CRJU1001 exam 2

The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots.

"explosive decade"

The federal Speedy Trial Act allows for the dismissal of charges when a trial does NOT begin within ________ working days after indictment.

70

Who has the highest lifetime chance of going to prison?

A black male

Which of the following is an exception to the hearsay rule?

A dying declaration

What is a hung jury?

A jury that is unable to agree on a verdict

Which of the following is a member of the courtroom work group?

A public defender

Which of the following is a characteristic of juvenile proceedings?

A specific right to treatment

Which of the following is an example of a mixed sentence?

An offender is sentenced to spend weekends in jail and be supervised by a probation officer during the week.

What is a federal ADMAX prison?

An ultra-high-security prison

Why was the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin so significant?

Because it considers probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply

________ evidence requires interpretation or requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates.

Circumstantial

Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?

Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility.

The defendant exercises choice in the court process in which of the following decisions?

Deciding what plea to enter

In The Society of Captives, Gresham Sykes identified the pains of imprisonment as ________ that prisoners experience.

Deprivations

A journalist who is writing an article on prison overcrowding in the U.S. and wants to use the estimate that shows the highest amount of overcrowding would probably choose which definition of prison capacity?

Design capacity

Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?

Determinate sentencing

________ evidence is information having a tendency to clear a person of guilt or blame.

Exculpatory

If evidence has probative value, judges are required to admit it.

False

New York's houses of refuge were intended to shelter serious juvenile delinquents.

False

Parole is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States today.

False

Parole officers who view their clients as wards who must be controlled are identifying with the social work model of parole.

False

Presentence investigations are conducted by the court.

False

Prisonization refers to the slang or jargon that characterizes prison subcultures and prison life.

False

Relative lack of punishment is one of the major advantages of probation and parole.

False

States today are moving away from the original principles of the juvenile court.

False

The primary concern of correctional officers today is the effective rehabilitation of inmates.

False

Which of the following best describes a realist inmate?

Frank, who sees the time he spends in prison as an unfortunate cost of his involvement in crime

Offenders convicted of felonies in state court are most likely to receive which traditional sanction?

Imprisonment

Which landmark U.S. Supreme Court case guaranteed juveniles many of the same procedural due process rights as adults?

In re Gault

The protectionist argument justifying capital punishment is fairly weak because the underlying social interest can also be met by which other sentencing option?

Incarceration

Which of the following statements regarding the state prison population in the U.S. is TRUE?

Incarceration rates are increasing while crime rates are decreasing

What impact did the Ashurst-Sumners Act have on prisons?

It effectively ended prison industries.

How did the Supreme Court case of Pell v. Procunier affect prisoners' rights?

It established a balancing test to weigh individual rights against public order and protection.

What effect did the USA PATRIOT Act have on the death penalty in the U.S.?

It expanded the list of federal crimes punishable by death.

Which of the following arguments regarding the death penalty is a retentionist rationale?

Just deserts

________ guilt is established only when the prosecutor presents sufficient evidence to convince the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty as charged.

Legal

Which of the following statements regarding mentally ill inmates is TRUE?

Mentally ill inmates can be required to take antipsychotic drugs against their will.

Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional?

Never—mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the social work model of probation and parole?

Officers assist clients meet the conditions imposed upon them by their sentences.

The ________ system was an early American system of imprisonment that emphasized solitary confinement and saw penance as the main way to achieve rehabilitation.

Pennsylvania

According to critics of parole, why are there so many parole violations?

Prisoners are not properly reintegrated into society.

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?

Relative lack of punishment

A defendant who is NOT indigent and who can afford private attorney fees will have which type of defense attorney?

Retained counsel

________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole.

Revocation

Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is NOT by itself cruel and unusual punishment?

Rhodes v. Chapman

Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp?

Shock incarceration

________ is a sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions.

Social debt

________ among female inmates is very high.

Substance abuse

Which of the following best describes female offenders?

Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children

Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?

The inmate's behavior while incarcerated

Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?

The offender acted under strong provocation.

Who makes the release decision when an offender is sentenced to shock parole?

The parole board

Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition?

The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license.

If the prosecutor calls a witness to the stand, who conducts the redirect examination?

The prosecutor

Why are regional jails becoming more popular?

They are more economical.

What was the original purpose of a jail?

To hold arrested suspects who are awaiting trial

What was the main purpose of the 2008 Second Chance Act?

