing draws a particular personality type, it would provide evidence of the power of _________.

predispositionCorrect. Recently, there has been renewed interest in whether police officers are somehow predisposed either to accept a law enforcement position or to act a certain way once employed

Officer Howard is patrolling a wealthy neighborhood when he sees an old battered car being driven by a disheveled driver. He gets suspicious about the man and then notices that the taillights of the car are broken. He uses the broken taillights as an excuse to stop the driver and sees a large amount of marijuana in the car. He arrests the driver for possession of illegal drugs. This is an example of a ________

pretext stopCorrect. A pretext stop is a traffic stop based on more than one motive. Officer Howard used a small traffic violation as an excuse to stop the driver of the suspicious car.

The type of patrol associated with deterrence theory is ______.

preventive patrolCorrect. Preventative patrol is the practice of canvassing neighborhoods in an effort to discourage people from committing crime. Directed patrol addresses crime in hot spots.

The police officers of the Prince George county police department regularly patrol the streets to make sure everything is in order. They like to make their presence known to make the citizens feel safe and assure them that the police are effective and alert. This is an example of ________.

preventive patrolCorrect. The police officers of the Prince George county police department are involved in preventive patrol, which is the practice of canvassing neighborhoods in an effort to discourage people from committing crime.

PRO Consulting Inc. employs retired police officers and investigators to perform investigations and surveillance for civilians and nongovernmental organizations for profit. The services that PRO Consulting provides are an example of ________.

private policingCorrect. PRO Consulting Inc. provides private policing services. Private policing is the acquisition and use of security products and services, as well as the application of specialized knowledge in areas like crime control, investigation, and risk management, by nonsworn personnel.

The San Diego Police Department receives numerous calls about vandalism in a neighborhood park. Officers were dispatched several times to arrest the offenders, but it did not help the police stop vandalism in the long term. After analyzing the patterns of the vandalism, the police found that a group of teenagers experimenting with graffiti art were responsible for it. They decided to approach the teens and offer them a separate location to display their artwork, which was acceptable for the community. This is an example of ________

problem-oriented policing.Correct. This scenario is an example of problem-oriented policing. Problem-oriented policing is a method of policing that is geared toward identifying and solving problems within a community that are particularly troublesome and then crafting creative solutions to them.

Daniel was booked by the police for robbery. The police then presented all the evidence to a ________, who was responsible for making the government's case against Daniel.

prosecutor

Punishment in the colonies was distinguished by being ________.

public

The events that took place outside the Democratic National Convention in 1969 were an impetus for

public outcry that resulted in the beginning of the community era of policing.

Officer Devito was working her shift when she was approached by her sergeant who made sexual advances toward her. When she rejected him, he offered to give her a promotion in exchange for sexual favors. This is an example of ________.

quid pro quo harassmentCorrect

Samantha has barely cleared the written and physical agility tests for policing. During her interview, the interviewer tells her that her selection is unlikely unless she performs a sexual favor for him. Samantha is facing ________ in this scenario.

quid pro quo harassmentCorrect. The interviewer has demanded a sexual favor in exchange for Samantha's selection. Quid pro quo harassment occurs when sexual favors are demanded in exchange for some perk or benefit, perhaps a promotion or a favorable job assignment.

ʺViceʺ laws in the late nineteenth century resulted in

significant payoffs to officers who protected illegal activities.

At the police academy, the recruits undergo special training with the help of simulated exercises that challenge them to heighten their sense of observation. In the simulations, they are shown the same location for days and are asked to familiarize themselves with the area and its people. They are asked to conduct mock stakeouts and trust their "gut." These exercises are designed to improve the recruits' ________.

sixth senseCorrect. During the simulated exercise, the recruits are asked to hone their skills of observation and trust their hunches. These exercises are aimed at improving the recruits' sixth sense. Sixth sense is a healthy sense of suspicion--the experience-based ability to intuit when something is amiss.

It is suggested that _______ and _______ most likely determine an officer's' values and behaviors.

socialization; predispositionCorrect

Officer Graham was patrolling the streets when he saw two men having a heated verbal argument outside a bar. One of the two men arguing was a police officer off duty. Officer Graham took the other police officer's side because he too was a police officer. This is an example of ________.

solidarityCorrect. Officer Graham sided with the police officer because he too was a police officer. Solidarity is the tendency among police officers to stick together and associate with one another.

