CURRENT PSYCHOTHERAPIES all chs excluding 12,13
The phenomenological perspective asserts that all reality is: a. objectively defined. b. subjectively interpreted. c. descriptive behaviors. d. causal of problems.
ANSWER: b. subjectively interpreted.
Achieving a balance between individual needs and the environment reflects: a. creative adjustment. b. introjection. c. holism. d. polarity.
ANSWER: a. creative adjustment.
The therapeutic stance of the existential therapist is as a(n): a. role model. b. fellow traveler. c. analytical transcriber. d. reflective mirror.
ANSWER: b. fellow traveler.
The manner in which a family arranges, organizes, and maintains itself is known as its: a. evolution. b. structure. c. process. d. wholeness.
ANSWER: b. structure.
The grandfather of eclecticism in psychotherapy in the modern era is: a. Frederick Thorne. b. Carl Rogers. c. John Norcross. d. Arnold Lazarus.
ANSWER: a. Frederick Thorne.
Rigid boundaries that permit limited emotional contact between members characterize families that are: a. open. b. disengaged. c. relational. d. enmeshed.
ANSWER: b. disengaged.
Understanding another individual by "living" in their internal frame of reference is: a. knowledge. b. empathy. c. congruence. d. reality.
ANSWER: b. empathy.
The belief that one's worldview is inherently superior and desirable to others is labeled: a. worldview. b. ethnocentrism. c. mainstream. d. incapability.
ANSWER: b. ethnocentrism
The therapy that practices an empathetic attitude toward human suffering, has no manual, and asks deep questions about the nature of the human being and the nature of anxiety is known as a. behavior therapy. b. existential psychotherapy. c. humanistic therapy. d. holistic therapy.
ANSWER: b. existential psychotherapy.
Adlerians emphasize which of the following causes: a. material. b. final. c. efficient. d. formal.
ANSWER: b. final.
A behavior therapist treating a shy patient might target: a. behavioral deficits. b. functional analysis. c. eye contact. d. analog observation.
ANSWER: c. eye contact.
The aspect of integrative therapy making it most applicable to many disorders is: a. reliance on behavioral techniques. b. emphasis on insight. c. flexibility/inclusion. d. integration of family.
ANSWER: c. flexibility/inclusion.
The primary task of existential therapy is to facilitate: a. insight. b. behavior change. c. genuineness. d. cultural consciousness.
ANSWER: c. genuineness.
Jacques Lacan would argue that the ego is a(n): a. biological entity. b. psychic discharge. c. illusion. d. catharsis.
ANSWER: c. illusion.
The individual who described logotherapy was: a. Frankl. b. Heidegger. c. Husserl. d. Nietzsche.
ANSWER: a. Frankl
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is credited with the: a. first scientific study of the unconscious. b. development of systematic psychotherapy. c. creation of the nature versus nurture debate. d. identification of defense mechanisms.
a. first scientific study of the unconscious.
Which type of psychotherapy views the process of helping others as a form of teaching?: a. Humanistic therapy b. Behavior therapy c. Psychoanalytic therapy d. Client-centered therapy
b. Behavior therapy
The psychotherapeutic term dynamic was first used by: a. Sigmund Freud. b. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. c. Hippocrates. d. Franz Anton Mesmer.
b. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Hellenist physicians believed that the organ contributing to mental illness was the: a. heart. b. liver. c. brain. d. blood.
c. brain.
Franz Anton Mesmer is often viewed as the pioneer of: a. manualized therapy. b. free association. c. hypnotherapy. d. behavioral intervention.
c. hypnotherapy.
In Chapter 1 Raymond Corsini illustrates a change in an inmate's life after learning he had a high IQ. This story demonstrates that psychotherapy can be broadly defined as any: a. interaction between a therapist and a patient. b. technique that teaches a patient a new skill. c. self-concept-altering experience. d. interpretation provided to a patient.
c. self-concept-altering experience.
The idea that similar ideas attract and strengthen one another's ability to be conscious is the result of the work of: a. Alfred Adler. b. Hippocrates. c. Thomas Mann. d. Johann Friedrich Herbart.
d. Johann Friedrich Herbart.
Herman von Helmholtz described the unconscious reconstruction of what our past taught us about an object as: a. restructuring objects. b. psychic stimulation. c. cognitive discovery. d. unconscious inference.
d. unconscious inference.
Alfred Adler's theory of personality emphasized the importance of: a. constructivist perspective. b. the collective unconscious. c. classical conditioning. d. character deficits.
ANSWER: a. constructivist perspective.
The Gestalt term describing an individual's ability to focus on the here and now is: a. contact. b. organismic self-regulation. c. conscious awareness. d. experimentation.
ANSWER: a. contact.
Which of the following theorist was psychoanalytically trained prior to developing a distinct form of psychotherapy?: a. Albert Ellis b. Martin Seligman c. Albert Bandura d. B. F. Skinner
ANSWER: a. Albert Ellis
Which of the following results from the emotional experience gained by the family through enactment of the directive?: a. Behavioral change b. Experiential change c. Structure change d. Cognitive change
ANSWER: a. Behavioral change
Which of the following assessment techniques would yield the best functional analysis for a behavioral therapist?: a. Direct behavioral observation b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 c. Beck Depression Inventory-II d. Projective tests
ANSWER: a. Direct behavioral observation
The conclusion drawn from meta-analyses and large-scale studies that all major psychotherapies yield comparable effect sizes is referred to as the: a. Dodo Bird effect. b. common factors research. c. Zimring's paradigm. d. client-driven model.
ANSWER: a. Dodo Bird effect.
What is the most powerful tool we have in our efforts to connect with other people and permits one to experience, at a deep level, what someone else is feeling?: a. Empathy b. Attachment c. Hospitality d. Concord
ANSWER: a. Empathy
Who has been an important figure in a 1978 study to measure of relative risk to examine the impact of stressful life events on depression?: a. Eugene Paykel b. Ainsworth c. John Bowlby d. Adolph Meyer
ANSWER: a. Eugene Paykel
Confusion, comparison, tolerance, acceptance, pride and synthesis come under which set of stages?: a. Gay and lesbian identity developmental stages b. American cultural racial identity stages c. Minority identity development stages d. Ethnocentric stages
ANSWER: a. Gay and lesbian identity developmental stages
Which of the following events is considered a primary indicator of potential suicidal behavior?: a. Hopelessness or a belief that things cannot improve b. Financial crisis c. Living with chronic pain or disability d. Talking about death or suicide
ANSWER: a. Hopelessness or a belief that things cannot improve
Which of the following statements is true about affectional bonds, as described by John Bowlby?: a. Humans have an innate need for affectional bonds. b. Affectional bonds are destructive and should not be fostered. c. Affectional bonds develop only in congruence with pathology. d. Higher functioning individuals have no need for affectional bonds.
ANSWER: a. Humans have an innate need for affectional bonds.
In which phase of interpersonal therapy would the clinician focus on helping the patient identify ways that depression has affected his or her interpersonal relationships as well as how his or her interpersonal relationships have impacted his or her depression?: a. Initial b. Middle c. Family d. Termination
ANSWER: a. Initial
Which of the following is included in the ethnorelative stages of developing multicultural sensitivity?: a. Integration b. Minimization c. Defense d. Denial
ANSWER: a. Integration
10. The development of systematic desensitization is credited to: a. J. Wolpe. b. M. C. Jones. c. A. A. Lazarus. d. A. Bandura.
ANSWER: a. J. Wolpe.
The American Psychological Association published all the second set of principles except?: a. Linguistic b. Research c. Training d. Guidelines on Multicultural Education
ANSWER: a. Linguistic
During which phase of treatment does the majority of the interpersonal work take place?: a. Middle phase b. Initial phase c. Therapeutic relationship building phase d. Termination phase
ANSWER: a. Middle phase
The Psychodynamics of Family Life, viewed by many as the first text defining the field of family therapy, was written by: a. Nathan Ackerman. b. Virginia Satir. c. Jay Haley. d. Salvador Minuchin.
ANSWER: a. Nathan Ackerman
An interpersonal therapist and patient should collaboratively identify how many problem areas to address over the course of treatment?: a. One to two (to stay focused) b. Four to five (to learn to generalize skills) c. Sixteen (one per session) d. Varies depending on patient's presenting issues
ANSWER: a. One to two (to stay focused)
Which disorder is associated with catastrophic interpretations of bodily/mental experiences?: a. Panic disorder b. Paranoia c. Depression d. Anorexia nervosa
ANSWER: a. Panic disorder
Psychoanalytical and insight-oriented therapies tend to be most useful with clients who are in which of the following stages of change?: a. Precontemplation b. Preparation c. Action d. Maintenance
ANSWER: a. Precontemplation
Which of the following practitioners believe that conditional self-esteem is one of the greatest of all human disturbances?: a. REBT b. CT c. CBT d. UOA
ANSWER: a. REBT
Which of the following training types involves using strategies for reducing the effects of anxiety and stress on the body?: a. Relaxation training b. Activity scheduling c. Problem-solving training d. Social skill training
ANSWER: a. Relaxation training
Which of the following models work toward identifying client goals via a collaborative relationship?: a. Solution-focused therapy and Adlerian therapy b. Acceptance and commitment therapy c. Cognitive therapy and commitment therapy d. Acceptance and Adlerian therapy
ANSWER: a. Solution-focused therapy and Adlerian therapy
A therapist employing paradoxical interventions most likely adheres to which of the following family therapy viewpoints?: a. Strategic b. Structural c. Experiential d. Behavioral
ANSWER: a. Strategic
For a "moment of movement," each statement is true EXCEPT which of the following?: a. The experience has the quality of being unacceptable. b. It is an experience without barriers or inhibitions. c. For the first time it is being experienced completely. d. It is not a thought, but an experience at that instant.
ANSWER: a. The experience has the quality of being unacceptable.
The concept of integration psychotherapy has received the most endorsement in the: a. United States and Western Europe. b. Middle East. c. Third World countries. d. Asian region.
ANSWER: a. United States and Western Europe.
Outcome research on integrative therapies has found strongest support for: a. acceptance and commitment therapy. b. psychoanalytical therapy. c. interpersonal therapy . d. Gestalt therapy.
ANSWER: a. acceptance and commitment therapy.
Family sculpting refers to a technique where: a. an individual creates a perceived versus ideal sculpting of family. b. a therapist provides group therapy to patients. c. several theories form the basis of a treatment. d. concurrent individual and group therapy is offered.
ANSWER: a. an individual creates a perceived versus ideal sculpting of family.
The psychological theory created by Carl Jung is termed: a. analytical psychology. b. individual psychology. c. psychodynamic psychology. d. complex psychology.
ANSWER: a. analytical psychology.
According to existentialists, when an individual recognizes his or her uniqueness and is remaining true to the self, he or she is being: a. authentic. b. self-centered. c. neurotic. d. rational.
ANSWER: a. authentic
An experience that forces an individual to confront an existential issue is known as a: a. boundary situation. b. moment of insight. c. therapeutic confrontation. d. personal revelation.
ANSWER: a. boundary situation.
Viewing interactions as reciprocal suggests causality is: a. circular. b. undetermined. c. linear. d. determined.
ANSWER: a. circular
When an individual is predisposed under stress to misinterpret information in a biased fashion, cognitive theory would state that the individual is exhibiting a: a. cognitive vulnerability. b. primal mode. c. cognitive profile d. sociotropic personality..
ANSWER: a. cognitive vulnerability.
