CTC US HIST I Ch. 10
Second Bank of the United States (p. 365)
Private, profit-making corporation that served as the government's financial agent, issuing paper money, collecting taxes, and paying the government's debts. It was also charged with ensuring that paper money issued by local banks had real value.
the Dorr War (p. 357)
Rhode Island required voters to own real estate and had a steadily growing population of propertyless wage earners unable to vote. In 1841, proponents of democratic reform organized a People's Convention, which drafted a new state constitution. Enfranchising all adult white men while eliminating blacks entirely. Thomas Dorr (Rhode Island lawyer) was to be inaugurated as governor of the movement. President Tyler had him arrested and Dorr served nearly two years in prison for treason. This demonstrated the passions aroused by the continuing exclusion of any group of white men from voting. Legislature soon eliminated the property qualification for native-born men, black as well as white.
the Bank War (p. 388)
The Bank symbolized the hopes and fears inspired by the market revolution. The expansion of banking helped to finance the nation's economic development. But many Americans, including Jackson, distrusted bankers as "nonproducers" who contributed nothing to the nation's wealth but profited from the labor of others.
Indian Removal Act (p. 385)
1830. Signed by Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.
Worcester v. Georgia (p. 386)
1832. Holding that Indian nations were a distinct people with the right to maintain a separate political identity. That they must be dealt with by the government and not the states. The belief in 1823 (Johnson v. M'Intosh) was that Indians were not owner's of their land but merely had a "right of occupancy."
Democracy in America (p. 359)
Alexis Tocqueville, French writer who visited the U.S. in the early 1830s, produced Democracy in America in 1833, a classic account of a society in the midst of a political transformation. He stood to realize that if one was to understand America, there was a need to understand democracy.
REVIEW QUESTION 2. How did Andrew Jackson represent the major developments of the era: westward movement, the market revolution, and the expansion of democracy for some alongside the limits on it for others?
Andrew Jackson promoted democracy by supporting the common man and states rights when he refused to sign the recharter for the national bank.
Force Act (p. 385)
Authorization to use the army and navy to collect customs duties. Jackson persuaded Congress to enact the Force Bill.
Nullification crisis (p. 384)
The Nullification Crisis was a United States sectional political crisis in 1832-33, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government.
"infant industries" (p. 364)
The manufacturing enterprises that sprang up while trade with Britain had been suspended faced intense competition from low-cost imported goods. Henry Clay believed these "infant industries" deserved national protection . Retaining their Jeffersonian belief, they insisted that agriculture must be complemented by a manufacturing sector if the country were to become economically independent of Britain.
American System (p. 365)
Coined by Henry Clay, the blueprint for the government-promoted economic development. The plan rested on three pillars: -A new national bank -A tariff on imported manufactured goods to protect American industry -Federal financing of improved roads and canals.
"spoils system" (p. 380)
Introduced by Jackson, rotation in office into national government, making loyalty to the party the main qualification for jobs like postmaster and customs official.
Missouri Compromise (p. 368)
Deal proposed by Kentucky senator Henry Clay in 1820 to resolve the slave/free imbalance in Congress that would result from Missouri's admission as a slave state; Maine's admission as a free state offset Missouri, and slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the southern border of Missouri.
REVIEW QUESTION 4. What were the components of the American System, and how were they designed to promote the national economy under the guidance of the federal government?
Post office- help spread info patent laws- protect investors protective tariffs- encouraged domestic manufacturing surveying new lands- setllers west transportation improvements
Panic of 1819 (p. 366)
Financial collapse brought on by sharply falling cotton prices, declining demand for American exports, and reckless western land speculation.
REVIEW QUESTION 5. How did the Missouri Compromise and the nullification crisis demonstrate increasing sectional competition and disagreements over slavery?
In the Missouri Compromise the northerners and southerners disagreed over James Tallmadge's proposal of no more slaves being introduced into Missouri, most northerners agreed to this proposal though most southerners were against it, this dispute leading tot The Missouri Compromise. In the nullification crisis the tariff of 1828 created by Andrew Jackson was a tax on raw materials which the south specifically South Carolina benefitted the north yet harmed the south which led to South Carolina's legislature threatening to nullify it.
"hard money" v. "soft money" (p. 388)
Jackson had long believed that "hard money" was the only honest currency. Nicholas Biddle, head of the Bank issued paper ("soft") money.
