Cultural Anthropology chapter 16 & 17

Brazil and the Indian Problem

"Die if need be but never kill" page 468

Developments in Africa

-Sudan and the Dinka page 473 -Sudan and Darfur page 474 -Kenya and Tanzania: The Maasai and the Barabaig page 474 Nigeria and the Ogoni page 476

Justification For Colonial Rule page 434-436

-White Man's Burden-Colonials felt entitled to show indigenous people how to live -A Scared Trust (Pacification)-British colonial attitude toward indigenous people-justified their efforts to "civilize them -The Reservation System- take their land and put them on less desirable land and then govern their lives

Operation Amazonia

-conquer and dominate through land concessions, trade breaks, tax breaks, incentives, credit and cheap loans facilitated by SUDAM page 469

Declaration on the rights of indigenous people page 476

2007

encomiendas page 430

A Spanish landholding system in the American colonies that granted the use of land and the labor of any indigenous people on that land to soldiers, priests and settlers.

Spanish Colonization in the Americas in 1519 page 429 Ubelaker 1994

A collision of two separately developing cultures with a partial fusion following.

Jurgen Osterhammel defines colonialism as

A colony is a new political organization created by invasion (conquest and /or settlement colonization) but built on ore-colonial conditions.

Xavante page 470

A poor man shames us all

Yanomami

Aboriginal nation from Brazil that is slowly losing their culture because of gold mining. The largest indigenous reservation in the world area of 20.5 million square acres inhabited by some 23,000 Yanomamis- largest indigenous nation in the Amazon (Scemo 1999)

Maquiladora zone

An export processing zone on the Mexican side of the US-Mexico border where foreign owned factories take advantage of cheap labor, no tariffs and weak environmental laws.

Case Study: Papua New Guinea's Customary Law page 477

Austrian courts judge based on the assimilation of the indigenous people into society

The Mission System page 431 -432

By the end of the 18th century in the Southwestern US and California, building of missions and military forts destroyed indigenous culture. Colonists enslaved tens of thousands of native people, forced them to convert to Roman Catholicism and forced into labor. Mission Indians lived in virtual slavery Disease most significant cause of death, about 1/2/ of deaths in North America

Fur Trade

Exchange of animal pelts or hides between Native Americans and colonists in exchange for European trade goods.

Maquiladora

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Zapatistas

Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation

Ethnogenesis

Immigrants form "ethnic groups" based on markers of cultural identity

The Gezira Scheme

In Sudan, a large area of irrigated fields-plantations -Fellata-a term with negative connotations, impossed upon them, that obliterated their own separate tribal distinctions -Takari- how they identified themselves, a term with a respectful term signifying "pilgrims" -Joama-central Sudan became known as efficient and hardworking cotton pickers.-high reputation an dstableincome. page 456

Case Study page 429-430 Lakota Trade and the Consequences of Change in Economic Production

Lakota's were a loose alliance of nations in central Minnesota, economy combined farming and foraging. Women-planted and gathered wild foods, men were hunters. They exchanged meat and hides for crops from settled farming peoples. -European settlers pushed them out and they became nomadic-fled West and entered territories inhabited by other nations, competing for land and resources. in early 18th Century they crossed the Great Plains, and extended into the Dakotas, Nebraska and Wyoming. -trade with French in 17th century in Minnesota.

Ejidos

Land granted by Mexican government to an organized group of peasants. (Mayan farmers of Chiapas)

Voyage from Africa to the Americas was called

Middle Passage

Agents of Directed Culture Change page 432

Missionaries, 16th century at first were in alignment with the governments that sent them then when the rulers would become brutal they would no longer be in good standing-when standing up for the native people Schoolteachers, -back way to say be like your teacher not like your backwards, uncultured parents. Government Officials, -imposed European concepts, systems and laws, outlawing Sun dance and Pot latch ceremonies. A Cash Economy-In Africa both the British and French administrations used taxation as a means of collecting revenue and as a method of encouraging economic changes in indigenous communities.