In Harry Triandis's classification of worldviews, the term for an identity associated with relationships to others is: a. collectivistic. b. deterministic. c. denominated. d. integrated.
ANSWER: a. collectivistic.
For social purposes, reality is defined as: a. common perceptions across individuals. b. the private world of individual perceptions. c. uncommon perceptions across individuals. d. public knowledge of an individual's perceptions.
ANSWER: a. common perceptions across individuals.
Network therapy refers to an approach to treatment that relies on a(n): a. community-based process. b. network of multiple providers. c. Internet-based communication. d. patient building a social network.
ANSWER: a. community-based process.
The solution for dealing with an individual's demandingness most strongly supported by REBT is: a. decreasing demandingness. b. satisfying the demand. c. magic and mysticism. d. distraction.
ANSWER: a. decreasing demandingness.
According to Rogers, psychological maladjustment occurs when an individual: a. denies significant sensory and visceral experiences. b. obtains insight regarding current and past experiences. c. relies on internal resources to define self-concept. d. accepts organic experiences into the self-structure.
ANSWER: a. denies significant sensory and visceral experiences.
In the REBT chain (A B C D), D refers to: a. disputing irrational beliefs. b. defense mechanism. c. data from external sources. d. deterministic forces.
ANSWER: a. disputing irrational beliefs.
Integrative psychotherapy is based on: a. eclecticism. b. ideological superiority. c. syncretism. d. pharmacotherapy.
ANSWER: a. eclecticism.
Ellis implies that highly cognitive, directive therapies requiring tasks and discipline are likely to be: a. effective in a shorter time period with less sessions required. b. low on empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. c. therapies that focus on insight and traumatic past experiences. d. long-term therapies that lead to insight but limited behavior change.
ANSWER: a. effective in a shorter time period with less sessions required.
Research studies that evaluate the effects of a treatment within a relatively homogenous group, under optimal clinical circumstances, and with the therapy performed by highly trained experts are called: a. efficacy testing. b. effectiveness studies. c. expert-led research. d. none of these are correct.
ANSWER: a. efficacy testing.
Ellis contends that secondary problems can be created when: a. emotional consequences cycle into activating events. b. behavior changes occur while beliefs are unchanged. c. transferential relationships develop. d. traumatic events from childhood are left unexplored.
ANSWER: a. emotional consequences cycle into activating events.
Behavioral theory is rooted in: a. empiricism. b. psychodynamics. c. humanism. d. eclecticism.
ANSWER: a. empiricism.
Gestalt therapy's empty-chair technique, in which a patient is encouraged to express feelings to others or themselves in a symbolic manner, would be an example of: a. enactment. b. focusing. c. guided imagery. d. body awareness.
ANSWER: a. enactment.
Sandy's parents are overly involved in her life and the boundaries within her family are diffuse. This family would be described as: a. enmeshed. b. restrictive. c. disengaged. d. isolative.
ANSWER: a. enmeshed
When asked for advice, a person-centered therapist would most likely: a. facilitate the patient's personal decision-making. b. provide an opinion based on empathic knowledge. c. focus on the transferential nature of the interaction. d. assign homework that would allow self-discovery.
ANSWER: a. facilitate the patient's personal decision-making.
A set of mutually interdependent elements is referred to as a: a. field. b. Gestalt. c. whole. d. context.
ANSWER: a. field.
A positive reinforcer should affect behavior by: a. generally strengthening it. b. suppressing it in most situations. c. completely eliminating it. d. indirectly relating it to a CS.
ANSWER: a. generally strengthening it.
Beck's research suggests that suicide risk is associated with: a. hopelessness. b. personalization. c. infantile sexuality. d. irrationality.
ANSWER: a. hopelessness.
A distinctive characteristic of client-centered therapy is the emphasis on the: a. human being as a person. b. evolutionary development of emotions. c. therapist's maintenance of a directive stance. d. earliest recollections of the client.
ANSWER: a. human being as a person.
Due to multicultural differences segments of the population would likely benefit from: a. indigenized psychotherapies. b. exporting Euro-American psychotherapists. c. abandoning cultural philosophies. d. accepting a universal approach to psychotherapy.,
ANSWER: a. indigenized psychotherapies.
An individual with alcohol dependence gets a DUI and is forced to attend counseling, although he or she does not intend to stop drinking. The therapist will likely accomplish more by using an approach that is: a. insight-oriented. b. existential. c. behavioral. d. interpersonal.
ANSWER: a. insight-oriented.
Bob talks rationally about the fact that his wife of 30 years has unexpectedly asked for a divorce and discusses the practical aspects of moving out, totally avoiding any show of emotion. This is an example of: a. intellectualization. b. projection. c. reaction formation. d. splitting.
ANSWER: a. intellectualization
Psychoanalytical therapies rely heavily on therapists providing clients with ways to become aware of aspects of their intrapsychic experiences that have previously been unconscious. In other words, they rely on: a. interpretations. b. enactments. c. reconstructions. d. confrontations.
ANSWER: a. interpretations
The use of one's personality, traits, temperament, and psychological and biological processes to find a place in the social matrix of life refers to: a. lifestyle. b. conviction. c. self-concept. d. "right-wrong" code.
ANSWER: a. lifestyle.
In contrast to Albert Ellis, who confronted patients about their beliefs, Aaron Beck's approach was: a. more collaborative. b. nondirective. c. less empirically based. d. focused on irrational beliefs.
ANSWER: a. more collaborative.
From the existential perspective, "deep" conflict means the: a. most fundamental concern at that moment. b. difficulties experienced during individuation. c. earliest to occur in an individual's life. d. inaccessible memories from childhood.
ANSWER: a. most fundamental concern at that moment.
During an argument, a father nonverbally communicates to his son to "cool off" prior to further interactions. This is an example of: a. negative feedback. b. linear causality. c. positive feedback. d. miscommunication.
ANSWER: a. negative feedback.
Individuals with a high level of resistance tend to respond best to techniques that are: a. nondirective, self-directed, or paradoxical. b. focused on advice and suggestion. c. delivered in an authoritarian manner. d. directive and structural.
ANSWER: a. nondirective, self-directed, or paradoxical.
Objective reality, as defined by a Gestalt therapist, is: a. nonexistent. b. patient-therapist congruence. c. events on which observers agree. d. events on which observers disagree.
ANSWER: a. nonexistent.
Paulo Freire identified dominant models of education as instruments of: a. oppression. b. cultural awareness. c. freedom. d. independence.
ANSWER: a. oppression
An example of a disorder that might respond best to integrated treatment is: a. schizophrenia. b. panic disorder. c. tobacco dependence. d. adjustment disorder.
ANSWER: a. panic disorder.
The word Gestalt is analogous with: a. perceptual whole. b. creative indifference. c. in the moment. d. conscious awareness.
ANSWER: a. perceptual whole.
Attributing external events to oneself without evidence supporting a causal connection is termed: a. personalization. b. selective abstraction. c. overgeneralization. d. arbitrary inference.
ANSWER: a. personalization.
Existential psychotherapy is a: a. philosophical approach to existence. b. set of rules for therapy. c. technical therapy approach. d. religious psychotherapy.
ANSWER: a. philosophical approach to existence.
Collaborative empiricism assumes the patient can play the role of a: a. practical scientist. b. therapist for their family. c. verbal debater. d. computer analyst.
ANSWER: a. practical scientist
Client-centered therapy focuses most heavily on the: a. present. b. future. c. past. d. irrational.
ANSWER: a. present.
Pope and Wedding would argue that in deciding to use psychotropic medications: a. preset clinical objectives need to be determined. b. immediate early genes are irrelevant. c. psychotherapy's common factors are undermined. d. psychotherapy has occurred if patient's suffering has been alleviated.
ANSWER: a. preset clinical objectives need to be determined.
Proponents of existential psychotherapy have not advocated specific training institutes because its: a. presuppositions can underlie any form of therapy. b. theory was never embraced by psychology. c. leaders have never valued formal education. d. premises cannot be taught, only experienced.
ANSWER: a. presuppositions can underlie any form of therapy.
Beck's work has generated a number of assessment scales for the use of _________.: a. psychologists b. personality therapists c. patients d. cognitive-behavior therapists
ANSWER: a. psychologists
A significant challenge to overcome when conducting behavioral observations is: a. reactivity. b. unconsciousness. c. prejudice. d. intellectualization.
ANSWER: a. reactivity
To deal with their daughter's refusal to eat, previously controlling parents attempt to interact supportively and empower their daughter to make her own decisions. This scenario represents a change that is: a. second order. b. first order. c. third order. d. multiple order.
ANSWER: a. second order.
Okwekubagiza, a term from Uganda, refers to: a. self-pity. b. self-esteem. c. self-loathing. d. selflessness.
ANSWER: a. self-pity.
Guided discovery refers to the process by which a therapist: a. serves as a guide to clarify problem behaviors and thoughts. b. assists a patient to resolve unconscious conflicts. c. confronts and persuades patients to change thoughts. d. guides an exploration of a patient's dreams and fantasies.
ANSWER: a. serves as a guide to clarify problem behaviors and thoughts.
Albert Ellis argues that humans tend to perceive, think, emote, and behave: a. simultaneously. b. consistently. c. spontaneously. d. rationally.
ANSWER: a. simultaneously.
A type of intrapsychic defense that is particularly important to Kleinian theory is called: a. splitting. b. projection. c. intellectualization. d. transference.
ANSWER: a. splitting.
If a child were raised by critical parents and unable to verbalize their own thoughts and feelings, Zimring's paradigm would suggest degradation of the: a. subjective context. b. family context. c. objective context. d. everyday world.
ANSWER: a. subjective context.
The process by which an individual becomes aware of an experience is known as: a. symbolization. b. reality. c. actualization. d. experience.
ANSWER: a. symbolization.
In treating anxiety, a Gestalt therapist is most likely to: a. teach the patient to breathe more fully. b. explore past events that led to the anxiety. c. make a referral to a psychiatrist for medication. d. discuss his or her own feelings of anxiety with the patient.
ANSWER: a. teach the patient to breathe more fully.
Based on research and clinical experience, a therapist chooses a collection of techniques from several theoretical models. This approach shows adherence to: a. technical eclecticism. b. theoretical integration. c. common factors. d. assimilative integration.
ANSWER: a. technical eclecticism.
Patients with high attachment avoidance and depression: a. tend to fare better in cognitive therapy. b. tend to fare better in interpersonal therapy. c. show similar outcomes in cognitive and interpersonal therapy. d. have poor responses in all forms of therapy.
ANSWER: a. tend to fare better in cognitive therapy
Ethnopharmacology is the field that specializes in: a. the relationship between ethnicity and responses to medications. b. decreasing substance use in ethnic minority groups. c. increasing the number of minorities practicing medicine. d. recording how the field of medicine has discriminated against minorities.
ANSWER: a. the relationship between ethnicity and responses to medications.
Psychoanalytic therapists view the therapeutic relationship as: a. the vehicle for change. b. irrelevant to the process. c. secondary to the theory. d. solely defined by the patient.
ANSWER: a. the vehicle for change.
Exposure therapy serves to provide data on: a. thoughts, images, physiological symptoms, and self-reported tension. b. patient details. c. levels of physical activity. d. daily patient behaviors.
ANSWER: a. thoughts, images, physiological symptoms, and self-reported tension.
James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente created an approach delineating stages of change that is: a. transtheoretical in nature. b. most applicable to lifestyle changes. c. most applicable to mental disorders. d. biased toward the use of behavioral approaches.
