dad's quizlet

Close up photographs are the first to be taken so detail can be captured prior to alteration. a. True b. False

False

Close up photographs define the condition of the scene. a. True b. False

False

Collection of evidence is simply the physical collection of items from the scene. a. True b. False

False

Concentric fractures radiate out from a central point in the fracture. a. True b. False

False

Crime scene mapping and crime scene sketching are interchangeable terms. a. True b. False

False

Dark hairs will likely fluoresce and can be detected with the ALS set at 530 nm. a. True b. False

False

Depth of field refers to the amount of the scene that is illuminated. a. True b. False

False

Diagonal views of building facades are the preferred perspective. a. True b. False

False

Digital sensors that are more sensitive and require less light are designated by the lower ISO numbers. a. True b. False

False

Direct lighting makes the depth and texture of three dimensional images more evident. a. True b. False

False

Documentation of initial observations and statements by individuals on scene has become unnecessary since the incorporation of computer aided dispatch. a. True b. False

False

During a gravesite excavation, evidence is discovered in the order it was deposited. a. True b. False

False

Emergency care is always the first order of business for the first responding officer. a. True b. False

False

Enhancing the depth of field when taking close up photographs of small items requires a change in f/stop. a. True b. False

False

Evaluation of a firearm in the lab always begins with a distance determination. a. True b. False

False

Event segments that are believed by the analyst to be correct, but cannot be objectively established, should be included in the outline resulting from the event analysis. a. True b. False

False

Every item of evidence or point of interest can be adequately captured with one overall, one midrange, and one close up photograph. a. True b. False

False

Evidence establishing photographs are also referred to as close up photographs. a. True b. False

False

Evidence establishing photographs are those that depict items that have been identified with placards. a. True b. False

False

Film speed changes results in 2-stop exposure differences. a. True b. False

False

Fingerprints do not begin to develop until after birth. a. True b. False

False

Fingerprints found at a crime scene consist of 98% grease, oil, salts, and amino acids. a. True b. False

False

For an indoor scene, it is always sufficient to use the building itself as the initial perimeter. a. True b. False

False

For close up/comparison quality photographs, a diagonal view is appropriate to make sure the entire subject is in view. a. True b. False

False

Fracture matching is a class characteristic. a. True b. False

False

Given a set of tire tracks, track width can be measured from the outside of one tread to the inside of the opposite tread. a. True b. False

False

Growing plants found on the surface of a suspected grave should be pulled for further analysis by a botanist. a. True b. False

False

Hair examinations routinely result in individualizations. a. True b. False

False

Hyperfocal focus involves a finite background in the composition. a. True b. False

False

If a crime is committed indoors it is not necessary to take overall photographs of the building exterior since the exterior is irrelevant. a. True b. False

False

"Normal" lenses will have a better depth of field than a telephoto lens. a. True b. False

True

1Water based amido black enhancement can interfere with subsequent DNA analysis. a. True b. False

True

A crying victim in a photograph may be considered unduly prejudicial and not admitted during trial. a. True b. False

True

If a crime scene technician is used to working with a film camera, but another individual on scene has a digital camera for use, it would be best to go digital. a. True b. False

False

If a pistol is measured with rectangular coordinates it is fixed in the scene. a. True b. False

False

If a suspect has deleted evidentiary files from a computer, then time does not need to be spent trying to recover them. a. True b. False

False

If a technique or method of processing meets negative results, it is unnecessary to include the result in the investigative notes. a. True b. False

False

If a wax paper roll is discovered in the kitchen of an arson scene, it would not be necessary to evaluate its function since it is not unusual to find a wax paper roll in a kitchen. a. True b. False

False

If an evidentiary computer is running, the technician must shut it down and document same prior to collection. a. True b. False

False

If an exposure error is unavoidable it is best to underexpose film and overexpose digital images. a. True b. False

False

If an investigative technique has positive results, it is sufficient to make note of it within the investigative notes. a. True b. False

False

If an item is focused using a telephoto lens, it is necessary to re-focus the item if a different focal length is selected to photograph the same item. a. True b. False

False

If an item of evidence is individualized, there is no longer a need to consider its context. a. True b. False

False

A mechanical fit of broken glass/plastic will elevate a class characteristic to the level of individualization. a. True b. False

True

A negative dust print is one in which dust is removed from an already dust covered surface. a. True b. False

True

A polarizing filter is used to reduce or eliminate reflections from a surface. a. True b. False

True

A public information officer must follow standard operating procedures which provide guidelines as to how the jurisdiction will handle news releases. a. True b. False

