Cultural Anthropology

Which of the following culture groups is an acephalous society?

!Kung

Modernity refers to:

- an attitude, belief, or way of thinking that aligns with contemporary perspectives - a topic in the social science and humanities originating in 17th-19th-century "Enlightenment" and characterized by rationalism - a state, condition or quality of contemporary relevance

Which of the following are considered qualitative methods? (Check all that apply)

- ethnography - participant-observation - unstructured conversation - field notes - open-ended interviewing

In what ways does the environment limit human potential? competition with other organisms all of the above environmental challenges/changes variety and availability of resources none of the above

All of the above

Art can be defined as: culturally characteristic forms of creativity. the ways people in every society express themselves. aesthetic principles personal or social notions of beauty, skill, and style All options characterize art

All options characterize art

is a researcher's written account of a culture.

Ethnography

The Navajo recognize four genders, two of them being male and the other two female.

False

_______ is when goods or services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a return gift.

Generalized reciprocity

Which subsistence strategy is most associated with state organization?

Intensive agriculture

_____ is most important in societies in which institutions such as a centralized government, a professional military, or financial banks are absent or ineffective.

Kinship

_____ search for economic opportunities in low-wage, low-skill jobs that native-born workers typically refuse to fulfill.

Labor migrants

Who proposed the idea of a universal grammar?

Noam Chomsky

__________ refers to a religion in which more than one high god is recognized.

Polytheism

Jane Goodall has studied chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960. Her work is a study in

Primatology

During the Liberian Civil War (1990s), male rebels deliberately cross-dressed in women's clothing for all the below reasons EXCEPT:

To demonstrate unity with Liberian women by celebrating maternal gender roles

All animals communicate in some fashion.

True

The process by which an individual adjusts to a new environment via non-genetic means is known as:

acclimatization

Generally speaking, egalitarian societies only differentiate group members by ___ and ___.

age,sex

The concurrent use of more than one language or dialect in conversation is an example of:

code-switching

Cultural appropriation can be defined as:

cultural borrowing that is in some way inappropriate, unauthorized, or undesirable.

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 established the need for public specialists who study the cultural significance of historic sites and materials from past cultures. These archaeologists work in an applied domain of anthropology called _____.

cultural resource management

For four years in the late 1980s and early 1990s, American anthropologist Philippe Bourgois conducted ethnographic fieldwork in crack houses of East Harlem, NYC to demonstrate how:

drug dealers view themselves as small business owners and entrepreneurs chasing the American dream.

Anthropology's main exports include the ______ method, a(n) ______ perspective, and a(n) ______ approach.

ethnographic, holistic, systematic

One of the earliest evidences of religious beliefs consists of ____________.

evidence that humans were buried with food, tools, and other objects that might have been important in the afterlife

Marriage is a social and economic institutions that organizes rules between consanguinal kin.

false

A _____ is simply defined as a group of people who are related in some way.

family

Dr.Stein

is a medical

Paralanguage is:

non-lexical aspects of speech that communicate implicit cues about a speaker's condition

material culture is

objects made and used in any society

____ are first-cousins whose parents are same-sex siblings in the same line of descent, whereas ____ are first-cousins whose parents are different-sex siblings of different descent.

parallel, cross

Materiality refers to

presence of tangible objects

he term ____ refers to someone who has taken permanent or temporary steps to identify as another gender, whereas ___ refers to people whose gender aligns with their sexual assignment at birth.

transgender, cisgender

Migration scholars distinguish between individuals who migrate between countries, or _____ migrants, and _____ migrants who emigrate to locations within the same country or region.

transnational, internal

Neolocal residence is the most common post-marital residential pattern in the United States.

true

The blending of beliefs and practices from two different religious faiths is know as syncretism.

true

Morphology is the study of

words, their parts meaningful units of meaning

Essentialism

Each racial category can be typified by a collection of physical and behavioral traits that make up the essence of their race

According to the __________ theory, men may produce hunting tools from wood because they are the ones who collect the wood in the first place and probably understand its physical properties better than women.

Economy-of-effort

In the 18th century, Native American war refugees, escaped slaves, and members from the Lower Creek and Choctaw migrated to Florida, forming the Seminole. The creation of this new culture is an example of

Ethnogenesis

refers to the comparative study of cultures

Ethnology

The totality of a society's ideas about sex, gender, men and women, including sexuality, gendered relations, and social expectations describes which concept?

Gender ideology

The ongoing spread of goods, people, information, and capital around the world is referred to as

Globalization

Which of the following investigations could be considered the earliest instance of ethnographic fieldwork?