ANSWER: a. transtheoretical in nature.
If a patient was in a depressive phase of his or her bipolar disorder, an interpersonal therapist would: a. treat the depressive phase in a similar manner to unipolar depression. b. not prescribe the patient a "sick role" as in unipolar depression. c. not treat the patient because interpersonal therapy is not appropriate. d. treat the patient with a nonstandardized interpersonal approach to therapy.
ANSWER: a. treat the depressive phase in a similar manner to unipolar depression.
A common assumption across psychoanalytic perspectives is that humans are motivated by: a. unconscious factors. b. learning principles. c. relationship stressors. d. biological predispositions.
ANSWER: a. unconscious factors.
For Adlerians, feelings of inferiority are deemed as: a. universal and normal. b. rare and abnormal. c. pervasive and abnormal. d. unusual yet normal.
ANSWER: a. universal and normal.
The acquisition of new knowledge and behavior by observing other people and events is called: a. vicarious learning. b. classical condition. c. stimulus control. d. operant conditioning.
ANSWER: a. vicarious learning.
Ellis suggests that humans have an innate nature to: a. want, need, and condemn when needs aren't met. b. have mental illness regardless of beliefs. c. develop rational beliefs. d. challenge their own irrational thoughts.
ANSWER: a. want, need, and condemn when needs aren't met.
Adler's three original life tasks included: a. work, community, and love. b. work, power, and spiritual. c. sex, control, and courage. d. society, spiritual, and work.
ANSWER: a. work, community, and love.
The typical length of interpersonal therapy for depression for an adult would be: a. 8 sessions. b. 16 sessions. c. 24 sessions. d. 48 sessions.
ANSWER: b. 16 sessions.
Research on depression in the 1960s, which served as the foundation of cognitive therapy, was conducted by: a. Albert Bandura. b. Aaron Beck. c. Albert Ellis. d. Donald Meichenbaum.
ANSWER: b. Aaron Beck.
Which of the following is a core feature of behavioral activation? a. Social skill training b. Activity scheduling c. Problem-solving training d. Modeling
ANSWER: b. Activity scheduling
In response to an insensitive or unavailable caregiver, an individual might develop which type of attachment style according to Mary Ainsworth's theory?: a. Affectionate b. Ambivalent-insecure c. Secure d. Bidirectional
ANSWER: b. Ambivalent-insecure
Assuming a child's tantrum occurs because parents reinforced the behavior would be consistent with which of the theoretical orientation?: a. Psychoanalytic b. Behavioral c. Person-centered d. Family systems
ANSWER: b. Behavioral
The idea that nonlinear messages are systematically sent between the unconscious and the conscious in human interactions was developed by: a. Hippocrates. b. Carl Gustav Carus. c. Franz Anton Mesmer. d. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
ANSWER: b. Carl Gustav Carus.
According to Janet Helms, the identity development of White American groups follows which of the following patterns?: a. Pseudoindependence to disintegration to autonomy b. Contact to reintegration to autonomy c. Reintegration to disintegration to pseudoindependence d. Autonomy to pseudoindependence to reintegration
ANSWER: b. Contact to reintegration to autonomy
Which studies have helped clarify the role of life events in the complex matrix of factors that coincide in the development of psychiatric disorders?: a. Psychopathology b. Epidemiological studies c. Methodological studies d. Genetic studies
ANSWER: b. Epidemiological studies
In 1956, Alfred Adler wrote that there were three main tasks of life. Which of the following is NOT a main task?: a. Work b. Faith c. Community d. Love
ANSWER: b. Faith
People's fantasies play an important role in their psychic functioning. Which of the following concepts is correct in context with the given statement?: a. The unconscious b. Fantasy c. Defenses d. Transference
ANSWER: b. Fantasy.
Which of the following techniques would a behavioral therapist be LEAST likely to use?: a. Self-report scales b. Free association c. Behavioral interviews d. Monitoring forms and diaries
ANSWER: b. Free association
Which of the following individuals and his collaborators founded Gestalt therapy?: a. Gary Yontef b. Fritz Perls c. Albert Einstein d. Martin Buber
ANSWER: b. Fritz Perls
Existential approaches are most similar to which of the following approaches? a. Behavioral b. Gestalt c. Cognitive d. Psychoanalytic
ANSWER: b. Gestalt
One of the only early behavior theorists to use a trait theory of personality was: a. B. F. Skinner. b. H. Eysenck. c. J. Wolpe. d. A. Bandura.
ANSWER: b. H. Eysenck.
In the randomized clinical trial evaluating modified interpersonal group psychotherapy (IPT-G) for depression in Southwest Uganda,: a. the treatment was not well received by the community. b. IPT-G was more effective than the control condition. c. valid assessment measures to use could not be identified. d. direct forms of communication had to offset some cultural norms.
ANSWER: b. IPT-G was more effective than the control condition.
The first comprehensive textbook on existential psychotherapy, titled Existential Psychotherapy, was written by: a. Rollo May. b. Irvin Yalom. c. Ernest Angel. d. Viktor Frankl.
ANSWER: b. Irvin Yalom.
In Studies on Hysteria, Freud wrote about his early theoretical ideas derived from work with hypnosis and hysterics. This manuscript includes a summary of the work with Anna O., whose treatment was provided by: a. Jean Charcot. b. Josef Breuer. c. Hermann Helmholtz. d. Charles Darwin.
ANSWER: b. Josef Breuer.
In developing his theory and clinical practice regarding client-centered therapy, Carl Rogers was heavily influenced by the work of: a. Albert Ellis. b. Kurt Goldstein. c. Sigmund Freud. d. Aaron Beck.
ANSWER: b. Kurt Goldstein.
In 2013, who proposed four specific mechanisms for changes in IPT?: a. Eugene Paykel b. Lipsitz and Markowitz c. John Bowlby d. Adolph Meyer
ANSWER: b. Lipsitz and Markowitz
Several variations on psychoanalytic theory have emerged. The theorist who emphasized the internal representations one makes of others was: a. Anna Freud. b. Melanie Klein. c. Margaret Mahler. d. Albert Ellis.
ANSWER: b. Melanie Klein.
In the United States, which of the following refers to the interaction between culturally diverse individuals such as people of color, internationals, immigrants, temporary workers, and the dominant European American culture?: a. Therapeutic relationships b. Multiculturalism c. Credibility d. Cultural competence
ANSWER: b. Multiculturalism
What is an ethical claim signifying that human beings should not be used as means to others' ends?: a. Dignity b. Personhood c. Client-centered therapy d. Psychological theories
ANSWER: b. Personhood
A client is recording the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the therapist is teaching the client relaxation and distraction skills to use in the future instead of smoking. The client is likely in which of the following stages of change?: a. Precontemplation b. Preparation c. Action d. Maintenance
ANSWER: b. Preparation
A family is encouraged to tell the "family story" with hope that a new family story can be developed to facilitate change. Which of the following therapy approaches is being used?: a. Strategic b. Social constructionist c. Structural d. Cognitive-behavioral
ANSWER: b. Social constructionist
An individual who is in the contemplation stage of change responds best to a therapist who is serving the role of a: a. nurturer. b. Socratic teacher. c. experienced coach. d. consultant.
ANSWER: b. Socratic teacher.
Which of the following is one of the primary goals in the initial cognitive therapy interview?: a. Transference development b. Symptom relief c. Nondirectiveness d. Dream analysis
ANSWER: b. Symptom relief
A family therapist will typically ask which of the following family members to attend the initial session?: a. Only the identified patient b. The entire family c. Only the parents d. The identified patient and the parents
ANSWER: b. The entire family.
Which therapist characteristic would Ellis classify as desirable, but not necessary?: a. Acceptance b. Warmth c. Collaborative d. Confrontative
ANSWER: b. Warmth
A client-centered therapist would likely view the diagnostic process as: a. crucial to treatment planning. b. a colossal waste of time. c. vital to establishing empathy. d. enhancing the client's locus of control.
ANSWER: b. a colossal waste of time.
In Rogers's personality theory, behavior is defined as: a. the direct result of reinforcement and punishment. b. a goal directed attempt to satisfy an organism's needs. c. a biologically driven process of interacting. d. fulfillment of the drives of the id, ego, and superego.
ANSWER: b. a goal directed attempt to satisfy an organism's needs.
In the model of White American identity development described by Janet Helms, in the disintegration phase, an individual: a. is not aware of minorities. b. acknowledges prejudice and discrimination. c. engages in reverse discrimination. d. appreciates both minority and majority group members.
ANSWER: b. acknowledges prejudice and discrimination.
The primary goal of REBT is: a. reduction or elimination of symptoms. b. alteration of basic values and beliefs. c. insight regarding childhood experiences. d. enhancing an individual's social interest.
ANSWER: b. alteration of basic values and beliefs.
Spitting in the soup, as defined by an Adlerian, represents: a. demonstrating understanding regardless of its impact on behavior. b. an approach that lends itself to restructuring of beliefs by spoiling them. c. behavioral change regardless of its origin. d. a desire to discuss problems rather than solve them.
ANSWER: b. an approach that lends itself to restructuring of beliefs by spoiling them.
A Gestalt therapist would view resistance as: a. intentional thwarting of the therapy process. b. an attempt to maintain psychological integrity. c. reflective of an underlying id-superego conflict. d. created by the patient in response to transference.
ANSWER: b. an attempt to maintain psychological integrity.
Adler considered a dream to be: a. early recollections emerging during sleep. b. an attempt to solve a future-oriented problem. c. lacking psychological importance. d. a restorative process for the mind.
ANSWER: b. an attempt to solve a future-oriented problem.
According to Gestalt therapy, psychological adjustment requires: a. unconditional positive regard by others. b. an awareness of our need states. c. congruence between objective and subjective reality. d. equality between actual and ideal self-concepts.
ANSWER: b. an awareness of our need states.
While receiving constructive criticism, Sally is able to accept the opinions of her mother that are helpful and discard those that are not beneficial. Sally is demonstrating: a. introjection. b. assimilation. c. projection. d. retroflection.
ANSWER: b. assimilation.
A concept ultimately associated with freedom is: a. accepting dependence. b. assuming responsibility. c. denying personal needs. d. relinquishing wishes.
ANSWER: b. assuming responsibility.
A genogram is a: a. compilation of each family member's values and ideals. b. family tree diagram of generational behavior patterns. c. reenactment of previous negative communication patterns. d. physical acting out of family conflicts.
ANSWER: b. family tree diagram of generational behavior patterns.
Client-centered therapists believe that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence are: a. conveyed simply through listening and repeating the patient's words. b. attitudes consonant with a therapist's values and beliefs. c. variables the client brings to the therapeutic relationship. d. attributes that can be faked while the therapist is in training.
ANSWER: b. attitudes consonant with a therapist's values and beliefs.
An individual who is in the contemplation stage of change is: a. unaware that he or she has a problem. b. aware of a problem and considering change. c. intending to make changes in the near future. d. working on modifying his or her behavior.
ANSWER: b. aware of a problem and considering change.
Existentialists hypothesize that anxiety is the result of a. biologically based instincts. b. awareness of ultimate concerns. c. competing cognitive distortions. d. id-related libidinal drives.
ANSWER: b. awareness of ultimate concerns.
Cognitive and psychodynamic therapies are similar in that both theorize that: a. meanings behind behavior are readily accessible to conscious interpretation. b. behavior can be influenced by beliefs one is not immediately aware of. c. a patient's self-report is a screen for more deeply concealed ideas. d. therapy should be highly structured, directive, and short term.
