CSR-Chapter 6 - Ethical Decision Making: Employer Responsibilities & Employee Rights

In the context of the exceptions to the employment at will rule, which of the following reverse the burden of proof and require employers to show cause to justify the dismissal of an employee? (Check all that apply.)

-Just cause -Due process rights

Which of the following is an important aspect of the exceptions to the employment at will (EAW) rule?

EAW is prioritized unless the dismissed employee demonstrates one of the recognized exceptions to the rule

Identify a true statement about a firm's decision to downsize.

It leads to a negative stakeholder perception of the firm's commitment to corporate social responsibility.

Identify a true statement about the utilitarian approach on the ethics of workplace relationships.

This approach suggests that employees are treated well as a means to improve workplace harmony and productivity.

True or false: According to the International Labour Office (ILO), children are viewed as child laborers when they are either too young to work or working in hazardous conditions.

True

The term _____ _____signifies children who work, and it has also taken on the meaning of exploitative work that can cause some harm to a child who is not of an age to explain his or her presence in the workplace.

child labor

Philosophically, the right of _____ _____ is the right to be protected against the arbitrary use of authority.

due process

The principle of tolerance and inclusion that backs the co-existence of multiple cultures, while boosting each to retain that which is unique or special about that particular culture, is referred to as _____

multiculturalism

The courts have cautiously construed legal precedent in the decades after Title VII of the United States Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 and established the _____.

prohibited classes of discrimination

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a U.S. federal agency that _____.

publishes and implements safety and health regulations for U.S. businesses

When a company is downsizing, its managers should ideally _____.

show visibility, approachability, and candor toward employees

When diversity is used in connection with the corporate environment, it often encompasses _____.

the values of respect, tolerance, inclusion, and acceptance

One of the concerns about diversity in the workplace involves _____.

assimilating diverse viewpoints into a preexisting corporate culture

According to the utilitarian approach to the ethics of workplace relationships, employees are treated well by employers because _____.

it fosters high levels of innovation among employees

One of the major criticisms of the acceptable-risk approach to workplace health and safety is that it _____.

ignores the basic deontological right employees may have to safe and healthy working environments

A(n) _____ refers to any workplace in which workers generally face two or more of the following conditions-deliberately enforced overtime, systematic health and safety risks that arise from the disregard of employee welfare, intimidation, systematic falsehood that places workers at risk, underpayment of salary, and income for a 48-hour workweek less than the overall poverty rate for that country.

sweatshop

What are the most likely consequences of employees' belief that their organization values their emotions and shows values such as honesty, respect, and trust? (Check all that apply.)

-Employees feel appreciated by the firm. -Employees experience less pressure.

Select all that apply What are the drawbacks of the acceptable-risk approach to workplace health and safety? (Check all that apply.)

-It equates workplace risks with other types of risks without considering their differences. -It treats employees disrespectfully and ignores their role in the decision-making process.

Which of the following statements are true of the free-market approach to workplace health and safety? (Check all that apply.) -It states that a workplace is safe if the risks are acceptable in comparison to the risks related to other common work activities. -It assumes an equivalency between workplace risks and other types of risks when there are actually significant differences between them. -It holds that individual bargaining with employers leads to the optimal distribution of safety and income in competitive and free labor markets. -It favors compensating injured workers when it can be proved that employers were liable for causing the harms.

-It holds that individual bargaining with employers leads to the optimal distribution of safety and income in competitive and free labor markets. -It favors compensating injured workers when it can be proved that employers were liable for causing the harms.

Which of the following are the challenges raised against the approach that requires the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to use cost-benefit analysis for establishing health and safety standards? (Check all that apply.)

-This approach treats health and safety merely as an instrumental value and ignores the intrinsic value of employees' lives. -This approach involves trading off health and safety against profit margin.

Identify a true statement about discrimination in the workplace in the United States. (Check all that apply.)

Discrimination occurs not only with respect to race, but also with regard to gender.

_____ refers to the presence of diverse cultures, languages, races, ethnicities, affinity orientations, genders, religious sects, abilities, social classes, ages, and national origins of the employees in a firm.

