Cultural Anthropology final

Some social networks are so spatially disbursed that migrants participate in a community that spans multiple countries, referred to as a 1) postcolonial community 2) global community 3) transnational community 4) hybridized community

3) transnational community

an anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective on that insider's culture is seeking A) an emic perspective B) tunnel vision C) an etic perspective D) primary sources

A) an emic perspective

for anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk a) the absence of genetic aspects of the practice among humans b) the way human children innately crave cow's milk c) the lack of social and political power of the milk industry D) the ways cultural beliefs and practices can support milk consumption

D) the ways cultural beliefs and practices can support milk consumption

Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?

Hobbes and Locke

_______ refers to the study of speech sounds

Phonology

T/F Anthropology is different from journalism because journalists' data are protected by law

True

T/F in some societies, witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control

True

T/F nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world

True

T/F: the stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors

True

what is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer

a general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how best to treat the cancer

a dowry is

a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband's family.

A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is

a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but only gets paid $15

Three broad theories of social structure dominate the social sciences. They are a) Functionalism, conflict, and interactional b) Colonialism, conflict and functionalism c) Darwinism, racism and multiculturalism d) Progressive, conservative and general

a) Functionalism, conflict, and interactional

The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called a) a cultural landscape b) an ecosystem c) a subsistence strategy d) a metaphor

a) a cultural landscape

linguists refer to mixed languages as a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as a) a pidgin language b) a creole language c) language ideology d) slang

a) a pidgin language

the !Kung people of southern Africa are an example of what kind of society a) acephalous b) segmentary lineage c) lawless d) structural-functional

a) acephalous

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called a) biological anthropology b) linguistic anthropology c) cultural anthropology d) archeology

a) biological anthropology

cultural anthropologists do research by a) building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time b) gathering data to produce statistical models c) focusing single dimensions of people's lives d) studying economic data

a) building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

according to medical anthropologists Csordas and Kleinman, several therapeutic processes that bring healing include which of the following a) clinical processes, symbolic processes, and social support b) placebo effect and homeopathic medicine c) social support and the placebo effect d) clinical processes, ritual sacrifices, and placebo pills

a) clinical processes, symbolic processes, and social support

which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time a) ethnohistory b) genealogy c) participant observation d) analyzing secondary materials

a) ethnohistory

which type of money is created and guaranteed by a government, such as the American dollar bill a) fiat money b) commodity money c) general purpose money d) sphere money

a) fiat money

for anthropologists, materiality refers to a) having the quality of being physical or material b) technologically simple objects c) only objects that are aesthetically pleasing d) American Indian objects

a) having the quality of being physical or material

A key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that a) it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships b) it helps the economy c) it helps us understand the innate superiority of some people in society d) it helps shed light on distinct cultures of capitalism

a) it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships

During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists a) learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture b) examine items of material culture and the rise of cities and states c) excavate sites where written historical documentation exists in order to understand the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture d) study how language use is shaped by group membership and identify and how language helps people organize their cultural beliefs and ideologies

a) learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture

What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures? a) medical anthropology b) physical anthropology c) linguistic anthropology d) biological anthropology

a) medical anthropology

which of the following is NOT true of how food preferences relate to gender? a) men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from b) foods take on qualities associated with one gender or another c) men and women are enculturated to eat certain foods d) foods are linked to gender appropriate behaviors

a) men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from

________________ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries. a) migrants b) immigrants c) refugees d) exiles

a) migrants

anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except a) narrative symbols b) key scenarios c) summarizing symbols d) elaborating symbols

a) narrative symbols

animal call systems a) only express responses to stimuli in their present environment b) fail to communicate in response to real-world stimuli c) combine calls to make new meanings d) are highly irregular among primates

a) only express responses to stimuli in their present environment

a distinct unit of sound in a specific language that distinguishes one word from another and changes meaning a) phoneme b) morpheme c) syntax d) metaphor

a) phoneme

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as a) proof of their primitive nature b) basic human diversity c) a positive characteristic d) something to be celebrated and reproduced