ANSWER: b. behavior can be influenced by beliefs one is not immediately aware of.
In the REBT chain (A B C D), B refers to: a. behavior. b. belief system. c. biopsychosocial model. d. biological predisposition.
ANSWER: b. belief system
Existential psychologists would advocate viewing the person: a. in anti-intellectual terms. b. both subjectively and objectively. c. entirely objectively. d. completely subjectively.
ANSWER: b. both subjectively and objectively.
A plus situation is defined: a. through traits of courage. b. by each individual. c. by the environment. d. by societal expectations.
ANSWER: b. by each individual.
Wilhelm Reich described how individuals often engage in repetitive experiences, behaviors, and body postures that keep them fixed in roles. He referred to this concept as: a. lack of self-awareness. b. character armor. c. holistic determination. d. locked development.
ANSWER: b. character armor.
Emil Kraepelin's work focused heavily on: a. multicultural variants of illness. b. classifications of diseases. c. surgical approaches to mental illness. d. use of hypnosis.
ANSWER: b. classifications of diseases.
The University of Wisconsin study of hospitalized schizophrenics showed that treatment outcome correlated highest with the: a. therapist's perception of the therapeutic relationship. b. client's perception of the therapeutic relationship. c. researcher's objective ratings of therapeutic process. d. time spent with clients who received the least empathy.
ANSWER: b. client's perception of the therapeutic relationship.
An Adlerian therapist aims to be a(n): a. interpreter of transference. b. collaborative educator. c. authority figure. d. passive participant.
ANSWER: b. collaborative educator.
Jung described emotionally charged ideas that were repressed because they were too emotionally threatening as: a. shadows. b. complexes. c. libidos. d. egos.
ANSWER: b. complexes.
Conjoint interpersonal psychotherapy for depression has demonstrated that: a. treating a couple when both spouses are depressed is not beneficial. b. conjoint interpersonal therapy leads to greater marital satisfaction. c. less gains are made in treatment by both spouses if treated together. d. conflicts in therapy arise as both patients want to assume a "sick role."
ANSWER: b. conjoint interpersonal therapy leads to greater marital satisfaction.
More training directors (of both graduate and internship training programs) believe trainees are best served by a model that: a. provides proficiency in one therapeutic system. b. creates trainees that are minimally competent in a variety of systems. c. starts as integrative from the onset and remains so. d. is all inclusive regardless of whether an approach has empirical validation.
ANSWER: b. creates trainees that are minimally competent in a variety of systems.
In the cultural spectrum described by Cross and colleagues, a sense of racial superiority refers to: a. cultural competence. b. cultural incapacity. c. cultural destructiveness. d. cultural blindness.
ANSWER: b. cultural incapacity.
2. When minority group members are left with a legacy of adversity, pain, and suffering, this is termed: a. collectivistic events. b. cultural trauma. c. racial microaggressions. d. ethnocentrisms.
ANSWER: b. cultural trauma.
An individual's total environment is referred to as: a. worldview. b. culture. c. multicultural. d. cultural trauma.
ANSWER: b. culture.
Zimring underscores the importance of how humans become persons within the context of their: a. own psyche. b. culture. c. family. d. psychic distress.
ANSWER: b. culture.
A group of four interpersonal problem areas that has become the focus of IPT is known as: a. PTSD. b. depressogenic triggers. c. personality disorders. d. grief modulators.
ANSWER: b. depressogenic triggers.
The one patient characteristic with the least amount of evidence of differential treatment effects is: a. coping style. b. diagnosis. c. patient preferences. d. resistance level.
ANSWER: b. diagnosis.
In REBT, caring too much about what others think is frequently associated with: a. psychological adjustment. b. emotional disturbance. c. high regard for others. d. conflicts with society.
ANSWER: b. emotional disturbance.
From a contemporary psychoanalytic perspective, the most fundamental intervention is: a. resolution of intrapsychic conflicts. b. empathy. c. breaking down defenses. d. strengthening the superego.
ANSWER: b. empathy
A family therapist asks each member of a family sequentially to pose the other family members in physical space as a representation of his or her view of the family. This technique is known as: a. reframing. b. family sculpting. c. enactment. d. circular questioning.
ANSWER: b. family sculpting.
In describing depression to a patient, an interpersonal therapist would explain that: a. psychosocial triggers cause depression but medications can help. b. genetic, personality, and early childhood factors contribute to depression, but symptoms are be triggered by stress, usually of an interpersonal nature. c. unconscious factors related to childhood will be the treatment focus. d. dysfunctional thoughts and maladaptive core beliefs create depression.
ANSWER: b. genetic, personality, and early childhood factors contribute to depression, but symptoms are be triggered by stress, usually of an interpersonal nature.
In the first interview, a person-centered therapist will: a. gather historical information. b. go where the client goes. c. develop a treatment plan. d. complete a diagnostic formulation.
ANSWER: b. go where the client goes.
In Adlerian psychology, the individual is viewed in a framework that is: a. reductionistic. b. holistic. c. behavioristic. d. oedipal.
ANSWER: b. holistic
On Albert Ellis's REBT Self-Help Form, illustrated in the book, negative emotions are categorized as healthy versus unhealthy. An unhealthy emotion would be: a. disappointment. b. hurt. c. sadness. d. frustration.
ANSWER: b. hurt.
The primary goal of Gestalt therapy is: a. elimination of psychopathology. b. increased awareness. c. insight regarding conflicts. d. behavior change.
ANSWER: b. increased awareness.
Exposure therapy primarily involves: a. immediately confronting a client with an intense anxiety situation. b. incrementally exposing a client to anxiety-producing stimuli. c. modeling for the client how to substitute assertive behavior for anxiety. d. using an unpleasant consequence such as shock when anxiety is experienced.
ANSWER: b. incrementally exposing a client to anxiety-producing stimuli.
Exposure therapy that involves purposely inducing physical sensations in the body is known as: a. imaginal exposure. b. interoceptive exposure. c. reorientation therapy. d. marginal conditioning.
ANSWER: b. interoceptive exposure.
Studies comparing the efficacy of cognitive therapy versus medication for depression have found that cognitive therapy: a. is not as effective as medication. b. is superior or equal to medication. c. has lower long-term effects. d. does not reduce suicidal ideation.
ANSWER: b. is superior or equal to medication.
Adlerians view recollections as projective techniques as individuals are seen as selectively recollecting past events congruent with: a. behavior patterns. b. lifestyle. c. social interest. d. neurotic symptoms.
ANSWER: b. lifestyle.
Secondary process refers to thinking that is: a. instinctual. b. logical. c. primitive. d. visual.
ANSWER: b. logical
In contrast to short-term therapies, Leichsenring and Rabung (2008) found that, in the treatment of complex psychological disorders, long-term psychoanalytical therapies were: a. less effective overall. b. more effective overall. c. less satisfying to patients. d. more satisfying to patients.
ANSWER: b. more effective overall.
Avoidance of an event that produces anxiety is: a. positively reinforcing. b. negatively reinforcing. c. stimulus control. d. punishing.
ANSWER: b. negatively reinforcing.
Existentialists consider anxiety that is proportionate to the situation confronted as: a. neurotic anxiety. b. normal anxiety. c. repression. d. libidinal drives.
ANSWER: b. normal anxiety.
Interpersonal therapy-evaluation, support, triage (IPT-EST) is designed to: a. provide long-term, ongoing services to severely depressed patients. b. offer a three-session intervention based on rapid diagnosis and treatment. c. augment IPT's focus on interpersonal issues with thought monitoring. d. specifically target the special needs of geriatric patients with depression.
ANSWER: b. offer a three-session intervention based on rapid diagnosis and treatment.
The primary emphasis of Gestalt therapy is on the: a. past. b. present. c. future. d. unknown.
ANSWER: b. present.
Every time Charles feels insecure in his relationship with Megan, he accuses Megan of being insecure. This is an example of: a. intellectualization. b. projection. c. reaction formation. d. splitting.
ANSWER: b. projection.
Albert Ellis was originally trained as a: a. behaviorist. b. psychoanalyst. c. humanist. d. family systems therapist.
ANSWER: b. psychoanalyst.
In the model of gay and lesbian identity development described by Cass, in the phase of tolerance, an individual: a. questions his or her sexual orientation. b. recognizes that he or she is gay or lesbian. c. increases contact with other gays and lesbians. d. accepts possibility that he or she may be a sexual minority.
ANSWER: b. recognizes that he or she is gay or lesbian.
In Pamela Hays' ADDRESSING framework, the "R" stands for: a. race. b. religion. c. region. d. rational.
ANSWER: b. religion
The redundancy principle refers to a family's: a. desire to scapegoat a family member. b. restricted range of interactional patterns. c. maladaptive response to family crises. d. need to enact family of origin issues.
ANSWER: b. restricted range of interactional patterns.
Just like how a mother will fail to attend to the needs of a child, no matter how well intended, a therapist will occasionally fail to attend to the needs of a patient. Negotiating this pattern within a relationship has been termed: a. transference and countertransference. b. rupture and repair. c. idealization and fixation. d. disappointment and despair.
ANSWER: b. rupture and repair.
Behavioral assessment usually relies on multiple methods such as: a. family members. b. self-report symptom measures. c. school. d. therapist's office.
ANSWER: b. self-report symptom measures.
Two personality dimensions, or modes of behavior, that Beck hypothesized were related to depression are: a. introversion and extraversion. b. sociotropy and autonomy. c. neuroticism and psychoticism. d. stability and instability.
ANSWER: b. sociotropy and autonomy.
Intentionally blending concepts of technical eclecticism, theoretical integration, common factors, and assimilative integration yields an approach known as: a. syncretism. b. systematic treatment selection. c. biased treatment selection. d. new wave.
ANSWER: b. systematic treatment selection.
Adlerians' description of a special diagnosis refers to: a. biologically based uncontrollable processes. b. the lifestyle assessment. c. the diagnostic interview. d. labels used for inferiority complexes.
ANSWER: b. the lifestyle assessment.
One criticism integrative therapists might make of someone who adhered solely to one theoretical model is that: a. their theory is more empirical-driven than based on rationality. b. the theory tends to be overly influenced by the theory's originator. c. they recommend different approaches for every problem encountered. d. focus is too much on mechanisms that promote change.
ANSWER: b. the theory tends to be overly influenced by the theory's originator.
A clinician integrates two or more therapies into a conceptual framework that synthesizes the best elements of the therapies. This approach is consistent with: a. technical eclecticism. b. theoretical integration. c. common factors. d. assimilative integration.
ANSWER: b. theoretical integration.
The primary conceptual difference between family systems approaches and Adlerian psychotherapy is the Adlerian's: a. emphasis on the social context of behavior. b. therapeutic focus on the individual. c. holistic view of the individual. d. focus on present circumstances and future goals.
ANSWER: b. therapeutic focus on the individual.
Integrative psychotherapy uses psychological assessment in a traditional manner with the exception that: a. projective techniques are never used due to their lack of empirical validation in the literature. b. therapists collect information on multiple patient dimensions that guide treatment selection. c. psychological assessment measures are used at intake and not at other points of therapy. d. assessment techniques are only utilized if the patient preferences include it as part of treatment.
ANSWER: b. therapists collect information on multiple patient dimensions that guide treatment selection.
Rogers believed that an organism has one basic tendency and striving, which is: a. a drive to seek and maintain pleasurable sensory experiences. b. to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism. c. fulfillment of basic needs for personal and species survival. d. an aggressive force the individual must balance with societal needs.