To reduce the number of parolees being returned to prison for technical violations

A blended sentence is a juvenile court disposition that imposes both a juvenile sanction and an adult criminal sentence upon an adjudicated delinquent.

True

Defendants have the constitutional right to represent themselves.

True

Deinstitutionalization emphasized the need for rehabilitation to occur in the community.

True

Prisons today are vulnerable to bioterrorist attacks.

True

Probation is a sentence imposed by the court.

True

Regional jails are more economical than standard local jails.

True

Running away from home is a status offense.

True

The use of fines can help reduce the problem of prison overcrowding.

True

George has been accused of multiple crimes. Why would the prosecutor want to try George separately on each charge?

Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial

________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom.

Victims

Which of the following is a policy for dealing with serious offenders that focuses on protecting society and does NOT attempt rehabilitation?

Warehousing

The juvenile court's fact-finding process, which is similar to an adult trial, is known as a(n) ________ hearing

adjudicatory

General conditions of probation ________.

apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction

Female officers working in jails ________.

are disproportionately skewed toward jobs in the lower ranks

The ________ keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom.

bailiff

A(n) ________ provides information about the defendant's personality, family life, business acumen, and so on, in an effort to show that the defendant is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged.

character witness

The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________.

charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense

Probation is ordered by the ________.

court

In juvenile court, a juvenile petition is similar to a ________ in adult court.

criminal complaint

The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act requires that any state who accepts federal funds through the Act must ________.

deinstitutionalize status offenders

Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions.

deliberate indifference

Fifteen-year-old Mary breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) ________ child.

delinquent

Because Naomi's parents are unable to care for her, she is a(n) ________.

dependent child

The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________.

determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant

The jail strategy that eliminates traditional barriers between inmates and corrections staff is known as ________ supervision.

direct

General deterrence attempts to ________.

discourage potential offenders from committing crimes

The ________ hearing is the final stage in the processing of adjudicated juveniles and is similar to an adult sentencing hearing.

dispositional

Federal inmates are most commonly sentenced for ________.

drug law violations

Compared to the adult system, the juvenile justice system is more likely to ________.

employ diversion from further formal processing at all stages in the process

Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions she must observe apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. These are known as ________ conditions.

general

A(n) ________ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement.

grievance procedure

The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.

importation

A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing.

indeterminate

A typical state prison today ________.

is fairly small, with a population of less than 500 inmates

Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders are judged and/or sentenced by a ________.

jury of their peers

Transfer hearings are held in ________.

juvenile courts

An eyewitness who saw a crime being committed is an example of a(n) ________ witness.

lay

Parole boards make decisions regarding ________ parole.

mandatory

All death-row inmates are held in ________ prisons.

maximum-security

The typical American prison today is ________.

minimum or medium custody

A juvenile confined in a private facility is likely to be held for a(n) ________ offense.

nondelinquent

According to John Irwin, an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer is a(n) ________.

opportunist

One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the ________.

potential threat that inmates pose

If a judge requests information on a convicted defendant's background, the probation or parole office will conduct a ________ investigation.

presentence

Federal sentencing guidelines ________.

provide a range of punishments for a specific crime

The ________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation.

reformatory

The primary objective of the juvenile court is ________.

rehabilitation

The American child-savers movement ________.

resulted in the creation of the reform school

According to the Supreme Court decision in Wolff v. McDonnell ________.

sanctions cannot be levied against inmates without appropriate due process

An inmate organization whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public is a(n) ________.

security threat group

Research into victim-impact statements has found that ________.

sentencing decisions are rarely affected by them

The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are ________.

sentencing policies

Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are ________.

status offenders

Juvenile courts have original jurisdiction over juveniles charged with ________.

status offenses

As a new probation officer, the most active stage of your job will involve ________.

supervision of clients

American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ________.

the adversarial system

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against ________.

the manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed

Operational capacity is ________.

the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations

Prisoners' rights bear a strong resemblance to privileges because ________.

the rights of prisoners are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment

Proportionality means that ________.

there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime

A(n) ________ institution is an enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives.

total

According to the National Institute of Corrections, ________ had the largest impact on reducing recidivism.

treatment-oriented intensive supervision

Many sexual aggressors in prison continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________.

want to avoid becoming victims themselves