"pet banks" (p. 389)
Local banks that received deposits while the charter of the Bank of the U.S. was about to expire in 1836. The choice of these banks was influenced by political and personal connections.
REVIEW QUESTION 6. According to Martin Van Buren, why were political parties a desirable element of public life? What did he do to build the party system?
Martin Van Buren thought political parties were a desirable elements of public life because in gave a check to those in power and gave voters a real choice in elections. By bringing together people and political leaders from different areas of the country to support a candidate and share common principles it would give a sense of unity instead of the sectionalism usually thought of when people thought about political parties.
REVIEW QUESTION 3. How did the expansion of white male democracy run counter to the ideals of the founders, who believed government should be sheltered from excessive influence by ordinary people?
One influence on American democracy was Manifest Destiny was the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. The founding fathers believed that voters should be citizens (American Men) in good standing.
Monroe Doctrine (p. 372)
President James Monroe's declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would be thenceforth closed to European colonization, and that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.
REVIEW QUESTION 1. What global changes prompted the Monroe Doctrine? What were its key provisions? How does it show America's growing international presence?
The Monroe Doctrine prohibited the European countries interfere with the Latin America, and the U.S. Interfered with Europe. The Key to this agreement was the market's goods between America and Europe. America shows their presence after they get independence and the expansion of territories.
"information revolution" (p. 359)
The market revolution and political democracy produced a large expansion of the public sphere and an explosion in printing sometimes called the "information revolution." The growth of the reading public, yet another facet of the democratization of American life, opened the door for the rise of a new generation of women writers.
Panic of 1837 (p. 390)
The beginning of major economic depression lasting about six years; touched off by a British financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices, credit and currency problems, and speculation in land, canals, and railroads.
REVIEW QUESTION 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1837.
The causes of the Panic of 1837 were that local private banks called pet banks were printing money without any printing regulations which led to a great deal of inflation, paper money became so invaluable that in 1836 the Jackson administration issued the Species Circular stating that it would only accept gold and silver for payment for public land, similarly the British also made American merchants pay creditors in gold or silver, the demand for American cotton in Great Britain also decreased significantly. The effects of the panic of 1837 were that businesses failed, farmers lost their land, there was a surplus of unemployed labor, and in the 1840s states changed their legislatures to not allow legislatures to borrow money, issue corporate charters or buy stocks in private enterprises.
REVIEW QUESTION 8. What were the key issues that divided the Democratic and Whig parties? Where did each party stand on those issues?
The democrats were afraid of the widening gap between social classes. They thought that the government should not entrenched economics interest by award special favors but it should adopts a hand-off attitude in the economy. Whigs believed that the government could supervise the economy with a protective tariff. Democrats were based in the Northwest and southern backcountry while Whigs were in the Northeast.
REVIEW QUESTION 7. What were the major economic humanitarian, political, and social arguments for an against Indian removal?
The major arguments for Indian removal were that due to an increase in cotton production because of the newly invented cotton gin farmers needed more land for their plantations which put pressure on Indian land, another argument for Indian removal was that most Americans felt that they were superior to the Indians due to their skin tone and ethnicity so they felt that they could remove them from their land. The major arguments against indian removal were that they should try to assimilate the Indians into American society as was done with the Cherokees, and many also felt that it was unethical to just get rid of any agreements that they had made with the Indians just because they felt they were superior
Democratic Party and Whig Party (p. 380)
The market revolution did much to determine political parties views and makeup. Democrats tended to be alarmed by the widening gap between social classes. Attracted aspiring entrepreneurs who resented government aid to established businessmen, as well as large numbers of farmers and city workingmen suspicious of new corporate enterprises. Whigs united behind the American System, believing that via a protective tariff, a national bank, and aid to internal improvements, the federal government could guide economic development. Strongest in the Northeast, most established bankers and businessmen support their program of government-promoted economic growth. Counties of upstate NY and Erie Canal became a Whig stronghold. More isolated rural communities tended to vote Democratic.
Trail of Tears (p. 386)
The removal route from Georgia to the area of present-day Oklahoma. Cherokee = "the trail on which we cried."
"tariff of abominations" (383)
The tariff of 1828, which raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool as well as on raw materials like iron, had aroused considerable opposition in the South, nowhere more than in South Carolina, where it was called the "tariff of abominations."
McCulloch v. Maryland (p. 367)
U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the U.S. supported the authority of the federal government versus the states.