FUNAI

National foundation of Indians

NAGPRA 1990

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act page 466

In their own voices Viktor Kaisiepo on the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People page 475

Papuan activist and member of the Presidium Dewan Papua carpenter- you could say here is a chair but in human rights how do you measure success? "We've gained a Lot"

White Man's Burden

Paternalistic, racist, colonial attitude that treated colonized people as as inferiors in need of protection and instruction on how to live.

settlement colonies

Permanent colonies established through exploration or conquest for the purpose of occupying land and controlling labor.

customary law

Selected aspects of native justice and jurisprudence codified into law by colonial authorities, mainly to secure greater control over indigenous populations.

Mining Quotas page 431

Silver in Bolivia in 1545 Spanish obtained indigenous workers for the mines using the mita system already in place in the Inca Empire.

Hutu

The majority ethnic tribe in Rwanda who was responsible for the 1994 genocide -were lineages without wealth whose members formed a majority peasantry page 460

Tutsi

The minority ethnic tribe in Rwanda who were victims of the 1994 genocide -the lineages that controlled wealth and power page 459

Customary International Law

Traditional practices of dispute and conflict resolution, involving mechanisms for mediation and negotiation and principles for punishment or restoration of community relations

Estimated Depopulation in the Americas and the pacific Table 16.1 page 431

US and Canada % pop 7,000,000/ Pop low point 390,000/ Depopulation 6,610,000

Ecotourism

Visitation of natural areas for tourism and recreation. Most often involves tourism by more-affluent people, which may generate economic benefits for less-affluent communities near natural areas and thus provide economic incentives for conservation of natural areas. Page 484

xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

Indigenismo

a political ideology in several Latin American countries emphasizing the relation between the nation state and Indigenous nations and indigenous minorities. 1993 page 467

global identity

an identity of shared interests, practices, and values across international borders, uniting people worldwide

slave trade

buying and selling of people into servitude

Pacification

colonial goal of forcing indigenous people to be peaceful and nonresistant so that settlers could safely inhabit their lands

Maritime Colonies

colonies established as a result of sea trade and coastal exploration for the purpose of controlling trade at foreign ports.

exploitation colonies

colonies established by military conquest for the purpose of exploiting the economic and natural resources of a region

Westward expansion and Depopulation pager 428 18 and 19th centuries

commercial and military alliances made by Europeans with native peoples in opposition to other European countries -British in North America -French along the rivers and ports of their primary areas of dominance in Quebec and New Orleans -Spanish in North America in Mexico and Southern United States and California -English from the Atlantic coast moving steadily westward John Smith in Virginia early 1600's "I have seen tow generations of my people die.. Not a man of the tow generations is alive now by myself" quote told to John from Powhatan chief, Wahunsonacock

mestizaje page 466

construction of a mestizo population -Jose Vasconcelos-educator and government official in the early 20th century treatise on the subject The Cosmic Race 1997

resettlement policies

efforts of colonial authorities to relocate indigenous people to permanent settlements, usually on less desirable land, to control and influence them

Imperialism

empire building through state expansion in both commerce and territory

What are the three main types of colonies?

exploitation colonies maritime enclaves settlement colonies

intermarriage page 431

in South America and Mexico, Spaniards replaced the indigenous social elites but used some elites to control local population -Spanish government encouraged intermarriage between Spanish men and native women, often through capture and rape thinking a mixed class of people would stabilize social tensions created by invasion and conquest- gave elites labor from the common class and allowed them to receive tribute.

Nationalism according to Peter Worsley page 457

institutionalization of one particular ethnic identity by attaching it to the State 1984

Cobell v. Salazar trust fund case in 1996 page 464

member of the Blackfeet Nations in Montana, class-action suit charging that royalty payments due to some 300,00 individual Indians for their land that were leased to non-Indians for farming, ranching, and mining had been mismanaged since 1800's- they one giving each tribal member about $2K each.