H.R. Rivers' Torres Strait Expedition

Racial Classification Approach

Human beings can be scientifically assigned to racial categories using criteria based on common ancestry or superficial physical traits

What are the two primary research topics within biological anthropology?

Human origins and human variation

Which of the following is NOT part of anthropology's perspective on the body? - The body is born tabula rasa ("a blank slate") and must be molded through nurture - The body is a biocultural organism. - The body has a location in time and space. - The body has a history. - Mind and body are inseparable entities.

The body is born tabula rasa ("a blank slate") and must be molded through nurture

In genetics and heredity studies, a(n) ______ represents the genetic coding for a specific trait, while a(n) _____ refers to the physical expression of coding.

genotype, Phenotype

The process of viewing or treating a certain condition as a medical concern that was not previously considered a disease is known as:

medicalization

The term _____ family refers to the family into which one is born and raised.

natal

The concept of ethnomedicine can be used in reference to biomedicine because the latter:

reflects a system of cultural meaning even though it is based on science and technology.

is the ability to reference a concept, idea, or natural phenomena abstractly.

Displacement

________ is a form of selective breeding in which plants and animals are selected based on physical traits that are beneficial to humans.

Domestication

The earliest evidence of food production, including the taming of locally available plant and animal resources, appears _______ years ago at the end of the Pleistocene Epoch.

10,000 years ago

When a group or society is in contact with a more powerful society, the weaker group is often obliged to acquire cultural elements from the dominant group. What is this process of borrowing between a dominant and subordinate culture called?

Acculturation

Which of the following is NOT an example of how culture shapes the body? All are valid examples athletic training health practices environmental interactions eating disorders

All are valid examples

Biological Determinism Approach

An individual's cultural beliefs and practices are entirely a product of their race

A belief in a dual existence for all things, that is the belief in a physical, visible body and a psychic, invisible soul is known as?

Animism

Although claims are debated by anthropologists, _____ is/are often cited as evidence that Neanderthals possessed protohuman creativity and aesthetic ideas.

Any material culture is evidence

seek not only to reconstruct the daily life and customs of past or extinct peoples but also to trace cultural changes and offer possible explanations for those changes.

Archaeologists

What are the four main subfields of anthropology

Biological, Archaeology, Linguistics, and Cultural

Ji-yoo (지유) and her family moved to Glendale, California from Seoul, Korea in 2018 when she was 5 years old. She is a ______ bilingual, meaning she is learning Korean and English simultaneously with a single set of concepts. Ji-yoo's father Min-soo (민수) and mother Yu-jin (유진) learned English growing up in Seoul, but moving to the United States has motivated them to practice their English skills. They are _______ bilinguals, working with two sets of language concepts

Compound, Coordinate

What is the subfield of anthropology in which researchers study the customs and behavior of contemporary or recent societies?

Cultural Anthropology

A key distinction in Medical Anthropology, ____ is a biological or bio-mechanical deviation from normal physiological functioning

Disease

In the previous question, each of the approaches to the study of biological human variation have been discredited or debunked except for the:

Explanatory Approach

Food collection is a(n) ___ technology, whereas food production is a ______

Extractive, productive

All cultures rely on anatomical features such as genitalia as dominant factors in constructing gender.

False

Cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular ailments are examples of infectious disease.

False

Cave art provides archaeologists the necessary evidence to conclusively determine its function and significance to prehistoric hunter-gatherers.

False

Cultural anthropology is the most quantitative social science.

False

Despite differences in background, personality, social identity, theoretical inclination, and perception, fieldworkers generally experience and record the same observations, even in the same community.

False

For as long as our species has existed, individuals have always perceived other groups as different categories of people.

False

Global progress through international development and an open-world system is the most unbiased, scientific political-economic system to date, nearly free of Western cultural ideas and expectations.

False

Humans have been food producers for roughly 99% of our existence as a species.

False

Much like journalists, American anthropologists have certain constitutional rights that protect sensitive informant information from court subpoena, even if a legal authority establishes probable cause that ethnographic data contains pertinent evidence.

False

The Kula Ring is an example of generalized reciprocity, while the Kwakiutl Potlatch is balanced reciprocity.

False

Long-term immersion in a community observing peoples' daily lives and asking questions about their beliefs and behaviors is called

Fieldwork

n Mexico City and many other regions throughout Latin America, the cultural ideal of masculinity is known as ______.

Machismo

_____ refers to a society in which there are multiple health systems and treatment options.

Medical pluralism

What are the two items used in the Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islanders?

Necklaces and armbands

According to your textbook, which of these is not an explanation for religion?