The relationship between the police and the media can be a double-edged sword because ________.

some media coverage can aid investigations, while some can be damagingCorrect. The media can aid in investigation by, for example, publicizing a composite sketch of the subject; or the media can also paint the police departments in a less than favorable light.

Instances of police discretion usually come to the publicʹs attention when

something goes wrong, e.g., abuse or corruption.

Which requirement was introduced in the 1968 Gun Control Act?

that all manufacturers, importers, and dealers of firearms obtain a Federal Firearms License.Correct. The Gun Control Act of 1968 required that every manufacturer, importer, and dealer of firearms obtain a Federal Firearms License. ATF screens the applications and issues the licenses. Dealers are required to comply with applicable federal laws and to keep records of all firearms sales, and ATF conducts inspections of gun dealerships to ensure compliance. ATF also targets illegal firearms trafficking.

Americaʹs first police officers differed from their London counterparts in __________.

that they were more willing to use force

The police received information that small-time drug dealers use Danny's Bar as a spot where they meet up. The police decided that the best way to eliminate this problem is to pressure Danny, the owner of the bar, to keep the criminals out. Danny agrees to this when he is threatened with fines and lawsuits, which could eventually lead him to shut down his bar. This scenario can be best categorized as an example of ________.

third-party policingCorrect. The police coerce Danny to act against the crimes that are happening in his property. Third-party policing is a recently coined term that describes police efforts to persuade or coerce non offending persons to take actions that are outside the scope of their routine activities and that are designed to indirectly minimize disorder caused by other persons or to reduce the possibility that crime may occur.

What is one way that private police can temporarily gain the same authority as public police?

through being deputizedCorrect. The U.S. Supreme Court has yet to tackle the issue of private policing head-on. It decided one case in 1964 involving an amusement park security guard who had been "deputized" by the county sheriff, ruling that the security guard was a state official and thus was bound by the same legal constraints as public police officers. Beyond that case, the Supreme Court has had little to say.

Hot spots and hot times are identified ___________.

through crime mappingCorrect. Police departments today are able to identify hot spots and hot times with crime mapping. Hot spots are concentrated areas of significant criminal activity, such as a street corner known for its prostitution traffic. Hot times are those times of day when crime is particularly problematic, such as after dark on a Friday night.

A convenience store robbery involving four suspects ends with the shooting and killing of the cashier. All four suspects are caught in a pursuit shortly after and charged with armed robbery, but only one of them, Ryan Cedar, is also charged with murder in the first degree despite no eyewitness testimony. This is because forensic investigators test all four suspects for gunshot residue and Ryan records the highest level. In this case, the gunshot residue is an example of ________

trace evidenceCorrect. Gunshot residue is an example of trace evidence, which refers to minute and nearly invisible evidence of a crime that would escape all but the most skilled investigators

It is likely that the universalistic perspective of police behavior is tied to

traditional organizational factors that have pervaded most police agencies.Correct. Traditionally, organizational factors may have led to similarities among all officers

Former mafia hitman Arturo Solis is convicted of first-degree murder and is sentenced to life. The majority of the evidence presented against Arturo came in the form of wire recordings and eyewitness testimony from Police Sergeant Francis Estrada of the Bay Area Police Department. Francis had assumed the name "Danilo Almira" and posed as a fellow criminal acquaintance of Arturo for a number of years. In this scenario, Sergeant Francis most likely worked as a(n) ________.

undercover officerCorrect. Police Sergeant Francis Estrada worked as an undercover officer. Police going undercover is perpetuated by the need to infiltrate the criminal underworld in order to successfully nab high-profile criminals

Lieutenant Rebecca believes that all police officers have the same code of ethics and beliefs. She believes that this is instilled in them by police organizations that force officers to behave in the same way. Lieutenant Rebecca believes in the ________ on police behavior.

universalistic perspective

The ________ is the view that all police officers are similar and that they exhibit some of the same characteristics and behavior patterns.

universalistic perspective