a) proof of their primitive nature

the purpose of fieldnotes is to a) provide written records of information that an anthropologists collects b) avoid collecting personal information about informants c) engage in deep analysis of the data d) record results from blood samples

a) provide written records of information that an anthropologists collects

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study. a) qualitative b) historical c) scientific d) quantitative

a) qualitative

which of the following is reasons explains why a collaborative approach between conservationists and indigenous people can be so challenging? a) scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims b) indigenous communities do not have scientifically rigorous knowledge is necessary for conservation c) the fact that indigenous people often want to continue living on their land undermines conservation goals d) collaboration is unnecessary for sustainable development

a) scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as _______________. a) social evolution b) exorcism c) dominion theology d) socio-cultural growth

a) social evolution

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because a) the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture b) they do not do research in a laboratory c)they use only qualitative methods d) ethnography is part fiction

a) the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is a) the domestic mode of production b) capitalism c) neoclassical economics d) less valued

a) the domestic mode of production

Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences? a) the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different b) most people in developing cultures are poorly educated c) American audiences are much more sophisticated in understanding d) they do not take on new meanings

a) the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different

early British settlers in the 1600s mistakenly perceived new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, it was

an anthropological landscape

What is fortress conservation?

an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

when you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called

appropriation

Koko and Washoe were two primates who had learned a) call sounds b) American Sign Language c) Morse code d) English

b) American Sign Language

a political system governs 10,000 persons whose central leaders is determines by heredity and supported by a class of elites, with informal laws, the beginning of intensive agriculture and labor specialization is a) a state b) a chiefdom c) a tribe d) a band

b) a chiefdom

A powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is a) commodity fetishism b) advertising c) stealing and various kinds of fraud d) austerity

b) advertising

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as a) critics of USAID and other development institutions b) advocates of poor and marginalized people c) objective observers d) advocates for policy planners

b) advocates of poor and marginalized people

A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"? a) diabetes b) alcoholism c) albinism d) HIV

b) alcoholism

advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their a) constant innovations and improvements b) attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved c) removal and destruction of old stock to make way for new products d) disparaging remarks about celebrities

b) attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved

Financial globalization has allowed for a) wealth to be evenly distributed throughout the world b) corporations to move factories from one country to another c) the minimum wage to stay the same d) industries to stabilize in their traditional geographic areas

b) corporations to move factories from one country to another

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called a) diversity b) cultural relativism c) ethnocentrism d) a waste of time

b) cultural relativism

the human ability to speak about the past, about items not present and about imaginary worlds is called a) call system b) displacement c) productivity d) imagination

b) displacement

which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology? a) fieldnotes b)fieldwork c) observation d) interviews

b) fieldwork

When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in a) delayed reciprocity b) generalized reciprocity c) balanced reciprocity d) negative reciprocity

b) generalized reciprocity

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that a) anthropologists have always been locally focused b) global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves c) it is easier to study local settings than global settings d) it is rapidly disappearing as a phenomenon

b) global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

the Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of a) religious myths that are fictions b) information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion c) primitive art by an 'aritist' d) modern science

b) information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is a) static b) integrated c) a system d) symbolic

b) integrated

Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by a) the isolation of communities b) interactions between societies c) innovations within a single society d) insulated incidences of rapid technological change

b) interactions between societies

the text states that the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups a) irish, jews, and egyptians b) jews, italians, and finns c) italians madagascans, and brazilians d) brazilians, new zealanders, and jews

b) jews, italians, and finns

when anthropologists study language as a set of grammatical rules, rather than the way people use language in real settings, are focusing on a) parole b) langue c) phonetics d) morphology

b) langue

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called a) biological anthropology b) linguistic anthropology c) cultural anthropology d) archaeology

b) linguistic anthropology

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways? a) primates walked bipedally b) meat consumption increased c) humans learned to make tools d) humans developed language

b) meat consumption increased

the study of how words fit sounds together to make meaningful unit is called a) phonology b) morphology c) syntax d) cognates

b) morphology

which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised a) traditional family b) natal family c) nuclear family d) family of procreation

b) natal family

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as a)evolution b) natural selection c) degeneration d) genetic mutation