Review page 432 Spanish colonization of Mexico Central America, the Caribbean, and South America was based on plantation farming and mining using forced native labor and the mita system. Encomiendas, haciendas, and the

mission system removed land and resources from indigenous access or control. Intermarriage created a unique system of social stratification with Native Americans at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Review page 434 Agents of directed culture change included missionaries, schoolteachers, and government officials. They discouraged or

outlawed traditional ways of life, changing how people ate, dressed, and raised their children. They also imposed European values. Finally, they introduced a cash economy, which led to labor migration and changes in family relations and replaced traditional systems of reciprocity ad redistribution.

uncontacted tribes in the Amazon

page 471

Costs of Economic Development in Ecuador and Bolivia

page 472-473

Conservation , Ecotourism, and Indigenous Lands

page 482

Brazil's "Urban Indians"

pages 470-471

Depopulation

reduction in population size as a result of war, conquest, colonization, or disease

extraction populations

rubber tappers, miners, timber workers, and settlers, but the territories set aside are often also claimed by indigenous peoples, groups whose use of the land is not protected. page 469

Indigenous refers to peoples who

self-identify as members of a defined group, who share the same culture, and are "native" to their territory or have occupied it for a long time. different definition for countries with a history as a settler colony- then indigenous refers to the people who lived in the region prior to the arrival of Europeans-late 15th century page 462

missionism

settlement for the purpose of religious conversion

Colonies

settlements of foreign nationals with controlling interests in indigenous territories

cash economies

systems of exchange based on the use of currency in modern markets

Review on page 427 The European Industrial Revolution was built on the African slave trade and n colonial materials and markets. The internationalization of the slave trade had profound human costs in Africa, it led to

the consolidation of kingdoms, greater competition and conflict between groups ( as well as greater cooperation), and changes in families and kinship. The European slave trade contributed to the globalization that we see today.

review on page 424 Imperialism, or empire building, in state societies is achieved through conquest and absorption of neighboring people and the establishment of colonies in distant lands. Colonialism involves

the domination and exploitation of indigenous peoples. Colonies were also established as military enclaves and settlements. Settlement colonies involved forcing native peoples to relocate. Motivation for colonization included enriching the home country, gaining religious converts, and extending power and influence.

Trade and Settlement in North America page 427 late 15th and early 16th centuries

the late 15th century, Portuguese, Spanish and French fisherman caught fish off the coasts of Newfoundland and Quebec. 1st European to make an official landfall on the northeastern coast of North America was John Cabot-1497 -Same time British and Dutch were establishing trade with indigenous nations in the northeast -Spanish invading and plundering Mexico Trade, conquest and colonization were everywhere and all native peoples were engulfed and their cultures transformed within a few centuries.

Transnationalism

the process by which immigrants develop and cultivate ties to more than one country page 456

Islamization

the process of imposing the Islamic religion and associated cultural values within a nation to foster cultural uniformity In Indonesia -as Bernard Nietschmann (1988) puts it "nation-building" sometimes is state expansion by "nation-destroying" Javanese-the national norm-privileged ethnic group

Mita

traditional Incan system of conscripted labor for public works, adapted by the Spanish for use in obtaining indigenous workers for their mines

Impacts of the European Slave trade on African States pg 426

victims who were captured and sold into servitude for the rest of their lives and deprived people who survived in their home communities of family members to aid in their subsistence and welfare.. The Africans who sold them benefited economically and politically. Main countries involved in selling : West Africa; Nigeria and Congo, Ashanti in the Gold Coast (modern Ghana), Yoruba-Central Africa, Kongo, Sierra Leone, Chad, and Uganda Wolf 1982

a disparate group of people

who represented a cross section of the city

Review on page 429 European trade settlement in North America began

with the fur trade and led to the depopulation of Native Americans through displacement, warfare, and disease. Participation in European trading networks transformed native people's substance activities, settlement patterns, land use. gender relations, political organization. and economic systems.