Diversity

Larry and Co, a multinational advertising agency, is forced to close its services in various regions due to financial constraints. As part of cost-cutting efforts, the company terminates many employees offshore and at the headquarters. Which of the following measures is exemplified in the given scenario?

Downsizing

In the context of the acceptable risk approach to workplace health and safety, match the descriptions of relative risk of work activities (in the left column) with the conclusions derived (in the right column).

The chance of harm for a specific work activity is equal to or lesser than the chance of harm for similar, more common activities- =The activity is safe. The chance of harm for a specific work activity is greater than the chance of harm for similar, more common activities- =The activity is hazardous.

According to the free-market approach to workplace health and safety, which of the following urges employers to maintain a reasonably safe and healthy workplace?

The threat of compensation for injured employees

True or false: Historically, an ethical rationale for the employment-at-will (EAW) rule was that private property owners have the right to control their property by controlling who works for them.

True

The term"_______" refers to the reduction of human resources at an organization through terminations, retirements, corporate divestments, or other means.

downsize or downsizing

An employer can create a culture where employees are treated well out of a sense of duty and rights, regardless of the utilitarian or self-interested consequences in productivity. The followers of this approach argue that _____.

employees should not be treated as mere machines hired to make profits for their employers

Employees tend to be more satisfied with their firm when they believe that _____.

the firm values their emotion

True or false: Health and safety of employees are valuable in and of themselves. The intrinsic value of an employee's life corresponds to the lost wages of that employee if he or she had lived. True false question. True

False

Which of the following are examples of sweatshops? (Check all that apply.)

-CASL Auto does not ensure that safety standards are met in its manufacturing units and pays their employees wages lower than the local poverty rate. -EYP Tech Solutions forces its employees to work overtime and underpays them.

Identify the true statements about due process in the workplace. (Check all that apply.)

-It acknowledges the authority of an employer over its employees. -It enables employers to tell employees what to do, and when, and how to do it.

Select all that apply Identify the inherent problems in the free-market approach to workplace health and safety. (Check all that apply.)

-It addresses questions from a purely individual perspective and ignores questions of social justice and public policy. -It is based on the invalid assumption that the labor market is perfectly competitive and free and allows employees to make free choices.

Which of the following are true of the employment-at-will (EAW) doctrine? (Check all that apply.)

-It enables employers to dismiss employees at any time and for any reason unless an agreement states otherwise. -It allows an employee to quit work without any notice in the absence of a written contract.

In the context of due process in the workplace, identify the consequences of the unjust exercise of the acknowledged authority of employers over employees in the employment relationship. (Check all that apply.)

-It leads to the emotional abuse of employees. -It causes fear, intimidation, and loss of dignity among employees. -It reduces employee morale.

Which of the following are true of due process in legal contexts? (Check all that apply.)

-It specifies the conditions under which courts and police can exercise their authority over citizens. -It refers to the procedures that police and courts must follow while applying their authority over citizens.

Identify the elements that are part of the definition of child labor. (Check all that apply.)

-Justification to be in the workplace relative to other options -Age of the child -Harm

Identify the arguments raised by those who are in favor of requiring the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to use cost-benefit analysis for setting up health and safety standards. (Check all that apply.)

-OSHA should focus on achieving the optimal level of safety. -Even if a standard is technologically and economically viable, it would still be unfair if the benefits did not outweigh the costs.

Select all that apply Identify the examples of multiculturalism. (Check all that apply.)

-Ruth joins a company where people from different racial backgrounds work together in the same team. -Maria joins a company where people from different countries work together on the same project.

Identify the likely consequences of an employer's decision to downsize a firm. (Check all that apply.)

-Terminated employees are likely to give poor recommendations of the business. -Surviving employees are likely to be less efficient in customer service than before.

Identify the steps that should be followed by a firm when adopting an ethical process of downsizing. (Check all that apply.)

-The firm should adopt measures to reduce the impact of the decision on all employees and permit the terminated employees to leave with dignity. -The decision to downsize should be made by a representative group to ensure that all stakeholder interests are considered.

Identify the true statements about the ethical rationale for the employment-at-will (EAW) doctrine. (Check all that apply.)