b) natural selection

when language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure a) language b) parole c) cognate d) phonology

b) parole

animal call systems lack the ability (found in human languages) to produce an infinite number of word combinations. this ability in human language is called _______ a) garrulousness b) productivity c) displacement d) gossip

b) productivity

ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except a) ensuring informant confidentiality b) protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information c) controlling and protecting access to fieldnotes d) being open about their research

b) protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information

one of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas (national parks) is a) they don't allow big-game hunting b) the assume nature must be uninhabited by people c) they don't charge enough to visitors for entering the area d) they focus too much on integrating animals

b) the assume nature must be uninhabited by people

the themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to the anthropologists because a) they are economically insignificant in market-based economies b) the exchange of gifts is the economy of many societies c) reciprocity is rarely embedded in social relations d) they are only found un pristine, untouched societies

b) the exchange of gifts is the economy of many societies

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to a) themselves b) the people or species they study c) the agency that funds the research d) the institution in which they work e) the government of the country they work in

b) the people or species they study

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that a) they explain the rise of cultural conflict in the world b) they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity c) they articulate how and why cultures converge through mixture and hybridity d) they explain why development appeals to all people around the world

b) they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity

Lineage or clan ownership of land and livestock, with little sense of private property, characterizes a) band b) tribe c) chiefdom d) state

b) tribe

The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that a) women are political leaders b) women "decontaminate" money by using it to sustain the household c) men do not value money d) women are better at saving money than men

b) women "decontaminate" money by using it to sustain the household

in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries American doctors often had second jobs as

barbers

Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?

because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

fieldwork involves

becoming involved in people's lives

compensating the clan or tribe of a bride for the loss of her labor, her support for her family affairs, her looking after children, and reproductive abilities is called

bridewealth/price

How do religious rituals commonly function politically?

by legitimizing community authority

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is a) understanding the racial diversity of the human species b) identifying the holes people's understanding of their worlds c) a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience d) that people are fundamentally ethnocentric

c) a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

Michael Rockefeller sought carved bij poles from the Asmat people because he thought they were beautiful art. The Asmat people thought of their carvings as a) a hobby handcrafts b) phallic art identified with an erotic culture c) a ritual act that restored balance to their world d) a way to make money from foreigners

c) a ritual act that restored balance to their world

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to a) imitate European consumers b) steal and resell secondhand clothes c) accumulate prestige d) acquire smartphones

c) accumulate prestige

research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called a) rapid appraisal b) development anthropology c) action anthropology d) participant observation

c) action anthropology

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm? a) archaeologists study other people's trash by salvaging it b) anthropologists study the natural destruction of societies c) anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out d) anthropologists produce paradigms to salvage the dignity of oppressed people

c) anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

in evolutionary terms human are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because we a) have much larger brains b) can learn ASL c) can speaking using a larynx d) have much smaller brains

c) can speaking using a larynx

words that originate from a common word in the same ancestral language are called a) loan words b) synonyms c) cognate words d) phonology

c) cognate words

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to more thoroughly consider ________ in their field studies? a) local languages b) economics c) colonial history d) sexuality

c) colonial history

the subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called a) biological anthropology b) linguistic anthropology c) cultural anthropology d) archaeology

c) cultural anthropology

according to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services a) political systems b) holistic systems c) economic systems d) kinships systems

c) economic systems

a cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists a) are living backward lives and need to modernize b) are inefficient in their adaptation to nature c) have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape d) are a relatively new example of cultural adaptation to nature

c) have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

a process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is a) transhumance b) subsistence farming c) intensification d) localization

c) intensification

An ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings. a) functionalist b) structuralist c) interpretive d) determinist

c) interpretive

which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships? a) objective b) subjective c) intersubjective d) ethnographic

c) intersubjective

which of the following is a feature of language? a) it is rarely used to communicate b) it is not systematic c) it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar d) it is only used by the civilized races

c) it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar

World systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except a) it is useful for analyzing postcolonial conditions b) it highlights resistance at the periphery c) it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology d) it explains how and why global capitalism has disrupted so many societies

c) it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

For a society to have a separate occupational category of artist, it needs to have which of the following characteristics? a) it must be creative and allow its youth to explore the world around them b) it must be small and isolated from contamination of ideas from the outside c) it must have considerable degree of social stratification and lots of different kinds of occupational categories d) its people must be ethnocentric

c) it must have considerable degree of social stratification and lots of different kinds of occupational categories

Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important? a) it explains why states control economies in Europe b) it distinguishes between primitive and capitalist economic systems c) it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in d) it laid the groundwork for the rise of Marxists theories in anthropology

c) it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in

Examples of social institutions are a) numbers and the alphabet b) numbers and the alphabet c) kinship, marriage, and farming d) material artifacts

c) kinship, marriage, and farming

the US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian school has contributed most profoundly to a) ethnocentrism b) cultural relativism c) language death d) language ideology

c) language death

Frank pulled his back out and went to see a chiropractor, an orthopedic surgeon, and an acupuncturist. Which of the following practices was Frank engaging in? a) medicalization b) the placebo effect c) medical pluralism d) medical singularism

c) medical pluralism

"mother nature" and "natural resources" are good examples of a) cultural landscapes b) ecosystems c) metaphors of human-nature interaction d) idioms

c) metaphors of human-nature interaction

which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order a) educational systems b) presidential authority and nepotism c) religious practices and beliefs about witches d) parliamentary systems

c) religious practices and beliefs about witches

Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a a) complex society interested in social status b) peaceful community c) savage and bloodthirsty society d) deeply religious society

c) savage and bloodthirsty society

Violence is A) static B) inherited C) socially constructed D) absolute

c) socially constructed

when anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in PNG, most of the villagers thought that the cause of his illness was a) the flu b) malaria c) sorcery d) homesickness

c) sorcery

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people? a) the writings of early explorers b) the Enlightenment c) the Industrial Revolution d) World War II

c) the Industrial Revolution

The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following? a) a belief in animism b) relics or sacred objects c) the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives d) they are imbued with life via sacred ceremonies

c) the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives

what is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat? a) the love carbs most of all b) relishes define a tasty meal c) there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat d) the intersections between culture and biology

c) there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists a) to alleviate poverty b) to improve working conditions for farmers c) to expand state power d) to enhance access to new technologies such as cell phones

c) to expand state power

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as a) values b) norms c) traditions d) symbols

c) traditions

the comparative method a) compares cognate words in different languages b) focuses on one society over a long period of time c) uses data from many different societies d) emphasizes statistical regressions

c) uses data from many different societies

a key difference between caste and social class is

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

when americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situation of their families, they are recognizing the existence of

class

When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?

clinical therapeutic process

Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and

cognatic

A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a

cognatic clan

People's fascination with having the newest Nike shoes or iPhone is an example of which of the following anthropological concepts?

commodity fetishism

Sahlins and Service (1960) typology of political systems would classify the the role of president of the city council in your hometown as a) headman of a tribe b) a big man c) a bureaucrat in a centralized state d) a chief

d) a chief

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as a) a reflection of underlying binary structures of thought b) an adaptive response to nature's dynamics c) a psychological disturbance d) a way of explaining how the world works

d) a way of explaining how the world works

the subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called a) biological anthropology b) linguistic anthropology c) cultural anthropology d) archaeology

d) archaeology

medical anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of a) illegal drugs b) children c) bacteria d) body parts

d) body parts

throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as a) climate change b) environmental determinism c) cultural relativism d) carrying capacity

d) carrying capacity

anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century. but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which groups of relatives? a) grandparents b) parents c) children d) cousins

d) cousins

which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy? a) neoclassical economics b) substantivism c) marxism d) cultural economics

d) cultural economics

The process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as a) hybridization b) cultural relativism c) localization d) cultural imperialism

d) cultural imperialism

Hybridization is about a) maintaining distinct ethnic boundaries b) technological inequality c) defining a direction for change d) cultural mixing