ANSWER: b. to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism.
Joan becomes agitated with her psychoanalyst's interpretations, perceiving the comments as judgmental, which reminds her of interactions with her father. This is known as: a. regression. b. transference. c. resistance. d. autoeroticism.
ANSWER: b. transference
A US is typically a stimulus that naturally causes a characteristic response known as: a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. unconditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response.
ANSWER: b. unconditioned response.
Primal modes refer to modes that are: a. developed before age five to six. b. universal and related to survival. c. necessary for human relating. d. triggered by misperceptions.
ANSWER: b. universal and related to survival.
In contrast to interpersonal therapy for adults, interpersonal therapy for adolescents: a. lasts longer (20 or more sessions). b. uses telephone contacts more frequently. c. does not focus on interpersonal conflicts. d. avoids defining a "sick role" in depression.
ANSWER: b. uses telephone contacts more frequently.
In contrast to psychoanalytical approaches, existential approaches: a. accept predetermined explanatory systems concerning human ordeal. b. view conflict as grounded in human predicament, not suppressed instincts. c. incorporate concepts such as Jung's archetype and collective unconscious. d. concur with behaviorists that consequences of behavior are paramount.
ANSWER: b. view conflict as grounded in human predicament, not suppressed instincts.
The cognitions that are most accessible and least stable are: a. core beliefs. b. voluntary thoughts. c. assumptions. d. automatic thoughts.
ANSWER: b. voluntary thoughts.
The paradoxical theory of change states that individuals: a. who force themselves to act differently will create automatic changes. b. will stay the same when attempting to become who they are not. c. cannot change others but can change how they react to others. d. who believe in change are creating a delusion to relieve their anxiety.
ANSWER: b. will stay the same when attempting to become who they are not.
Kate has anorexia nervosa and when she gains one pound she believes she is fat. If she loses one pound, she can perceive herself as thin. Kate's thought process reflects: a. arbitrary inference. b. dichotomous thinking. c. magnification. d. personalization.
ANSWER: b: dichotomous thinking.
Which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa?: a. Eating too much b. Eating nothing c. A pathological fear of gaining weight d. Gaining weight
ANSWER: c. A pathological fear of gaining weight
Which of the following represents a similarity between Rogers's approach and Rankian theory?: a. Viewing the individual based on unconscious forces b. Emphasis on transferential relationships c. Allowing the client to be the central figure d. Reliance on interpretation in therapy
ANSWER: c. Allowing the client to be the central figure
When the Society of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association developed a list of the most efficacious, empirically based treatment approaches, which therapy approach dominated the list?: a. Psychoanalytic b. Analytical c. Behavioral or cognitive behavioral d. Family systems
ANSWER: c. Behavioral or cognitive behavioral
Which of the following was NOT a primary influence on the theory behind cognitive therapy?: a. Phenomenological psychology b. Structural theory c. Computer technology d. Cognitive psychology
ANSWER: c. Computer technology
Which of the following focuses on treatment of the family's presenting problem?: a. Transgenerational family therapy: b. Structural family therapy c. Strategic family therapy d. Experiential family therapy
ANSWER: c. Strategic family therapy
According to Atkinson, Morten and Sue, the identity development of ethnic minority groups follows which of the following patterns?: a. Conformity to introspection to dissonance b. Dissonance to synergistic to conformity c. Conformity to resistance to synergistic d. Resistance to conformity to dissonance
ANSWER: c. Conformity to resistance to synergistic
According to Cass, the identity development of gay and lesbian individuals follows which of the following patterns?: a. Comparison to confusion to tolerance. b. Pride to comparison to acceptance. c. Confusion to tolerance to synthesis. d. Comparison to synthesis to tolerance.
ANSWER: c. Confusion to tolerance to synthesis.
Which term refers to a state of wholeness and integration?: a. Empathy b. Positive regard c. Congruence d. Experiencing
ANSWER: c. Congruence.
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages/processes of Adlerian psychotherapy?: a. Relationship building b. Interpretation c. Deconstructing d. Reorientation
ANSWER: c. Deconstructing.
Research inevitably finds that relational conditions such as acceptance, warmth, and genuineness on the part of the therapist are important predictors contributing to what successful therapeutic style?: a. Neurology b. Therapeutic relationship c. Dialogic relationship d. Psychoanalytic development
ANSWER: c. Dialogic relationship
Which of the following methods would NOT be used frequently by a REBT therapist?: a. Cognitive restructuring b. Role-playing c. Dream analysis d. Behavior therapy
ANSWER: c. Dream analysis
Problem-solving training is designed to help people solve problems systematically by teaching them five core steps. Which of the following steps involves examining the costs and benefits of each solution generated in identifying possible solutions?: a. Choose the best solution b. Define the problems c. Evaluate the solutions d. Implementation
ANSWER: c. Evaluate the solutions.
What refers to a behavior that stops occurring because it is no longer followed by a positive consequence?: a. Reinforcement b. Punishment c. Extinction d. Generalization
ANSWER: c. Extinction
Which of the following represents one of the personality dimensions of the five-factor model?: a. Reactive b. Recklessness c. Extraversion d. Passivity
ANSWER: c. Extraversion
A behavioral therapist focuses on the antecedents and consequences associated with a behavior. Which approach is the therapist utilizing?: a. Mindfulness b. Cognitive defusion c. Functional analysis d. Vicarious learning
ANSWER: c. Functional analysis
Which study showed the 5-HTT genotype moderated the depressogenic influence of adverse life events?: a. Psychopathology b. Epidemiological studies c. Gene X environment interaction d. Phenotype
ANSWER: c. Gene X environment interaction
The developers of interpersonal therapy were: a. Myrna Weissman and Helen Verdeli. b. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. c. Gerald Klerman and Myrna Weissman. d. Gerald Klerman and Adolph Meyer.
ANSWER: c. Gerald Klerman and Myrna Weissman.
What results from the creative adjustment that occurs in a context of environmental possibility?: a. Resistance b. Polarities c. Health and maturity d. Creative enlightenment
ANSWER: c. Health and maturity
Which of the following disorders is associated with an inflated view of self and future?: a. Anxiety disorder b. Obsession c. Hypomania d. Compulsion
ANSWER: c. Hypomania
In a study using interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for treating depression in adolescents living in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in Northern Uganda, : a. IPT performed poorer than creative play but better than a wait list. b. IDP adolescents were too anxious to discuss interpersonal conflicts. c. IPT performed better than both the creative play and wait list control. d. grief was so dominant that IPT could not be used effectively.
ANSWER: c. IPT performed better than both the creative play and wait list control.
Who points out that all relationships are poised on the poles of being a part of and apart from the twin perils of merger and isolation?: a. Ivan Illych b. Bugenthal c. Irvin Yalom d. Arnold Lazarus
ANSWER: c. Irvin Yalom
Positive psychology has considerable momentum and is most commonly linked with the work of: a. Aaron Beck. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Martin Seligman. d. Albert Ellis.
ANSWER: c. Martin Seligman.
Which of the following therapies inspired a generation of mental-health professionals to think and behave more broadly?: a. Psychodynamic therapy b. Behavioral therapy c. Multimodal therapy d. Eclectic psychotherapy
ANSWER: c. Multimodal therapy
For which of the following disorders has CT shown the largest treatment effect size?: a. Bulimia nervosa b. Chronic pain c. Panic disorder d. Schizophrenia
ANSWER: c. Panic disorder
Which of the following refers to the assaults that individuals receive on a regular basis solely because of their race, color, or ethnicity?: a. Aversive racism b. Cultural humility c. Racial microaggresions d. Positive emotions
ANSWER: c. Racial microaggresions
According to feministic models of identity development, for females to achieve a positive identity which of the following patterns would occur?: a. Embeddedness to passive acceptance to active commitment b. Revelations to passive acceptance to active commitment c. Revelations to embeddedness to synthesis d. Synthesis to revelations to passive acceptance
ANSWER: c. Revelations to embeddedness to synthesis
The event most commonly identified with the birth of client-centered therapy is: a. America's involvement in World War II. b. Maslow's creation of the hierarchy of needs. c. Rogers's presentation at the University of Minnesota. d. Rogers's association with Elizabeth Davis.
ANSWER: c. Rogers's presentation at the University of Minnesota.
Which of the following approaches involves the designing of novel strategies by the therapist to eliminate undesired behavior?: a. Transgenerational family therapy b. Structural family therapy c. Strategic family therapy d. Experiential family therapy
ANSWER: c. Strategic family therapy
In family therapy, the term "identified patient" conveys that: a. one member of the family typically creates the unit's discord. b. family meetings are used to convince individual members to seek help. c. a symptomatic family member expresses family dysfunction. d. family therapy should focus on identifying the problems of each individual.
ANSWER: c. a symptomatic family member expresses family dysfunction.
A cognitive distortion refers to: a. lying to protect one's self-image. b. distortion of past memories. c. a systematic error in reasoning. d. drug-induced shifts in beliefs.
ANSWER: c. a systematic error in reasoning.
Interpersonal therapy developed as part of a: a. research study evaluating the effects of depression on cardiac patients. b. political movement to demystify psychotherapy. c. a therapy arm for a clinical trial evaluating antidepressant efficacy. d. feministic movement to infuse interpersonal issues in therapy.
ANSWER: c. a therapy arm for a clinical trial evaluating antidepressant efficacy.
Insight-oriented techniques tend to be least useful during the stage of change known as: a. precontemplation. b. preparation. c. action. d. maintenance.
ANSWER: c. action.
To assist a client in dealing with cultural differences, REBT therapists would recommend: a. removing oneself from the unhealthy environment. b. adhering to one's beliefs regardless of the personal cost. c. altering cultural beliefs that are held too rigidly. d. accepting the beliefs of the majority culture.
ANSWER: c. altering cultural beliefs that are held too rigidly.
When a patient remains stuck in nonfunctional ways of thinking and behaving, a Gestalt therapist would say the patient is experiencing: a. bad Gestalt. b. too much support. c. an impasse. d. organismic self-regulation.
ANSWER: c. an impasse.
In contrast to the homework given in a cognitive therapy session, an interpersonal therapist will: a. utilize more forms to maintain standardization. b. establish the homework for the patient. c. be less prescriptive overall across therapy. d. not utilize homework given the patient's sick role.
ANSWER: c. be less prescriptive overall across therapy.
REBT holds that: a. events determine our emotions. b. emotions are due to innate tendencies. c. beliefs mediate events and emotions. d. our beliefs about ourselves are rational.
ANSWER: c. beliefs mediate events and emotions
The personality theory that best fits with integrative psychotherapy is: a. psychoanalytic. b. cognitive. c. broad and inclusive. d. client-centered.
ANSWER: c. broad and inclusive.
If an individual's needs aren't met, they display a tendency to: a. seek healthy ways of need fulfillment. b. allow their needs to go unmet. c. childishly condemn themselves, others, and the world. d. use internal resources to meet their needs.
ANSWER: c. childishly condemn themselves, others, and the world.
Rather than providing an objective view regarding a conflict, a family therapist asks questions of each family member to obtain their perspective. This approach would be described as: a. reframing. b. cognitive restructuring. c. circular questioning. d. the miracle question.
ANSWER: c. circular questioning.
In behavioral therapy, the goals are ultimately set by the: a. diagnosis. b. family. c. client. d. therapist.
ANSWER: c. client.