-Total discretion over employment allows managers to make efficient decisions that contribute to the greater overall good. -A manager is in the best position to know what is best for his or her firm, and the law should not interfere with those decisions.

Select all that apply Identify the standards that are included in the Base Code established by the Ethical Trade Initiative addressing living wages. (Check all that apply.)

-Wages paid for a standard working week meet, at a minimum, national legal standards or industry benchmark standards, whichever is higher. -All workers shall be given written and clear information about their employment conditions with regard to wages before they join as an employee.

Which of the following standards are included in the Base Code established by the Ethical Trade Initiative addressing living wages? (Check all that apply.)

-Wages should always be enough to meet basic needs and also to provide some discretionary income. -Deductions from wages not provided for by national law shall not be permitted without the expressed permission of the worker concerned.

Select all that apply Identify the cases when sensitivity to the potential for conflict caused by diversity is necessary. (Check all that apply.)

-When differences are new or strong -When negative stereotypes previously ruled interactions between particular groups

Select all that apply Which of the following are true of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)? (Check all that apply.)

-When first established, OSHA's regulations were aimed at achieving the safest feasible standards. -OSHA regulations are biased in favor of health and safety as they require businesses to prove that high standards are not economically feasible.

Select all that apply Identify the arguments made by philosophers Benjamin Powell and Matthew Zwolinski in the seminal article titled "The Ethical and Economic Case against Sweatshop Labor: A Critical Assessment" defending the moral legitimacy of sweatshops. (Check all that apply.)

-Workers are able to give consent even within their limited set of choices. -Workers acknowledge the risks associated with working in sweatshops but decide to work as it will give them the economic power that they lacked.

Which of the following is true of the common-law agency test requirement for a worker to be classified an employee?

An employer need not necessarily regulate the work but must basically have the right or ability to regulate the work.

Match the exceptions to the employment-at-will (EAW) rule (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Civil rights laws Labor laws

Civil rights laws- =These laws prevent dismissal of employees on the basis of membership in certain prohibited classes such as race, sex, disability, age, national origin, religion, or ethnic background. Labor laws- =Labor laws answer drop zone These laws stop employers from dismissing employees for union activities. correct toggle button unavailable These laws stop employers from dismissing employees for union activities.

Which of the following is a challenge related to the free-market approach to workplace health and safety?

Employees rarely have the kind of complete information efficient markets require for making informed choices.

Which of the following is true of the instrumental value of an employee who dies in a workplace accident?

It is calculated, in part, by the lost wages the employee would have earned if he or she lived.

Match the major elements of the acceptable risk approach to workplace health and safety (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Risk Relative Risk

Risk- =It refers to the likelihood of harm in a workplace. Relative Risk- =It involves a comparison of the likelihood of harm involved in various activities.

Match the tests used by courts to decide whether a worker is an employee or an independent contractor (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). The common-law agency test The economics reality test

The common-law agency test- =This test is a persuasive indicator of independent contractor status that provides the employer the ability to control the manner in which the work is performed. The economics reality test- =This test is used by courts to consider whether the worker is economically dependent on the business or, as a matter of economic fact, is in business for himself or herself.

The doctrine known as _____ _____ _____(EAW) holds that, in the absence of a particular contractual or other legal obligation that specifies the length or conditions of employment, all employees are employed "at will."

employment at will

The standard for terminations or discipline that requires the employer to have sufficient and fair cause before reaching a decision against an employee is known as _____ _____

just cause

A major challenge concerning due process in the workplace is the _____.

lack of consensus in the definition of basic fairness

As work takes children out of school, nation-specific studies show that high levels of child labor correlate with _____.

low literacy level

An employer can create a culture where employees are treated well out of a sense of duty and rights, regardless of the utilitarian or self-interested consequences in productivity. This approach _____.

places emphasis on all employees' rights and duties

According to philosophers Benjamin Powell and Matthew Zwolinski, the moral imperative of supporting sweatshops is _____.

the welfare of the least advantaged who face the economic aftermath of current economic and political decisions

Basic fairness applied through due process requires that an employer's authority over employees should be used justly.

true