True

A recheck involves another visual observation during which the investigator checks for any items or critical observations that may have been overlooked. a. True b. False

True

A wide angle lens gives an increased depth of field; however, it should not be used for crime scene work. a. True b. False

True

Access is more difficult to control during a multi-jurisdictional mass crime scene response and a system of identification needs to be developed ahead of time. a. True b. False

True

All potential DNA samples must be collected prior to the use of short wave UV light in equipment such as RUVIS. a. True b. False

True

Any number of conditions might prevent a fingerprint from occurring on a surface that otherwise would be expected to hold prints. a. True b. False

True

As an investigator on scene, it is appropriate to be skeptical of EMS, ME investigator, and doctors' opinions regarding the nature of injuries and reasons for death. a. True b. False

True

At the time the crime scene sketch is being completed, it is permissible to move items. a. True b. False

True

At trial, the investigator should state the facts even if it is not supportive of the prosecution's arguments. a. True b. False

True

Because of its intrusive nature, any physical search of the scene always follows initial documentation efforts. a. True b. False

True

Better images will typically be produced if each arch of a bite mark is photographed separately due to the curvature of the area of skin. a. True b. False

True

Close up photos need to be taken without a scale to avoid attacks by defense counsel reference material alteration of the scene. a. True b. False

True

Crime scene technicians can be their own source of inhalation/chemical/fire hazards. a. True b. False

True

Dental stone can be used to recover two-, as well as three-, dimensional impressions. a. True b. False

True

Documentation can be exceptionally intrusive. a. True b. False

True

Documentation of observations always precedes photography and close up photography and special techniques are always the last actions taken a. True b. False

True

Everything outside of the outer perimeter is unsecured and uncontrolled; therefore, the outer boundary will require the greatest level of effort on the part of the officers securing the scene. a. True b. False

True

Exceptions exist for which the response/actions of EMS can be slowed as long as they do not contradict local laws. a. True b. False

True

F-stops are fractions of the focal length of the lens that is being used. a. True b. False

True

F/stop numbers are exact increments that describe precisely a reduction of the light intensity by ½ at each stop and are derived from inverse square law calculations. a. True b. False

True

Firearm evidence can have both class and individual characteristics. a. True b. False

True

For adequate magnification, it is recommended that a lens is used that has a focal length of 2mm per lens per foot of distance between the camera and the subject. a. True b. False

True

Hair and fiber documentation and collection should occur immediately upon discovery. a. True b. False

True

If a scale is placed above the plane of the item of interest, it will be larger than the evidence and therefore inaccurate for examinations. a. True b. False

True

If an evidentiary computer is off it is suggested that a clean or unformatted form of media be placed into any open drive bays and then taping the bay shut. a. True b. False

True

If it is obvious that evidence will be destroyed by EMS efforts, the officer should act to collect it before the arrival of investigators. a. True b. False

True

If any evidence is discovered during an on scene examination of the body, it should be documented and left for collection by the medical examiner's office during autopsy. a. True b. False

False

If someone has touched an item of evidence since the incident, there is no need to process the item due to the transient nature of fingerprints. a. True b. False

False

If two areas of lighting extremes (for example, midday sunlight and shadow) need to be photographed together, a midrange exposure setting is the best solution. a. True b. False

False

In manual flash mode, the full power of the flash is used each time the flash is fired. Since the flash is used to photograph objects at different distances, the usual way to alter exposures is to change shutter speeds. a. True b. False

False

In most jurisdictions, anyone present at the scene that has an opportunity to examine the victim can pronounce death. a. True b. False

False

In situ means the condition of the item once in the laboratory. a. True b. False

False

In the context of forensics, the term impression refers only to three dimensional marks. a. True b. False

False

It has been determined that 50% of any transferred hairs or fibers are lost in the first 8 hours following the contact. a. True b. False

False

It is acceptable to use a natural boundary such as a stream to define a portion of the scene perimeter. a. True b. False

False

It is appropriate to follow the flash exposure recommendations when in manual mode when taking photographs outdoors. a. True b. False

False

It is best practice to store accelerant evidence in plastic containers such as gallon jugs. a. True b. False

False

It is highly recommended that there be a written crime scene control log at every one of several perimeters. a. True b. False

False

It is recommended that interior overall photographs be achieved with a view from each of the four corners of a room using a direct flash. a. True b. False

False

It is recommended that the video/photography team enter the scene with the processing team so they can be given advice as to what needs to be documented. a. True b. False

