CS 0020 MidTerm

bits

"Binary Digits" - the smallest unit of information, typically represented with 1's & 0's

Claude Shannon

"the father of information theory"; introduced the concept of binary logic for use in creating digital computing machines; "A Mathematical Theory Communication" - principles for encoding info so that is might be commuted and transmitted electronically

how many bits are in a nibble?

4

What rate is cd audio sampled at?

44 kHz

how many numbers is an IP address and what are they each less than?

4; 256

_______ percent of all emails are spams or infected with worms or viruses

70

how many bits = 1 byte?

8

ARPANET

A computer network developed by the Advanced Research Project Agency (now the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency) in the 1960s and 1970s as a means of communication between research laboratories and universities. ARPANET was the predecessor to the Internet.

integrated circuit

A group of tiny transistors and electric wires built on a silicon wafer, or chip; lowered cost and decreased space compared to using individual transistors

Bill Gates and Paul Allen developed ______ and from this sale Microsoft was born

BASIC

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

Breaks a message or file into packets; each packet contains a destination address; messages are broken up into units of a fixed size

CCD stands for which of the following

Charged Coupled Device

What does DVD stand for?

Digital Versatile Disc

in 1984 Macintosh introduced ________ to the personal computer industry

GUI (was stolen from Xerox)

Enigma Machine

German code machine broken by the Allies and used to predict what the Germans would do; most sophisticated code system of its day

Charles Babbage

He is known as the "Father of Computers." He developed the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. These two machines were powered by steam to move the punch cards and operate the gears. First general purpose digital computing device.

HTML

HyperText Markup Language, the authoring language used to create documents on the World Wide Web; separates elements and presentation

ROM (Read Only Memory)

It is non-volatile memory; data stored in it may only be read. Permanent Storage

the network connecting the machines in the CIT is a

LAN

Encryption is used to

Make a message secret

IP (Internet Protocol)

Specifies the format of packets broken by the TCP and the addressing scheme

Moore's Law

The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated chip doubles every 18 months

Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle

The process that the CPU uses to retrieve and execute instructions; speed at which this cycle occurs is determined by the system clock

parallel bus

contains many signal paths for very fast data transfer, bulkier, expensive cable and connectors; used for all the paths inside the CPU and between the CPU

what is a pure sound wave

contains one frequency

protocol

convention established to govern the manner in which data traverses a network

what was the first application

crude form of email which enabled researchers located at the various hots to share text information electronically

which of the following is not an example of wireless media a. radio b. infrared c. laser d. coaxial cable

d. coaxial cable

IP packets are also known as

datagrams

the act of converting cypher-text back into cleartext is called

decryption

Gordon Bell

developed the first mini computers

hypermedia

documents include embedded references to audio, text, images, video, and other documents; navigated using hyperlinks

DRAM

dynamic random access memory; most RAM is volatile or dynamic - when you turn off the power the contents of RAM is lost

clock signal

ensures that data is sent and received at certain times based on the clock speed

2nd application?

file transfer- allowed sharing of medium sized text files

Apple II Computer

first commercially available Apple computer; initially sold to Wall St. bankers who wanted the spreadsheet program called Visicalc which ran on the Apple II

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

first electronic general purpose digital computer- commissioned by the army for computing ballistic firing tables; manual programming of boards, switches, and a function table

UNIVAC I

first general purpose commercial computer

Apple Macintosh 1984

first household GUI; designed to be a computer appliance for "real people"; introduced at the 1984 Super Bowl (iconic commercial)

Admiral Grace Murray Hopper

first real computer scientist- developed Complier which is a language that converts it into binary; wanted to make it easier to program

what is non repudiation as it applies to digital security?

guarantees the sender of a message cannot deny having sent the message and the recipient cannot deny receiving it; done using digital signatures

first practical device that resulted from the transistor

hearing aid

HTTP

hypertext transfer protocol; the protocol used to transfer data over the World Wide Web; pioneered at Brown

IPV6 is important because

if implemented, everyone on the planet and every device that they own could have a unique internet address