d) cultural mixing

Push-pull factors a) describe the factors that contribute the elevation of tides worldwide b) explain why colonists adventured to the new world c) provide the foundation for determining the difference between core and periphery nations d) describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries

d) describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries

for pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol? a) metaphor b) summarizing symbols c) narrative symbol d) elaborating symbols

d) elaborating symbols

a social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is a) political ecology b) demography c) political economy d) environmental justice

d) environmental justice

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called a) cultural relativism b) patriotism c) natural selection d) ethnocentrism

d) ethnocentrism

the structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as a) horticulture b) intensification c) life systems d) foodways

d) foodways

when anthropologist go into the field, they a) go as a completely clean slate, without reading anything about the topic beforehand b) never change their focus of their question to fit what they are seeing c) seek to interrupt the flow of everyday life d) go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered

d) go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered

anthropologists study the diversity of diets, the complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and political and economic processes, meaning that they study food a) ethnocentrically b) structurally c) indifferently d) holistically

d) holistically

according to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs a) cutting down trees brings good luck b) human and nature exist in separate realms c) water is the elixir of life d) humans and nature exist in the same realm

d) humans and nature exist in the same realm

The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where? a) in the flea markets of Paris b) in the great palaces of Asia in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China c) in the gift shops of great world's museums d) in the museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies are

d) in the museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies are

long-term damage to soil quality is typical of a) pastoralism b) foraging c) horticulture d) intensification

d) intensification

The exercise of political power requires a) force b) violence c) authority d) legitimacy

d) legitimacy

eating practices are a) unique to each culture, and rarely show similarities across cultures b) disconnected from political and economic processes in a society c) influenced only by elders in a society d) marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group

d) marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group

traditional ecological knowledge is a) rarely shared in local languages b) not useful in contemporary world c) extremely valued by Westerners d) not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place

d) not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place

the human diet us a) vegan b) vegetarian c) carnivorous d) omnivorous

d) onivorous

For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool? a) force b) formal authority c) corruption d) persuasion

d) persuasion

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing a) qualitative data b) historical data c) ethnographic data d) quantitative data

d) quantitative data

which of the following groups of people were significantly instrumental in the development of categorizing human into distinct races a) artists b) clergy c) politicians d) scientists

d) scientists

which of the following is a current example of American totemism a) the cross b) money c) beauty d) sport team mascots

d) sport team mascots

which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally? a) land b) height c) wealth d) surnames

d) surnames

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal a) taste is biologically hardwired b) that eating insects is culturally maladaptive c) that eating insects is disgusting in all cultures d) the cultural constructions of insects as food

d) the cultural constructions of insects as food

A key difference between development anthropologists and anthropologists of development is a) the first are academics; the second work in applied fields b) the first are theoretical; the second are practical c) the first work in development agencies; the second work outside of agencies d) the first seek ways to influence it from within ; the second are analysts of development who offer a critique of the process.

d) the first seek ways to influence it from within ; the second are analysts of development who offer a critique of the process.

Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except a) the chief's shadow b) things the chief had touched c) the sites where rituals were performed d) the sun

d) the sun

an anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because a) he or she has ample research funding to go into other field sites b) statistical evidence suggests that participant observation is unnecessary c) there is little data about the field site produced by others d) there is conflict or violence in the field site

d) there is conflict or violence in the field site

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to a) detect genetic traits linked to disease b) identify the myths society tells its members c) determine what plants are used for d) understand how a person's age affects his or her role in a community

d) understand how a person's age affects his or her role in a community

Globalization is the a) idea that cultural characteristics result from internal historical dynamism b) process of relationships being limited to those within nation-state boundaries c) field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism d) widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries

d) widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries

Welsch and Vivanco argue that the importance of revenge suicide in PNG is that it

demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising power

The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental _____________.

determinism

Negative or unfair treatment because of his or her group membership or identity is

discrimination

what is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologist's perspective?

doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspectives

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

people who study the effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships and the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups are

environmental anthropologists

What social distinction classifies people according to descent?

ethnicity

Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called ___________.