False

It is up to the crime scene technician to be able to assess the safety of a structure in fire/explosion scenes. a. True b. False

False

It is with the front line field personnel that risk management always fails. a. True b. False

False

Items can be moved during the overall observation step of processing. a. True b. False

False

Manual focusing is the most appropriate technique when photographing a single item while assuming a diagonal point of view. a. True b. False

False

More intrusive actions will be completed prior to the less intrusive. a. True b. False

False

Moving the flashlight across an area of skin with a bite mark with the shutter open will create a streak in the image. a. True b. False

False

Observation is always non-intrusive. a. True b. False

False

On a sunny day and for examination quality photographs, a rule of thumb is to use an ISO 400 setting. a. True b. False

False

On the electromagnetic spectrum, the lower the wavelength the lower the energy level. a. True b. False

False

Once an item is fixed in a scene using the triangulation method, it can then be used as a landmark from which to triangulate another item. a. True b. False

False

Once collected, an item can be placed back into the scene for documentation. a. True b. False

False

Once human remains are completely exposed during a gravesite search, the excavation can be stopped. a. True b. False

False

Once notes have been transposed into the final report, they must be shredded for the sake of confidentiality and security. a. True b. False

False

Once the body panorama photographs have been taken, the position of the victim can be altered and clothing moved in order to photo document wounds. a. True b. False

False

Once the scene is released, the crime scene technician can return without a warrant as long as it is within the first 24 hours. a. True b. False

False

Physical and optical properties of glass can individualize the evidence. a. True b. False

False

Physical evidence is always that which is collected. a. True b. False

False

Pincushion distortion is an effect of the use of a wide angle lens. a. True b. False

False

Point to point search methods are the most common in the United States. a. True b. False

False

Police agencies need to wait for a mass crime scene to occur since it is difficult to predict scene specifics when attempting to develop policies and procedures. a. True b. False

False

Police officers have the ability to establish what victims are beyond emergency medical help. a. True b. False

False

Pre-focusing the camera involves focusing on an item the furthest from the camera in the field of view. a. True b. False

False

Program exposure mode (designated by "P") selects the exposure settings on the basis of the light being read by the meter and is therefore the best choice when photographing crime scenes. a. True b. False

False

Ridge lines on radial fractures form right angles to the side from which the force was applied. a. True b. False

False

Risk management steps need to be taken immediately upon arrival at the scene. a. True b. False

False

Rubberized casting compounds are an effective means of recovering bite marks from human skin. a. True b. False

False

Shotguns have a series of lands and grooves in the barrel to give the projectile spin. a. True b. False

False

Since the most important tool mark variations occur at the microscopic level, best practices dictate to cast the mark for analysis. a. True b. False

False

Since the photographs are evidentiary in nature, a victim must allow photographs of their injuries to be taken. a. True b. False

False

Status plays a role in determining what individuals are permitted access beyond the perimeter. a. True b. False

False

Testimonial evidence is more reliable than physical evidence. a. True b. False

False

The "B" setting on the shutter speed dial is ideal when a very fast exposure time is needed. a. True b. False

False

The "primary subject" of a photograph refers to a single object within the composition. a. True b. False

False

The basic actions necessary for documenting and processing a mass crime scene are significantly more complex than those for processing a more common scene. a. True b. False

False

The best method of documenting observations is with a recording device. a. True b. False

False

The body should be removed from the scene as soon as possible to be taken to the morgue. a. True b. False

False

The closer the flash is to a footwear impression, the more evenly the impression will be lit from heel to toe. a. True b. False

False

The crime scene technician must take as many photographs as possible to depict the violence of a scene so the jury can understand what the victim must have endured. a. True b. False

False

The distance between each crime scene perimeter should be at least 20 feet. a. True b. False

False

The first responding officer makes notes of the environmental conditions and verifies the scene location; therefore, there is no need for the first responding investigator to repeat these efforts. a. True b. False

False

The impact angle of a bloodstain is determined by dividing the length of the stain by the width and calculating the inverse sine of this value. a. True b. False

False

The magnification of a telephoto lens can be calculated by dividing the focal length by 100. a. True b. False

False

The more perpendicular the flash is to the paper on which there is indented writing, the easier it is to visualize fine detail. a. True b. False

False

The officer should never ride in an ambulance with the victim due to the possibility of obstructing lifesaving efforts. a. True b. False

False

The photographer must be the one to testify that an image is a fair and accurate representation of the scene in court. a. True b. False