/courses/cs002

indicates which of the many pages that server is being requested

Xerox

invented the mouse and graphic user interface (GUI); Steve Jobs stole their idea

Alan Turing

led the WWII group that broke the code for the enigma machine; Colossus- computing machine that was used to decrypt the enigma code

serial bus

limited paths, lower cost, lower size, lower weight, longer distance; used to connect external devices and peripherals (USB)

caching severs

located at locations where there is a high degree of activity; works for those web pages that don't change very often; most large businesses and institutions have local caching servers

what was important about the Intel 4004 microprocessor introduced in 1974

made the personal computer possible

RAM (Random Access Memory)

main computer memory; random in that one may access addressable memory unit independently of another

registers

memory locations that are used to facilitate the movement of data inside a digital computer

how many bits are in a word?

multiple of bytes (ex: 16, 32, 48)

time sharing refers to

multiple people sharing a computer

www.cs.brown.edu

name of the web server , name must be registered

a firewall is a

network device that filters out unwanted data traffic

the internet has an (open/closed) distribution system with/without a central control

open, without

information transfer inside the CPU can either be _______ or serial____

parallel: all at the same time serially: one at a time

hardware

physical components of the machine

John von Neumann

prepares a draft for an automatic programmable device; stored program concept (write a program and store it in the machine in some form); fetch-decode-execute cycle

photolithography

process by which billions of semiconductors can be placed on an integrated circuit

operating system

program that serves as the buffer between the user and the hardware

radioshack TRS 80

programmed in BASIC, affordable, first plug and play personal computer available at retail

web servers

remote systems that store web documents; process client (web browser) requests and send resources

what does the company network solutions do

runs the primary top level domain name server for .com addresses

data communications

sending digital information from computer to computer

http://

states that we are requesting a page from a remote web server; Hypertext Transfer Protocol --> main protocol

describe the relationship between sampling, file size, and accuracy

the more sampling, the bigger the file and the higher the accuracy

challenges to continuing the increasing the number of transistors trend

thickness in atoms between the silicon laters in transistors is getting very thin; heat -> ability to cool ir and keep it form burning up is increasingly a problem; noise

GATES

transistors can be used to create these logic circuits; packed into integrated circuits commonly known as chips

True/false- the main idea behind image compression is that neighboring pixels don't change that much in color or intensity

true

domain names

unique names which identify Internet sites and businesses

what did ENIAC use for storing memory?

vacuum tubes

Ada King

world's first programmer; wrote the programs for the Difference Engine

3rd internet app

bulletin boards: groups of researchers could post message threads around topics of mutual interest (aka newsgroups)

secondary memory (storage)

cheaper, mass storage for long term use; backup or alternative storage in place of volatile RAM

A robot has two cameras (like eyes). In front of it is an object, the greater the disparity between where an object appears to the left and right cameras, the:

closer it is to the robot

digital (discrete)

comprised of a limited number of data points to encode information; since there is a limited number of data points to work with it means that many representations are approximations of the real thing

file server

computer that returns files requested by users on other computers

bandwidth

amount of information one can pump through a connection

functions of transistors

amplify or invert electrical signals, store electrical voltage values, switch electrical signals off and on

As a result of pervasive computing, which of the following is true?

computers decrease in size and increase in number

information highway

another name for the internet that says it's connecting far corners of the world

software

applications one uses or writes to get stuff done

IBM's Blue Gene project is building a(n):

artificial brain

web browsers (clients)

ask for, receive, and display web documents

URL

Uniform Resource Locator; a location or address identifying where documents can be found on the Internet; a Web address; protocol, path, resources

Modern animation primarily uses:

Vector graphics

the internet is an example of a

WLAN (wireless LAN)

Intel 4004 Microprocessor

Worlds first microprocessor with 2,300 transistors

the GUI was introduced in the Apple Macintosh but was in fact invented at

Xerox PARC

we interact with a. applications b. operating system c. hardware

a & b

abacus

a calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods or in grooves; earliest computing device

which program has the most likelihood of passing the Turing test?

a chatterbot

server

a computer that acts as a utility for other computers

web server

a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer or mobile device

first commercially available micro-processor was used in...

a programmable computer

machine instructions have two numbers:

address of the memory unit to be accessed, operation code of the instruction

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

agreed upon code in which every character, numbers, etc. is given a unique 8 bit code

transistor

allowed us to build machines more efficiently, no more vacuum tubes, most important invention of the 20th century