Crossroads Chapter 4: The Napoleonic Era
What about Napoleon surprised his generals?
His knowledge of small details within the army- knew where every cannon and soldier was
To what island was Napoleon exiled after his abdication?
Island of Elba, near Italy
How did the royal troops react upon seeing Napoleon's act of courage?
Joined his force
What was the Continental System?
A system created by Napoleon in which countries in Napoleon's empire were forbidden to trade with Britain and its colonies
What did Napoleon do in December?
Abandoned his soldiers and returned to Paris
How large was the army Napoleon led into Russia?
About 60 000 soldiers with reinforcements
What did Napoleon do to distance himself from the kings of the ancien regime?
Adopted Roman titles, made sure to please the people, improved infrastructure, kept the price of food low
In what ways did Napoleon copy the Romans?
Adopted the title "First Consul", later crowned himself Emperor
Why did the Italians hate their Austrian rulers?
Believed that the government was corrupt, and remembered the achievements of the Italian Renaissance
What is Napoleon's last name?
Bonaparte
Which countries consisted of the alliance against Napoleon?
Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia
How did Napoleon use censorship?
Controlled the media, law, education system, and newspapers to promote his values
Who attacked Napoleon's army as it retreated?
Cossacks and Russians
How did citizens from countries ruled by Napoleon's family members feel about their rulers?
Did not accept their rulers
How did Napoleon ensure that his troops were loyal?
Foreign soldiers were treated as equals, Napoleon gave his soldiers fancy uniforms, badges, awards, good pay, and good food; also led them to many victories
What country was Corsica part of when Napoleon was born?
France
What happened to France's borders after the Congress of Vienna?
France retained her old borders
What did Napoleon promise the Italians in his 1797 address?
Freedom, and respect for the Italians' property, religion, and customs
Was Napoleon a remarkable student?
No
Did Napoleon's army fare well during the retreat?
No, Napoleon lost confidence, and the soldiers died by the thousands due to the cold and lack of resources- the Grand Armee was destroyed, and the soldiers had to feed on dead horses for food
Did Napoleon's loss at the Battle of the Nile affect his reputation?
No, he returned more popular than before
Did Napoleon win against the British at the Battle of the Nile?
No, his navy was destroyed and Napoleon abandoned his army to escape to France
Was Napoleon affected by the loss of the Russian Campaign?
No, recruited a new army and continued to fight and defeat the Russians, Austrians, and Prussians in several battles
Was the new ruler popular?
No, since Louis reintroduced the Divine Right of kings and abolished all new reforms from the French Revolution- also tried to murder Bonapartists
Did Napoleon create a strong French economy?
No, since the new jobs were temporary (created by wars), and the wealth France had was a result of the spoils of wars
Did the Continental System work?
No, smuggling became profitable, and British ships smuggled goods into Europe; also, the blockade hurt Napoleon's empire even more than it hurt Britain
What did Napoleon do after merely ten months in exile?
Returned to France with 1000 soldiers
What did Napoleon do after the king and his supporters fled from France?
Returned to Paris to rebuild his forces, and soon enlisted more than 300 000 soldiers
Who were the Cossacks?
Riders from Ukraine
What rights were guaranteed by the Civil Code?
Right to hold property, freedom of religion, freedom of occupation
Which philosopher was Napoleon a supporter of?
Rousseau
Which battle ended Napoleon's career?
The Battle of Waterloo
What else caused the loss of Napoleon's army to the Spanish?
The British reinforcements, who joined with the Spanish
What was the new compilation of laws made by Napoleon named?
The Civil Code, or the Napoleonic Code
Who led the British forces in the Battle of Waterloo?
The Duke of Wellington
How did Napoleon's demand help many countries within his empire?
The French Revolution reached many other countries; serfdom and inherited privileges of aristocrats were abolished, old laws were replaced with the Napoleonic Code, and religious tolerance was encouraged- feudal system was completely eliminated
How did Napoleon's army intimidate its enemies?
The Grand Armee, with its large soldiers in tall bearskin helmets, terrified its opponents
Why did Napoleon wage war against France's ally, Russia?
The Tsar had promised to adhere to the rules of the Continental System, but later changed his mind and refused to follow Napoleon's orders
What is nationalism?
The belief that one's country is the best, marked by extreme patriotism
Where was Napoleon born?
The island of Corsica
What brought about nationalism in France?
The people's admiration for the overthrowing of Louis XVI, the disappearance of hated aristocrats and landowners, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Was the Russians' tactic effective?
Yes, since the French lived off the land, they could not survive without the food and shelters the Russians had burned
How many soldiers were involved in the Battle of Waterloo?
More than 130 000 soldiers
How many soldiers were left out of the original 600 000?
9000
Where did Napoleon go to as a result of his father's government meeting at Versailles?
A military school in France
When and at what age was Napoleon made the legal head of the family?
1785, at the age of sixteen
In what year did Napoleon help recapture Toulon from anti-revolutionary forces?
1793
When did Josephine meet Napoleon?
1795
When was Napoleon summoned to save the Convention from rebellious French citizens?