False

The presence of multiple locations of low burn in a fire scene identifies the fire as arson. a. True b. False

False

The primary focal points can often tell the entire story of the crime. a. True b. False

False

The primary purpose of crime scene photographs is to illustrate the scene condition to the court. a. True b. False

False

The six basic steps in the examination of a crime scene—assessing, observing, documenting, searching, collecting, and analyzing—can be accomplished in any order. a. True b. False

False

The sketch heading provides important information relevant to the location of the scene and the creator of the sketch. a. True b. False

False

The sketch should always be created with north facing the top of the page. a. True b. False

False

The tail of an elongated bloodstain is in the direction opposite the direction of travel. a. True b. False

False

The type and nature of computer generated evidence that may be present in a scene is very limited. a. True b. False

False

The use of a large aperture setting results in a larger depth of field. a. True b. False

False

The wheel base is measured from the outside of one tread to the outside of the opposite tread. a. True b. False

False

The wider the aperture, the larger the depth of field. a. True b. False

False

The zoom function on a video camera should be used as frequently as possible. a. True b. False

False

There are guidelines that dictate the one correct way to process a crime scene. a. True b. False

False

There are no methods for latent print processing in a fire scene since they are destroyed in the flame and heat. a. True b. False

False

There are times when the theory of reciprocity does not work when operating a digital camera. a. True b. False

False

To expedite the process, investigators can initiate a search warrant based on the information given during dispatch. a. True b. False

False

To the initial responder, the address given serves the most significant role in the location of the crime scene. a. True b. False

False

Typical camera lenses transmit UV light. a. True b. False

False

Using a zone search on a vehicle, the vehicle is broken into four zones: the driver, front passenger, rear left passenger, and rear right passenger. a. True b. False

False

Video can be used as an alternative to photography at the crime scene. a. True b. False

False

When an additional view of an item of evidence is necessary, it is best to leave the item on the same background on which it was photographed in situ. a. True b. False

False

When bouncing the flash from the ceiling onto an item, the best area in which to do so is beyond the halfway point between the photographer and the item. a. True b. False

False

When casting impressions in loose soil, as much fixative as necessary can be used since it will not obscure detail due to its transparency. a. True b. False

False

When comparing the test fired bullet and crime scene bullet, the striations being examined are marks made by the lands and grooves. a. True b. False

False

When composing an entire area as your primary subject, only the item of interest needs to be in focus. a. True b. False

False

When designating functional teams, the photography team can consist of one individual. a. True b. False

False

When determining the amount of fill flash to highlight shadowed areas, it is recommended to set the flash equivalent to the ambient lighting in the scene. a. True b. False

False

When hyper-focal focusing, an f/4 can be selected and the camera can be focused on an item 60' away. a. True b. False

False

When located bones are wrapped, contained, or buried in some fashion, the technician can lay them out in proper skeletal configuration on scene to visualize what still needs to be located. a. True b. False

False

When photographing a three dimensional impression, a scale should be placed on the surface next to the impression outline. a. True b. False

False

When searching for fiber evidence, the ALS should be set at 485 nm. a. True b. False

False

When taking close up photographs of evidence, the camera lens must be perpendicular to the plane of the evidence a. True b. False

False

When taking midrange photographs, the photographer should form a right triangle with the subject and a fixed feature. a. True b. False

False

When the camera is set to either aperture priority or shutter priority, bracketing can be accomplished by adjusting the f/stop and shutter speed, respectively. a. True b. False

False

When trace amounts of soil are found on shoes or clothing, the technician should remove it immediately to prevent loss. a. True b. False

False

When using a 120 guide number flash, the crime scene beyond 30 feet can be properly lit with an acceptable depth of field. a. True b. False

False

When using a flash, the proper f/stop can be calculated by dividing the distance between the photographer and the subject by the guide number. a. True b. False

False

When using polar coordinates, there should only be one datum point. a. True b. False

False

When you are photographing fluorescent evidence, the proper exposure is frequently 2 stops more than what the camera's exposure meter recommends. a. True b. False

False

If items are located during the later stages of processing, it may be necessary to take additional overall photographs even though the scene has been significantly altered. a. True b. False

True

If media editors feel that graphic video serves a function in telling a story, then they reserve the right to show any video that was shot in a public setting. a. True b. False

True

If something was not done during scene processing, it is necessary to know and articulate why it was not done. a. True b. False

True

If the crime scene technician happens upon a suspect meth lab, they should immediately back out until those specially trained to deal with such scenes can respond. a. True b. False