Need for Economic Resources

Which of the following food-getting strategies is NOT utilized by foragers? fishing bating/trapping gathering none of the above hunting

None of the above

Among which population would an anthropologist NOT conduct research? drug dealers and users none of these options factory workers labor migrants advertising executives

None of these options

Which of the following traits is the most accurate scientific marker of a person's race? skin color body height and composition None of these options apply. behavior hair texture

None of these options apply.

________ is a subsistence technology in which food is obtained from herd animals.

Pastoralism

Biomedicine, chiropractory, Ayurvedic medicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine are healing systems within the ____ doman, domain, while home remedies, personal experiences, and health advice from friends and family comprise the _____ domain

Professional, Folk

Any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether that power rests in forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons is the anthropological definition of what?

Religion

A __________ is a religious intermediary, usually part-time, whose primary function is to cure people through sacred songs, pantomime, trance, and other means, and is sometimes referred to as a witch doctor by Western cultures.

Shaman

__________ is the attempt to invoke the supernatural to work harm against people by means of tangible objects such as voodoo dolls or magic charms.

Sorcery

"Hipster" is a label used in the United States at least since the 1950s to describe a usually young person who is trendy, stylish, or progressive in an unconventional way, typically characterized by strong alienation from established social norms and values of the cultural mainstream. Such persons constitute an example of a

Subculture

An arbitrary gesture, object, or word referring to something in the abstract is a:

Symbol

Each of the following options are characteristics of art in non-industrialized society except:

Symbols and motifs independent of context and may integrate dissimilar elements

Which of the following terms refers to material resources and access to productive technology?

Wealth

_______ is usually impossible to prove because no physical objects are used in its practice.

Witchcraft

Orientalism is:

a category of artwork, fashion, and scholarship generated by 19th- and 20th-century Europeans, which represents their own perceptions of Middle-Eastern style

A society characterized by large populations, frequent food shortages, strong social stratification, and full-time political and administrative officials would likely be practicing what subsistence strategy?

agriculture

The process of modernization is characterized by each of the following except: - decline of small traditional communities - future orientation (linear time construct) - decreasing social diversity and global integration - expansion of personal choice - embrace of liberalism and repudiation of authoritarianism

decreasing social diversity and global integration

Migrants experience qualitative and quantitative differences when they migrate, including each of the following potential stressors except: political corruption new pathogens and environmental challenges crime and violence housing/food insecurity high social support

high social support

Explanatory Approach

human behavior is motivated by social, cultural, and ecological forces within symbolic meaning systems

whereas _____ represents individual, subjective feelings of distress.

illness

Eugenics

improvement of genetic qualities of the human species by omitting defective, negative, or undesirable traits to reverse degeneration of the white race by lesser types

Anthropology

is the study of human species and their immediate ancestors focusing on the similarities and differences, both biological and cultural, in human populations.

The means of production refer to

land, labor, and technology needed to process raw materials for distribution

A(n) ____ is any kin group in which membership is determined by shared descent from a common ancestor who is/was known by their descendants, whereas a(n) ___ refers to a group of kin who claim descent from a common, but unknown (and often mythologized) ancestor.

lineage, clan

The idea that perceptions of time, space, and matter are always shaped by the structure of language is known as:

linguistic determinism

While anthropologists use the term polgamy to describe the general practice of having multiple spouses, ___ refers more specifically to women with multiple husbands while ____ typically describes a man with multiple wives.

polyandry, polygyny

While subsistence involves specific techniques that cultures employ to acquire food, economics refers to the overall systems for organizing the ____, _____, and _____ of resources

production, distribution, consumption

An accent refers to linguistic variation in _____ while dialects are differences in ____

pronunciation, word use

The _____ theory posits that the decision to migrate is made with the goal of maximizing economic capital.

rational choice-making

Land, water, and other modifiable resources are known as _____.

raw materials

The United States House of Representatives passed NAGPRA in 1990, ordering:

repatriation of human remains and artifacts to the communities of descendants of the American Indian groups to whom they originally belonged.

Anthropology's primary obligation is to:

respect the safety, dignity, and privacy of the people, species, or materials studied.

A set of behaviors by individuals and/or groups that must be performed according to very specific guidelines is known as a(n) _____.

ritual

Biological variation in the physical traits between males and females is referred to as ___ , while the cultural set of behaviors expected by a society is called ____ roles.

sex, gender

while the mode of production includes

social relations and expectations involved in the organization of human labor

In simplest terms, phonology is the study of

sound

Western economists emphasize the distribution of goods, outputs, and income in markets through the process of:

supply and demand