Structures that contain an individual's core beliefs and assumptions are labeled: a. automatic thoughts. b. cognitive distortions. c. cognitive schemas. d. voluntary thoughts.
ANSWER: c. cognitive schemas.
The cognitive model of depression postulates three specific concepts. They are: a. depression, anxiety, and neuroticism. b. congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. c. cognitive triad, schemas, and cognitive errors. d. irrationality, rationality, and musturbation.
ANSWER: c. cognitive triad, schemas, and cognitive errors.
A client-centered therapist is most likely to use an integrative approach based on: a. technical eclecticism. b. theoretical integration. c. common factors. d. assimilative integration.
ANSWER: c. common factors.
A parent and a child become so enmeshed that the child can no longer experience a sense of separate identity. This is known as: a. contact. b. isolation. c. confluence. d. assimilation.
ANSWER: c. confluence.
A major goal of Adlerian psychotherapy can be viewed as a modification of: a. behavior. b. defenses. c. convictions. d. conflicts.
ANSWER: c. convictions.
Classical conditioning is viewed as the pairing of conditioned stimuli with unconditioned stimuli and the process of learning: a. punishment follows the conditioned stimuli. b. reinforcement follows the unconditioned stimuli. c. correlational or contingent relationships are present. d. a relationship does not exist between stimuli.
ANSWER: c. correlational or contingent relationships are present.
In the process of Adlerian psychotherapy, the therapist will often venture a guess. This method is congruent with the: a. willingness to be empathic. b. role of emphasizing the unconscious. c. courage to be imperfect. d. special diagnosis task.
ANSWER: c. courage to be imperfect.
To cope with ultimate concerns regarding death, individuals will often use the defense mechanism of: a. accepting vulnerability. b. avoiding a sense of uniqueness. c. creating an ultimate rescuer. d. focusing on the uniqueness of others.
ANSWER: c. creating an ultimate rescuer.
Asking a patient to ponder "what if" scenarios about feared consequences is known as: a. redefining. b. reattribution. c. decatastrophizing. d. decentering.
ANSWER: c. decatastrophizing.
The World Health Organizations task shifting model refers to: a. the importance of collaboratively engaging patients into treatment. b. task sharing among interdisciplinary teams to create better outcomes. c. delegating tasks to less specialized local health workers. d. shifting resources from a national to an international level.
ANSWER: c. delegating tasks to less specialized local health workers.
Behavioral approaches considered part of the "Third Wave" include: a. rational emotive therapy. b. cognitive therapy. c. dialectical behavioral therapy. d. multimodal therapy.
ANSWER: c. dialectical behavioral therapy.
An infant's ability to evaluate experience in terms of how it maintains or enhances them is known as: a. self-concept. b. self-preservation. c. direct organismic valuing. d. distorted symbolization.
ANSWER: c. direct organismic valuing.
A cognitive therapist will label a nonadaptive thought as: a. irrational. b. unconscious. c. dysfunctional. d. pathological.
ANSWER: c. dysfunctional
In the REBT chain (A B C D), C refers to: a. classical and operant conditioning. b. circular reasoning. c. emotional/behavioral consequences. d. countertransference.
ANSWER: c. emotional/behavioral consequences
According to the model of ethnic minority group identity development described by Atkinson, Morten and Sue, in the resistance stage an individual would: a. choose the dominant group's values, lifestyles, and role models. b. question and suspect the dominant group's values. c. endorse minority-held values and reject dominant culture's values. d. experience self-fulfillment without categorically accepting minority values.
ANSWER: c. endorse minority-held values and reject dominant culture's values.
In systems terms, family boundaries yield systems that: a. are defined as either open or closed. b. represent flexibility or insularity. c. exist along an open/closed continuum. d. refer to visible lines separating subsystems.
ANSWER: c. exist along an open/closed continuum.
Symptom-focused and skill-building techniques are more effective for individuals who have a coping style that is: a. passive. b. internalizing. c. externalizing. d. aggressive.
ANSWER: c. externalizing.
Behaviorists view abnormal behavior as: a. psychopathological. b. physiologically based illnesses. c. governed by rules of learning. d. the result of unconscious conflict.
ANSWER: c. governed by rules of learning.
According to Harry Triandis' classification of worldviews, denominated individuals view themselves as: a. associated with relationships. b. fragmented by cultural trauma. c. independent from others. d. nominated for cultural superiority.
ANSWER: c. independent from others.
An individual who is in the preparation stage of change is: a. unaware that he or she has a problem. b. aware of a problem and considering change. c. intending to make changes in the near future. d. working on modifying his or her behavior.
ANSWER: c. intending to make changes in the near future.
In contrast to traditional psychoanalysis, current psychodynamic psychotherapy approaches are less: a. directive. b. empirically based. c. intensive. d. helpful.
ANSWER: c. intensive
John Bowlby theorized that infants develop early representations of attachment figures and referred to these representations as: a. projective identification. b. transitional objects. c. internal working models. d. self psychology.
ANSWER: c. internal working models.
REBT holds that neurotic problems directly stem from: a. impaired family relationships. b. childhood traumatic events. c. magical, non-validated thinking. d. physiological predispositions.
ANSWER: c. magical, non-validated thinking.
Five years later, a patient remains negatively affected by the murder of a friend. A Gestalt therapist would say the patient's current field is being affected by the: a. actual murder itself. b. guilt the patient can't resolve. c. memory of the event. d. repression of the event.
ANSWER: c. memory of the event.
The evidence for the efficacy of IPT remains varied for other adaptations but is strongest for: a. substance abuse. b. dysthymic disorder. c. mood disorders. d. eating disorders.
ANSWER: c. mood disorders.
The shift in psychoanalytic therapies from a one- versus two-person psychology refers to the emphasis psychoanalytical therapy places on: a. couples counseling to address distress. b. the role of family in development of pathology. c. mutual influence of therapist and patient in therapy. d. transference and countertransference.
ANSWER: c. mutual influence of therapist and patient in therapy.
A mother tells her child "I know you're not hungry," despite the child's sense that he or she is hungry. This is an example of: a. triadic communication. b. pseudomutuality. c. mystification. d. redundancy principle.
ANSWER: c. mystification.
Neurosciences suggest that elective psychotherapy leads to changes at the: a. cognitive level. b. behavioral level. c. neuronal level. d. interpersonal level.
ANSWER: c. neuronal level.
In the Uganda culture, it is highly likely that a depressed individual would: a. seek help readily from individuals from a different culture. b. feel stigmatized by interpersonal therapy's focus on relationship disputes. c. not appreciate assistance for depression when it was provided. d. respond when greeted to cover up that they were experiencing depression.
ANSWER: c. not appreciate assistance for depression when it was provided.
Fully functioning individuals capable of experiencing complete emotions rely on: a. external sources of evaluation. b. pleasure sustaining impulses. c. organismic valuing processes. d. biological instincts and drives.
ANSWER: c. organismic valuing processes.
Psychoanalytic theory would assert that the behavior of a newborn is dominantly controlled by: a. collective unconscious. b. reaction formation. c. primary process. d. secondary process.
ANSWER: c. primary process.
A family argues constantly to avoid intimacy. This illustrates: a. scapegoating. b. mystification. c. pseudohostility. d. double-bind.
ANSWER: c. pseudohostility
A dysfunctional family's portrayal of false closeness that forces togetherness despite individual needs is referred to as: a. pseudohostility. b. double-bind. c. pseudomutuality. d. mystification.
ANSWER: c. pseudomutuality
Jungian therapy based on the work of Moritz Benedikt, underscores the importance of: a. rewarding positive behavior. b. unconditional positive regard. c. purging pathogenic secrets. d. cognitive distortions.,
ANSWER: c. purging pathogenic secrets.
A form of counseling in which two or more individuals take turns listening to each other without interruption refers to: a. cognitive behavioral therapy. b. dialectical behavior therapy. c. re-evaluation counseling. d. reattribution counseling.
ANSWER: c. re-evaluation counseling.
When someone denies a threatening feeling and is proclaiming to feel the opposite, they are displaying the defense mechanism of: a. intellectualization. b. projection. c. reaction formation. d. splitting.
ANSWER: c. reaction formation.
If transference occurs, a REBT therapist is likely to: a. interpret it in the context of parent-child relations. b. ignore the transference issues entirely. c. relate it to the client's irrational beliefs. d. criticize the client for immaturely relating.
ANSWER: c. relate it to the client's irrational beliefs.
A research design that begins with a baseline period followed by an intervention followed by withdrawal of the intervention with possible later reintroduction is known as: a. a manual-based approach. b. actuarial judgment. c. reversal design. d. single case study.
ANSWER: c. reversal design.
In contrast to the theoretical foundations, changes in Gestalt therapy and psychoanalysis have occurred with both approaches now emphasizing: a. instinctual urges. b. id, ego, and superego. c. self in relation to others. d. deterministic principles.
ANSWER: c. self in relation to others.
In ambiguous situations, individuals tend to symbolize experiences in a manner consistent with: a. social reality. b. parental attitudes. c. self-concept. d. a therapist.
ANSWER: c. self-concept.
The purpose of a boundary is to: a. separate us from others. b. connect us to others. c. separate and connect us to others. d. divide biological and psychological needs.
ANSWER: c. separate and connect us to others.
Adler viewed the primary influence on an individual as: a. genetic predispositions. b. intrapsychic conflicts. c. social context. d. behavioral reinforcers.
ANSWER: c. social context.
The most extensively researched integrative therapy is: a. technical eclecticism. b. new wave. c. stages of change. d. systematic eclectic.
ANSWER: c. stages of change.
Freud's early view of hysteria described the symptoms as resulting from: a. hypnotic states for which the patient lacked awareness. b. behaviors learned early in childhood from role models. c. suppressed emotions connected with painful experiences. d. an unresolvable sense of social inferiority.
ANSWER: c. suppressed emotions connected with painful experiences.
A therapist using an arbitrary blend of methods without a rationale or empirical verification of those methods is engaging in: a. deception. b. technical eclecticism. c. syncretism. d. assimilative integration.
ANSWER: c. syncretism.
A narrative that chronicles traumatic experiences for Latin Americans is known as: a. collectivism. b. individualism. c. testimonio. d. cuento.
ANSWER: c. testimonio
In person-centered therapy, termination is decided by: a. symptom reduction. b. the therapist. c. the client. d. behavior change.
ANSWER: c. the client.
In existential terms, the conflicts individuals experience are regarding: a. cultural and interpersonal environment. b. interactions with parental figures. c. the givens of existence. d. innate instinctual forces.
ANSWER: c. the givens of existence.
Existential psychotherapy (ET) primarily focuses on: a. childhood experiences. b. irrational thoughts. c. the here and now. d. maladaptive behaviors.
ANSWER: c. the here and now.
A family therapist employing a solution-focused approach asks the miracle question. The therapist wants to know what would happen if a miracle occurred and: a. the family won a large sum of money. b. one member of the family could be changed. c. the problem that leads to therapy was solved. d. family members never saw each other again.
ANSWER: c. the problem that leads to therapy was solved.
In the early 20th century, Adolph Meyer recommended the use of a life chart with patients. A life chart: a. estimated how long a patient would live depending on his or her level of depression. b. recorded the physical health problems a person developed over the course of his or her depressive illness. c. tracked the relationships between life history, physical and psychological illnesses, and stressful events. d. diagramed an individual's family history of depression so he or she could see the biological nature of the illness.
ANSWER: c. tracked the relationships between life history, physical and psychological illnesses, and stressful events.
