CSD 401: Exam 2 Chapter 6
what is the average onset of Huntington's disease?
35 years old
who was Parkinson's disease first described by?
James parkinson in 1817
if we did not have the basal ganglia or if it was damaged, what disease would it look like?
Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease
what is akinesias?
a means without, without/no movement, results in reduced ability to go about the way you were living
what is Huntington disease (HD)?
a progressive, hereditary neurological disease due to degeneration of the basal ganglia
what does each ventricle have?
a structure called the choroid plexus that produces cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) LOOK AT PICTURE IN NOTES OF VENTRICLE PLACEMENT
what is hydrocephalus?
an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid which arises from an imbalance in the production and drainage of that fluid
what type of inheritance is Huntington's disease?
autosomal dominant
where is cerebral spinal fluid found?
brain ventricles (where its made) arachnoid space all around brain & spinal cord
what three structures make up the basal ganglia?
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus
what is dyskinesias?
days means abnormal/disordered, disordered movement, preserved function
what is meant by shuffling gait?
decreased movement, dragging feet when walking
what type of stimulation is given to people who have Parkinson's disease? how is it performed?
deep brain stimulation (DBS)- surgical insertion of a brain pacemaker that stimulates the basal ganglia, reducing Parkinson's symptoms
what is the basal ganglia made up of?
deep gray matter which are cell bodies of our neurons all grouped together
where is the basal ganglia?
deep in the brain
what is Parkinson's disease caused by?
degeneration of the midbrain's substantia nigra and loss of dopamine to the BG
what is meant by dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing
What is autosomal dominant?
dominant in a trait that is not directly involved in determining sex
what makes up the meninges of the brain?
dura matter arachnoid matter subarachnoid space with CSF Pia matter
how do we define dura, arachnoid, and pia?
dura= tough arachnoid= spidery pia= faithful
when it comes to basal ganglia symptoms, what are the two types that are associated with the symptoms?
dyskinesias and akinesias
since the BG is close to the amygdala, what are some problems that come with it?
emotional processing problems (most consistent sign), which include: disinhibition (saying things without thinking about it first) impulsivity inappropriate behavior
what does ballismus mean?
flinging movement of a limb
what are the ventricles in the brain?
fluid-filled spaces
what are tics?
involuntary uncontrolled movement
what does chorea mean?
jerky, involuntary, irregular, unpredictable, muscle movements, bigger dance like movements, Huntington's disease
what is the main symptom of hydrocephalus?
large head
what does hydrocephalus mean?
literally means "water on the brain"
what is meant by pill-rolling tremors?
looks like there is a pill in the fingers
what type of medication is given to people with Parkinson's disease (tremors)?
medications related to dopamine
what is meant by flat affect?
monotone, not a lot of emotion to give
what are some Parkinson's disease symptoms?
muscle rigidity, dyskinesias, resting, pill-rolling tremors, shuffling gait, weak voice, dysarthria, flat affect, poor posture, & dysphagia
what is another surgery given to someone with Parkinson's disease? how is it performed?
pallidotomy- cells in the globus pallidus are selectively destroyed using a heated probe, reducing parkinson symptoms
what are the functions of cerebral spinal fluid?
protection buoyancy removes waste transports nutrients & hormones brings in the good stuff & gets rid of the bad
what does dystonia mean?
repetitive twisting movements, involuntary, rate, affects ankles & wrists, braces are used to try to get body to straighten out, walking & ankle does to the side and someone is walking on the side of their foot, painful, lots of surgeries
what four ventricles does the brain consist of?
right lateral left lateral third fourth
when it comes to akinesias, what are some symptoms associated with it?
rigidity dystonia bradykinesia
what are some symptoms of HD?
severe chorea, athetosis, emotional & personality changes, torticollis (twisting of the neck), dysarthria, dysphagia, and dementia
what does it mean by resting?
sitting there and shaking
what does athetosis mean?
slow, withering movements of the head or hands
what does bradykinesia mean?
slower movement
what is meant by dysarthria?
slurred speech
what does rigidity mean?
stiff, reduced motion, people with Parkinson's disease have it
what is Parkinson's disease also known as?
the "shaking palsy"
what is the basal ganglia close to?
the amygdala which connects it to the emotional system
when it comes to dyskinesias, what are some symptoms associated with it?
tremors athetosis chorea ballismus tics
what is used to get rid of some of the fluid?
ventricular-peritoneal shunt: there is a ventricular catheter placed inside the brain which is traced through a tube that leads to the peritoneal cavity