1795
In what year did Napoleon win major battles that led to the victory of the French?
1796
When did Napoleon help overthrow the Directory?
1799
In what year did Napoleon crown himself Emperor of France?
1804
In what year did Napoleon fail in his attempt to invade England after being spotted?
1805
In what year was the Treaty of Tilsit signed?
1807
In what year did the Spanish rebel against Napoleon?
1808
In what year did Napoleon begin his Russian Campaign?
1812
When was the Congress of Vienna?
1814
In what year and where did Napoleon die?
1821, Saint Helena
How many soldiers were killed or wounded in the Battle of Waterloo?
Almost 50 000 soldiers
Why did Napoleon want to capture Egypt in 1798?
Argued that it would cut Britain off from her colony in India
What position was Napoleon offered because of his success?
Army general
What job did Napoleon have immediately upon graduating from military school?
Artillery officer
What tactic did the Russians use that proved deadly for the French?
As the Russians retreated, they burned resources Napoleon's army desperately needed to survive
What battle caused Napoleon to abdicate his throne?
Battle of Leipzig
Which continents were affected by Napoleon's far-reaching ideals?
Europe, Africa, North America, and South America
What title did Napoleon adopt after seizing power of France?
First Consul
What tactic did the Spanish use which led to Napoleon's defeat?
Guerrilla warfare
What set Napoleon apart from others at military school?
Had a head for detail and a phenomenal memory
What had Napoleon planned to do to defeat the Russians?
Had planned to trap the Russians and destroy them in one large battle
Why did Napoleon marry Josephine in 1796?
Hoped that marriage to an aristocrat would result in more money
How did Napoleon try to improve infrastructure?
Improved roads, built new harbours, canals, museums, universities, and schools
What did Napoleon do after seeing the state of Moscow?
In October, decided to retreat, hoping to return to less hostile grounds before winter began
Who were the important participants of the Congress of Vienna?
Maurice de Talleyrand of France, Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria, Viscount Castelreagh of Britain, and Tsar Alexander of Russia
How did Napoleon's knowledge of topography help him win battles?
Knew how to use the landscape to his advantage- trapped enemies in swamps and lakes, hid army behind hills
What were the three ideals of the French Revolution?
Liberty, equality, and fraternity
Who came to power after Napoleon was exiled?
Louis XVIII was invited to become king of France
Who governed France after Napoleon's defeat?
Louis XVIII, who had returned after Napoleon's exile
What did soldiers begin doing as the Russian winter deepened?
Many deserted for their homes in other parts of Europe
What happened to France's overseas colonies after the Congress of Vienna?
Many were taken over by Britain
Why did Napoleon divorce Josephine?
Napoleon wanted an heir to his success, the couple failed to have a son
How did Napoleon save the Convention?
Ordered cannons to shoot grapeshot straight into the crowd, killing hundreds
What did Napoleon do with the spoils of Italy?
Paid for his army, and shipped art treasures back to France for his personal use, making him very wealthy
What did Napoleon do to protect the French industry?
Placed high taxes on imported goods
How did Napoleon use nationalism to help him defeat the Austrian Empire?
Promised the Austrians that he would help them create new nations, in which people who shared the same language and culture could live
What happened when Napoleon arrived in Moscow?
Realized that the city was deserted, and that the Russians had set fire to their own city
What did the people of Spain think of Napoleon?
Saw Napoleon as a tyrant, after seeing his brutal conquering of Spain; did not accept him as a ruler
What did the rulers of Europe decide to do with Napoleon upon capturing him?
Sent him to the island of Saint Helena, which was far away in the south Atlantic
What did the French do after driving out the Austrians?
Stole paintings, jewelry, and valuables from Italy
What did Napoleon insist of his empire?
That all parts of the empire base their legal and political system around that of France
What did Napoleon's mother, Laetitia Bonaparte, insist of the Bonaparte brothers and sisters?
That they support one another at all times
What did Napoleon promise foreign troops that were fighting for him?
Told them that the soldiers of each nationality would have the opportunity to form their own nations once the war ended
How did Napoleon convince the royal troops to join his force?
Walked forward and announced that if they wanted to shoot their emperor, he stood before them unarmed
Why did Napoleon launch the Continental System?
Wanted to damage Britain's economy by cutting off all of Britain's trade with Europe
Why did Britain try to create a "balance of powers" between the major European countries and empires?
Wanted to prevent further wars, and planned to work towards "charity, peace, and love"
Why did the Spanish rebel against Napoleon?
Wanted to protect their homeland, were outraged by Napoleon's replacement of the Spanish king with his own brother
What is guerrilla warfare?
Warfare that is loosely organized, and uses volunteer soldiers and surprise raids
What was French law like before Napoleon changed it?
Was complicated and outdated, there was no unified code of laws for France as a whole
What happened to most of Italy after the Congress of Vienna?
Was given back to Austria
How did the Civil Code give benefits to Napoleon?
Was written to reflect the type of society Napoleon wanted
What happened to Belgium and Holland after the Congress of Vienna?
Were made into one new kingdom