A therapist points out the similarities between her female patient's current anger at a female boss and the childhood anger she felt toward her mother. The goal of psychoanalysis this illustrates is: a. narcissistic. b. strategic. c. transference. d. tactical.
ANSWER: c. transference
Ellis states that many forms of psychotherapy overly stress: a. behavior change. b. irrational beliefs. c. traumatic events. d. unconditional positive regard.
ANSWER: c. traumatic events.
In REBT, the unconscious is viewed as: a. containing repressed memories secondary to id, ego, and superego conflicts. b. holding personal memories and nonpersonal archetypal material. c. virtually meaningless as most elements can be brought into conscious. d. representing thoughts that can never be brought into awareness.
ANSWER: c. virtually meaningless as most elements can be brought into conscious.
The goal of prescribing a "sick role" to a patient in interpersonal therapy is to: a. allow the patient to be passive to get the help he or she needs. b. insure that insurance benefits will cover treatment. c. demystify the symptoms and engage the patient. d. secure a leave of absence from responsibilities.
ANSWER: c: demystify the symptoms and engage the patient.
Which statement accurately describes the theory of personality that drives interpersonal therapy?: a. Psychoanalytic theory forms the foundation for interpersonal therapy. b. Interpersonal therapy is guided by multiple personality theories. c. Cognitive theory forms the foundation for interpersonal therapy. d. A theory of personality is not directly relevant to interpersonal therapy.
ANSWER: d. A theory of personality is not directly relevant to interpersonal therapy.
In Persuasion and Healing, Jerome Frank (1973) argued which of the following factors was important to the process of change?: a. An authoritative therapist b. A distressed patient willing to accept advice c. Therapeutic debating with the patient d. A therapeutic ritual
ANSWER: d. A therapeutic ritual
Behavioral therapies tend to be most useful with clients who are in which of the following stages of change?: a. Precontemplation b. Contemplation c. Preparation d. Action
ANSWER: d. Action
The psychotherapist whose work was the main precursor for REBT was: a. Sigmund Freud. b. Carl Rogers. c. Carl Jung. d. Alfred Adler.
ANSWER: d. Alfred Adler.
For which minorities in the United States has the most efficacy been in clinical trials of IPT?: a. Southwest Ugandan immigrants b. German and Danish ethnic groups c. Displaced persons d. Black and Hispanic groups
ANSWER: d. Black and Hispanic groups
Which theory emphasizes not only what a person thinks but also how the person thinks?: a. Psychic Theory b. Attachment Theory c. Comprehensive Theory d. Cognitive Theory
ANSWER: d. Cognitive Theory
In which of the following do individuals believe that culture makes no difference and thus the values of the dominant culture are universally applicable and beneficial?: a. Cultural competence b. Cultural precompetence c. Cultural incapacity d. Cultural blindness
ANSWER: d. Cultural blindness
What does Yalom recount in the story of The Gift of Therapy that can enliven and direct therapy?: a. Freedom b. Companionship c. Empathy d. Dreams
ANSWER: d. Dreams
In an initial assessment, which of the following factors would be LEAST important in establishing a treatment plan?: a. Coping skills the client maintains b. Current reinforcement contingencies c. Client's perception of the problem d. Early childhood experiences
ANSWER: d. Early childhood experiences
Which of the following is NOT an insight stressed in REBT?: a. Only hard work and practice will correct irrational beliefs. b. Self-defeating behavior is past-related but maintained by present beliefs. c. Current distress results from self-continuation of irrational beliefs. d. Emotional reactions are the result of past traumatic events.
ANSWER: d. Emotional reactions are the result of past traumatic events
The existentialist who first emphasized death anxiety was: a. Husserl. b. Kierkegaard. c. Nietzsche. d. Epicurus.
ANSWER: d. Epicurus.
Shannon has a history of chronic depression. According to cognitive theory, which statement likely represents her thought process upon discovering that she has failed an exam?: a. I can study harder next time and improve my grade. b. Yesterday was an unlucky day for me to take an exam. c. It was a poorly written examination by a poor teacher. d. I'm a failure, always have been, and always will be.
ANSWER: d. I'm a failure, always have been, and always will be.
Which of the following is NOT one of Yalom's identified ultimate concerns?: a. Death b. Meaninglessness c. Freedom d. Integrity
ANSWER: d. Integrity
The first figure linked with the rise of behaviorism in the United States in the early 1900s was: a. J. Wolpe. b. I. Pavlov. c. H. J. Eysenck. d. J. B. Watson.
ANSWER: d. J. B. Watson.
The individual to assert the importance of the S-O-R model of science over the S-R model was: a. William James. b. Wilhelm Wundt. c. Ivan Pavlov. d. James McKeen Cattell.
ANSWER: d. James McKeen Cattell.
Adlerian psychology describes personality from which of the following perspectives?: a. Traits b. Personality c. Temperament d. Lifestyle
ANSWER: d. Lifestyle.
Which of the following would create the most significant change in a dysfunctional mode for a patient?: a. Altering automatic thoughts b. Providing reassurance and empathy c. Teaching distraction and relaxation techniques d. Modifying core beliefs
ANSWER: d. Modifying core beliefs
Which of the following statements is NOT considered in context with the emotional-processing theory?: a. A stimulus component b. A response component c. A meaning component d. Monitoring forms and diaries
ANSWER: d. Monitoring forms and diaries
Which of the following approaches to human distress would be incompatible with an existential approach?: a. Behavioral b. Cognitive c. Psychopharmacological d. None, all are potentially compatible
ANSWER: d. None, all are potentially compatible
What type of therapy focuses heavily on early childhood experiences as determinants of unconscious mental processes and intrapsychic conflict?: a. Emotive-behavior therapy b. Cognitive-behavioral therapy c. PTSD therapy d. Psychodynamic psychotherapy
ANSWER: d. Psychodynamic psychotherapy
In 1958, existential psychotherapy was introduced to the United States with publication of Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology by: a. Irvin Yalom. b. Kirk Schneider. c. Ernest Angel. d. Rollo May.
ANSWER: d. Rollo May.
Which of the following seeks to improve our ability to select the best treatment techniques or procedures for the person and the problem?: a. Theoretical integration b. Assimilative integration c. Integration d. Technical eclecticism
ANSWER: d. Technical eclecticism
During which phase of treatment do therapists evaluate patients' depressive symptoms with them to determine if they are full or partial responders?: a. Middle phase b. Initial phase c. Therapeutic relationship building phase d. Termination phase
ANSWER: d. Termination phase
Yalom defines four categories that encompass fundamental challenges of the human condition known as: a. despair. b. isolation. c. existential dilemma. d. ultimate concerns.
ANSWER: d. ultimate concerns.
Which of the following would be inconsistent with the dialogic relationship?: a. Conveyance of empathic understanding b. Therapist display of authenticity c. Mutual patient-therapist self-disclosure d. Therapist control of the outcome
ANSWER: d. Therapist control of the outcome
Which of the following represents an area where there would be the most significant difference between REBT and cognitive therapy (CT)?: a. Amount of focus on mediating beliefs b. Importance of homework compliance c. Lack of emphasis on past experience d. Therapist's forcefulness in disputing beliefs
ANSWER: d. Therapist's forcefulness in disputing beliefs
The conceptual development of a concept of self is: a. a process completed by adulthood. b. unrelated to relationships with others. c. absolutely indefinable operationally. d. a fluid, changing process.
ANSWER: d. a fluid, changing process.
In the REBT chain (A B C D), A refers to: a. antagonistic thoughts. b. actualizing tendency. c. aggressive instincts. d. activating event.
ANSWER: d. activating event
Rogers's ethical vision of the person is expressed in scientific language by his axiomatic concept of: a. organismic valuing process. b. reparative therapy. c. client-centered therapy. d. actualizing tendency.
ANSWER: d. actualizing tendency.
The presuppositions of existential psychotherapy can be applied to: a. psychodynamic approaches. b. cognitive-behavioral techniques. c. contemplative practices. d. all forms of therapy.
ANSWER: d. all forms of therapy.
The theory behind cognitive therapy asserts that: a. unconscious conflicts from childhood lead to pathology. b. all psychopathology results from cognitive distortions. c. thoughts precede and determine emotions and behavior. d. altering thoughts influences feelings, motivations, and behaviors.
ANSWER: d. altering thoughts influences feelings, motivations, and behaviors.
The ability to portray courageous behavior is determined by whether: a. an individual possesses the trait of courage. b. the environment creates the setting for the behavior. c. omnipotent, perfection-driven behavior has been achieved. d. an individual has a willingness to take risks.
ANSWER: d. an individual has a willingness to take risks.
Drawing a specific conclusion without supporting evidence, or even in the face of contradictory evidence, is defined as: a. dichotomous thinking. b. magnification. c. personalization. d. arbitrary inference.
ANSWER: d. arbitrary inference
The existential concept of freedom refers to the fact that we: a. are born with a sense of purpose. b. can never truly obtain independence. c. displace our responsibilities onto others. d. are the authors of our own world.
ANSWER: d. are the authors of our own world.
Generally, a clinician conceptualizes cases from a cognitive theoretical framework and uses cognitive and behavioral techniques. However, in a therapy session, an empty chair technique was used. This decision is consistent with: a. technical eclecticism. b. theoretical integration. c. common factors. d. assimilative integration.
ANSWER: d. assimilative integration.
In contrast to therapy offered according to classic psychoanalytical theory, newer approaches focus less on childhood sexuality and more on: a. dream analysis. b. id impulses. c. determinism. d. attachment.
ANSWER: d. attachment
The most salient similarity between REBT and Adlerian psychotherapy is the emphasis on: a. birth order. b. childhood memories. c. confrontation. d. basic mistakes.
ANSWER: d. basic mistakes.
Family therapists are encouraged to take a gender-sensitive outlook. This means the therapist should: a. assess but not attempt to modify a family's views of gender roles. b. theoretically separate the influence of gender from culture and social class. c. compensate for disparate opportunities offered to males and females in a family. d. be careful not to reinforce sexist or patriarchal attitudes.
ANSWER: d. be careful not to reinforce sexist or patriarchal attitudes.
Adlerian theory and cognitive behavioral approaches both emphasize: a. inferiority complexes. b. symbolism. c. birth order. d. belief systems.
ANSWER: d. belief systems.
Gendlin's experiential therapy locates the experiencing process in the: a. family. b. society. c. therapist. d. body.
ANSWER: d. body.
In Lambert's meta-analytical review evaluating client-centered therapy, the outcome variable accounting for the most variance in treatment progress was: a. core conditions. b. therapeutic techniques. c. placebo factors. d. client variables.
ANSWER: d. client variables.
Hypothesis testing has two components: _____________and ____________. a. structure; encouragement b. evidence; assessment c. physical; mental d. cognitive; behavioral
ANSWER: d. cognitive; behavioral
Minority identity development stages include all of the following EXCEPT: a. conformity b. dissonance c. resistance immersion d. contact
ANSWER: d. contact
In working with patients, therapists must learn to attend to their own emotional reactions and process disturbing emotions in a nondefensive, nonjudgmental manner. This is referred to as: a. rupture. b. interpretations. c. enactments. d. containment.
ANSWER: d. containment
In the cultural spectrum described by Cross and colleagues, the belief that culture makes no difference refers to: a. cultural competence. b. cultural incapacity. c. cultural destructiveness. d. cultural blindness.
ANSWER: d. cultural blindness.