ethnoscience

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on

everyday interactions

When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is

exogamous

Jim Crow laws in the US south after the Civil War are a good illustration of

explicit discrimination

If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family?

extended family

T/F Contemporary cultural anthropologists rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" to categorize human diversity.

false

T/F When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

false

T/F all humans are born with some culture

false

T/F environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are "natural" environmentalists

false

T/F for anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of the state institutions and political offices

false

T/F it has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine

false

T/F the use of money is a human universal

false

t/f there are more undernourished people than obese people and overweight people in the world

false

which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things

foraging

What are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called?

fundamentalists

what do anthropologists call the structural processes of forgetting whole groups of relatives

genealogical amnesia

health and illness

have much variation throughout different cultures and societies

on the north coast of PNG, a religious cult leader named Barjani was remembered through which object?

his hat

For anthropologists the most important aspect of any object is

how it emerges from and exists within a set of human social relationships

what is the "subjectivity of illness"?

how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level

the "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by

including the mixed-race children of the slaveholders in the enslaved population

the people anthropologists gather data from

informants

Why was meat eating important for human biological development?

it provided high-quality protein for human brain development

anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

The social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage is called _________.

kinship

the ability to digest milk into adulthood is due to

lactase persistence

culture is

learned and shared

Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's

limited intellectual capacity

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price is an example of the use of

limited-purpose money

A voodoo doll is a good illustration of

magic that follows the law of similarity

"owning" culture means

means controlling symbols that give meaning

You and your siblings are fighting over who gets to use the family car. when your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of

mediation

Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called

medical pluralism

why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946

most young married men were serving in the military

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that a) learning happens best when students are being talked at b) this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals c) this mode of teaching evolved over time d) the teacher is the symbolic head of the class

not b

Ayurvedic medicine is a good example of a) folk medicine b) the subjectivity of illness c) medicalization d) medical malpractice

not c, maybe d or medical pluralism

Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different

not class backgrounds, ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons

All biological approaches to race are problematic because

one trait is assumed to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character

________is a key element of anthropological work because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out"

participant observation

Norms are stable because

people learn them when they are young

Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of

political power

When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing

polyandry

Typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of object?

pottery

Thrones, staffs, shrines, and distinctive or ornamented objects are often used to display people's _______

power

for anthropologists, political power refers to how

power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

a performed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is

prejudice

Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as

prestige economies

the social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is

racialization

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and ______.

red

the collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of society is called

redistribution

Censuses interest anthropologists because they

reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people

what is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of peoples' transition from one social state to another

rite of passage

Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called

rituals

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

a good example of disguised discrimination is when

shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through the stores

Anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much _____ acts as they are economic acts

social

A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in

social behavior and social action

in latin america, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on

social behaviors

a symbol is

something that conventionally stands for something else

in some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions, adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as

speaking in tongues

The earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E. B. Tylor. For him the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in

spirits

The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in

supernatural things

slash-and-burn agriculture, also called ____, is the most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low

swidden agriculture

Clifford Geertz proposed an interpretive approach to religion, arguing that religion was a system of ___________.

symbols

repatriation is

the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people whom they originally belonged

reciprocity is

the give and take that builds and confirms relationships

an explanation given for medicalizing the non-medical is

the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

the idea that maize has a soul

matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?

the mother

the in-class lecture elaborated on 3 stages of rites of passage. the liminal stage is

the stage of learning, disorientation and change of perspective

A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when

there are many changes in society

the difference between a survey and a structured interview is

there are none

Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?

to justify African slavery

T/F Beliefs, (and unbelief) get most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other group behaviors.

true

T/F Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.

true

T/F Race can become biology, by shaping people's biological outcomes due to disparities in access to certain kinds of healthcare and diets, exposure to certain kinds of diseases, and other factors that can make people either sick or healthy.

true

T/F diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are with supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated

true

T/F to understand political action, one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions

true

T/F: Exchange is a human universal

true

Women who practice polyandry tend to marry

two or more brothers

a surrogate mother is a

woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb

the way a people conceptualizes the world provides a set of unquestioned assumptions about the world and how it works. Anthropologists call these conceptualizations a ____________.

worldview