Developing a set of knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, skills, and polices to work effectively within multicultural situations references is called: a. behavioral identification. b. multicultural education. c. empowerment promotion. d. cultural competence.
ANSWER: d. cultural competence.
The process by which emotionally painful intrapsychic elements are pushed out of awareness is termed as: a. abreaction. b. determinism. c. conceptualization. d. defense.
ANSWER: d. defense.
If a psychoanalytic therapist observed a Gestalt therapist in action, he or she might be concerned about the therapist's: a. emphasis on the past. b. attempts to force behavior change. c. maintenance of a passive stance. d. degree of self-disclosure.
ANSWER: d. degree of self-disclosure.
Research suggests that interpersonal psychotherapy is effective in treating ___________. a. schizophrenia b. bipolar disorder c. phobias d. depression
ANSWER: d. depression
Interpersonal therapists prescribe a "sick role" to patients. This means that: a. depressed patients are not expected to engage in homework. b. family members must take over their responsibilities while they are in treatment. c. prescription medications must be a core part of the treatment. d. depression is a treatable medical problem, not a personal failing.
ANSWER: d. depression is a treatable medical problem, not a personal failing.
The individual with "psychopathology," according to Adler, would be described most accurately as: a. incapable of social interest. b. suffering from biologically based problems. c. void of inferiority feelings. d. discouraged rather than sick.
ANSWER: d. discouraged rather than sick.
Although similar in some ways to rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and cognitive therapy (CT), a Gestalt therapist: a. believes thoughts about the future are not relevant. b. would not use changes in behavior to change thoughts. c. disregards the idea of moralistic thoughts in relation to guilt. d. does not imply that he or she knows the rational way to think.
ANSWER: d. does not imply that he or she knows the rational way to think.
A parent tells a child "I love spending time with you" while appearing annoyed. This is an example of: a. redundancy principle. b. pseudomutuality. c. pseudohostility. d. double-bind communication.
ANSWER: d. double-bind communication.
In contrast to rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), cognitive therapists hypothesize that: a. problems in cognitive processing are philosophical. b. similar irrational beliefs underlie all psychopathology. c. beliefs are categorized as rational or irrational. d. each mental disorder has its specific cognitive content.
ANSWER: d. each mental disorder has its specific cognitive content.
The expression of certain genes that result from their activation by specific but common environmental events is referred to as: a. neuronal decay. b. somatiker. c. psychiker. d. epigenetics.
ANSWER: d. epigenetics.
Heinz Kohut, who studied the narcissistic personality, viewed its development as the result of the parental figures' failed attempts to appropriately respond to a child's early attention seeking. Therefore, he underscored the importance of a therapist: a. role modeling narcissism to offset patient's behavior. b. discussing patient's expression of sexual impulses. c. reviewing the patient's formative years. d. establishing an empathic stance.
ANSWER: d. establishing an empathic stance.
In Bennet's (2004) multicultural sensitivity development model, multicultural awareness is divided into the two stages of: a. embeddedness and denial. b. ethnocentric and synthesis. c. integration and adaption. d. ethnocentric and ethnorelative.
ANSWER: d. ethnocentric and ethnorelative.
Through social conditioning, an individual's proneness to create emotional distress is: a. minimized. b. redirected. c. eliminated. d. exaggerated.
ANSWER: d. exaggerated
When individuals attempt to evade negative or distressing private experiences, ACT therapists would call this: a. cognitive defusion. b. deflection. c. minimization. d. experiential avoidance.
ANSWER: d. experiential avoidance.
The client-centered therapist strives to use an approach that is best described as: a. medical. b. instrumental. c. directive. d. expressive.
ANSWER: d. expressive.
Family therapists shift the locus of pathology from individuals to: a. parents. b. sociocultural norms. c. biological predispositions. d. family systems.
ANSWER: d. family systems.
9. Behavioral therapy often leads to improvements in areas of functioning that were not directly targeted in treatment. This is known as: a. desensitization. b. cognitive defusion. c. symptom substitution. d. generalization.
ANSWER: d. generalization.
If given a choice, Rogers believed most individuals would chose to be: a. dependent. b. sick. c. aggressive. d. healthy.
ANSWER: d. healthy.
The idea that individuals are growth-oriented, self-regulating, and only understandable within the context of their environment is known as: a. organismic self-regulation. b. contact. c. static awareness. d. holism.
ANSWER: d. holism.
In Pamela Hays' ADDRESSING framework, the "I" stands for: a. indignation. b. interracial attitudes. c. interdependence. d. indigenous heritage.
ANSWER: d. indigenous heritage.
According to Rogers, the center of an individual's world of experience is the: a. mother. b. father. c. family. d. individual.
ANSWER: d. individual.
The social-cognitive theory (previously referred to as social learning) suggests that: a. one must uncover hypothesized hidden motives for behavior. b. identification of defense mechanisms a person utilizes is crucial. c. cognitions can be measured through assessment of personality characteristics. d. individuals learn through watching the behavior of others.
ANSWER: d. individuals learn through watching the behavior of others.
During psychoanalysis, a patient discusses a fantasy. The psychoanalytical therapist would see this fantasy as linked to a(n): a. irrational belief system. b. cognitive distortion. c. behavioral pattern warranting change. d. instinctually derived wish.
ANSWER: d. instinctually derived wish.
Success in client-centered therapy corresponds with a(n): a. rigid experiential mode. b. dependence on the therapist. c. devaluation of others. d. internal locus of control.
ANSWER: d. internal locus of control.
Directive and structural techniques are most likely to be effective with individuals who have: a. internalizing coping styles. b. aggressive coping styles. c. high levels of resistance. d. low levels of resistance.
ANSWER: d. low levels of resistance.
An alcoholic husband maintains an authoritative manner with his wife and children, while the wife acts as if nothing is wrong. This scenario illustrates: a. pseudohostility. b. scapegoating. c. marital schism. d. marital skew.
ANSWER: d. marital skew.
Blaming marital discord on a wife's rigid, controlling demeanor would presume a model of interaction that was: a. biadic. b. dyadic. c. triadic. d. monadic.
ANSWER: d. monadic.
In contrast to psychoanalysts, behavior therapists are: a. less genuine. b. less disclosing. c. past-oriented. d. more directive.
ANSWER: d. more directive.
Behaviorists recommend that treatment outcome be assessed through: a. multiple projective and objective techniques. b. subjective measures completed by the client. c. only therapist's ratings of success. d. multiple, objective and subjective measures.
ANSWER: d. multiple, objective and subjective measures.
Existentialism is most largely influenced by the field of: a. astronomy. b. engineering. c. computer science. d. philosophy.
ANSWER: d. philosophy.
Congruent with the focus of Adlerian psychology, current Adlerians often focus on: a. treatment outcomes research. b. private clinical practice. c. research on the origin of pathology. d. physical, mental, and social well-being.
ANSWER: d. physical, mental, and social well-being.
According to drive theory, starting during infancy, there is a psychobiological push to repeat experiences that lead to tension reduction. This concept is known as: a. defense mechanisms. b. confident expectancy. c. embodiment actions. d. pleasure principle.
ANSWER: d. pleasure principle.
A couple escalates an argument regardless of the consequences. This is an example of: a. linear causality. b. negative feedback. c. homeostasis. d. positive feedback.
ANSWER: d. positive feedback.
In contrast to psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy emphasized the: a. rule of abstinence. b. importance of therapist neutrality. c. transference neurosis. d. potential of the here and now.
ANSWER: d. potential of the here and now.
In cognitive therapy, a patient learns to eliminate negative or dysfunctional thoughts by learning beliefs that are: a. irrational. b. absolute. c. positive. d. realistic.
ANSWER: d. realistic.
Circular causality refers to interactions that are: a. based on irrational beliefs. b. self-enhancing. c. linear but temporally unrelated. d. reciprocating.
ANSWER: d. reciprocating
After receiving a pay raise, Danny wants to celebrate with others. Instead, he buys champagne and celebrates alone because he has no close friends. This reflects the boundary disturbance of: a. introjection. b. assimilation. c. projection. d. retroflection.
ANSWER: d. retroflection.
REBT would not be appropriate for individuals with: a. posttraumatic stress disorder. b. depression. c. adjustment issues. d. serious brain injury.
ANSWER: d. serious brain injury.
Multiple psychotherapy refers to a therapeutic format where: a. a therapist provides group therapy to patients. b. several theories form the basis of a treatment. c. concurrent individual and group therapy is offered. d. several therapists treat a single patient.
ANSWER: d. several therapists treat a single patient.
Adlerians advocate for a model of behavior that relies on: a. hard determinism. b. nondeterminism. c. double determinism. d. soft determinism.
ANSWER: d. soft determinism
Sally's view of her therapist continuously shifts from "good" to "bad." This is an example of: a. intellectualization. b. projection. c. reaction formation. d. splitting.
ANSWER: d. splitting
Research on stages of change has found that: a. pretreatment stage of change is not related to amount of client progress. b. therapy should be postponed for clients in precontemplation. c. stage of change is correlated with short-term but not long-term progress. d. tailoring treatments to stage of change significantly improves outcomes.
ANSWER: d. tailoring treatments to stage of change significantly improves outcomes.
A successful person-centered therapy outcome would be defined by: a. objective assessments indicating progress. b. alleviation of symptoms representing a diagnostic label. c. a therapist's perception that the client improved. d. the client's evaluation that therapy was beneficial.
ANSWER: d. the client's evaluation that therapy was beneficial.
Second-order cybernetics focuses primarily on: a. the role of circular causality in a family system. b. feedback loops. c. boundaries within a family subsystem. d. the impact of the family therapist on the family system.
ANSWER: d. the impact of the family therapist on the family system.
Solution-focused therapy's use of the "Miracle Question" is congruent with Adler's use of: a. unconscious motivation. b. irrational ideas. c. active behavior. d. the question.
ANSWER: d. the question.
The data on baseline depressive severity as a moderator of treatment suggest that: a. depression severity has not been accurately measured in treatment. b. treatment benefits emerge best in relation to less depressed individuals. c. depressive severity does not moderate treatment outcomes. d. the research is equivocal on baseline levels of depression as moderators.
ANSWER: d. the research is equivocal on baseline levels of depression as moderators.
Designing interventions that are paradoxical in nature is known as: a. reframing. b. circular questioning. c. family sculpting. d. therapeutic double-binds.
ANSWER: d. therapeutic double-binds.
The family therapy approach most likely to focus on the multigenerational transmission of problems and each family member's ability to differentiate is: a. object relations. b. experiential. c. structural. d. transgenerational.
ANSWER: d. transgenerational.
To deal with their own sense of loneliness in a marriage, a couple becomes overly involved in the problems of their son. This model of interaction is: a. monadic. b. dyadic. c. biadic. d. triadic.
ANSWER: d. triadic.
In developing therapeutic relationships with couples, Adlerian therapists: a. adhere to the concept of the anonymous therapist. b. facilitate and interpret transference relationships. c. magnify social distance between partners. d. use a tactic called lifestyle matching.
ANSWER: d. use a tactic called lifestyle matching.
Arthur Schopenhauer's principle argument was that: a. unconscious material could easily be made conscious. b. the unconscious did not exist at all. c. free will prevailed over determinism. d. we are largely driven by blind irrational forces.
ANSWER: d. we are largely driven by blind, irrational forces.
An individual who is in the action stage of change is: a. unaware that he or she has a problem b. aware of a problem and considering change c. intending to make changes in the near future d. working on modifying his or her behavior
ANSWER: d. working on modifying his or her behavior