True

In terms of using a wide angle lens, the distortion increases with an increase in the field of view. a. True b. False

True

In the functional approach to scene processing, several different individuals/teams perform different, specialized activities. a. True b. False

True

Individual characteristics are those that are unique based upon natural variation, damage, or wear. a. True b. False

True

It is acceptable to secure a scene larger necessary because it is easier to decrease its size than increase its size. a. True b. False

True

It is far better to have one perimeter that no one can violate than to have three perimeters manned by weak security. a. True b. False

True

It is important that the crime scene technician make notes of observations that appear unremarkable. a. True b. False

True

It is necessary to adjust the camera exposure when bouncing the flash from an intermediate surface. a. True b. False

True

It is not necessary to have the entire body included in the midrange photograph. a. True b. False

True

It is permissible to refuse crime scene entry to the Chief. a. True b. False

True

It is permissible to temporarily place an item that is wet with blood in a plastic bag for transport. a. True b. False

True

It is possible to eliminate rain and snow from an image with a slow shutter speed. a. True b. False

True

It is possible to focus for UV light using information provided by an IR adjustment indicator. a. True b. False

True

It is recommended that the victim's face not be included within the same composition as sensitive body parts. a. True b. False

True

It is sometimes necessary to take overlapping photographs in order to achieve the best resolution. a. True b. False

True

Keeping the film plane parallel refers to keeping the length of the lens perpendicular to the subject. a. True b. False

True

Lens flare is the optical effect when the sun is directly in front of the camera and creates images of lens optical elements and the aperture opening on the film/sensor. a. True b. False

True

Lifesaving always takes priority over evidence preservation. a. True b. False

True

Narrowing the search area that a single searcher is responsible for is the only way to increase the effectiveness of a given search. a. True b. False

True

No matter what the lighting conditions, a flash should be employed when photographing the crime scene. a. True b. False

True

Once properly leveled on scene, alignment of the total station to magnetic north is not necessary. a. True b. False

True

One image can be used as a midrange photograph for several items of evidence that are grouped relatively close together and will be related to the same fixed feature. a. True b. False

True

Operating a camera with a focal length of 55 mm and under, the technician will be able to control the camera without a tripod for shutter speeds of 1/60th of a second or more. a. True b. False

True

Orientation issues are often significant because the orientation of an item has the potential to change conclusions. a. True b. False

True

Photography identification problems can best be resolved with evidence establishing and close up photographs. a. True b. False

True

Physical examination of the body for evidence must be completed prior to its release. a. True b. False

True

Placing scales and evidence markers into the scene is considered scene alteration. a. True b. False

True

Placing the body in a body bag can destroy blood patterns and gunshot residue. a. True b. False

True

Presented with a bullet from a crime scene, a firearms examiner can identify a list of possible weapons that could have fired the projectile based solely on the caliber and the number, size, and twist of the lands and grooves present. a. True b. False

True

Processing techniques for various items of evidence are almost always the last actions taken by the technician in the overall scene processing methodology. a. True b. False

True

Proper photographs of shoe and tire mark evidence typically offer the examiner greater detail for comparison than do plaster casts or other lifting techniques. a. True b. False

True

Rechecks of the scene should be continued until the results of same are negative. a. True b. False

True

Relative chronology makes no association to absolute time. a. True b. False

True

Scene assessment is an ongoing process that begins the processing task and defines what procedures will be employed. a. True b. False

True

Sometimes the most effective exposure is an "incorrect" exposure. a. True b. False

True

The benefit of a dedicated flash unit is that the light is not read by the flash sensor but by the light meter in the camera body, improving exposure determinations. a. True b. False

True

The best use of a faster ISO setting is when there is little ambient light and the aperture needs to be small to maximize the depth of field. a. True b. False

True

The camera sensor is designed to focus light coming in through the lens. a. True b. False

True

The crime scene team needs to reassess the scene boundary even though it has already been defined by the first responding officer. a. True b. False

True

An example of a transitory effect is: a. Moving an item of evidence from one location to another b. The presence of frozen ice cream in a bowl c. Onset of livor mortis d. The sequence of insects at a death scene

The presence of frozen ice cream in a bowl

The crime scene technician can simplify a sketch by removing items that were noted and fixed during the scene examination but that are considered less important to the investigation. a. True b. False

True

The crime scene technician must constantly consider every method and process employed at the scene in an effort to determine where in the overall sequence it belongs. a. True b. False

True

The first responder needs to be alert to sights, sounds, and smells because they can be transient. a. True b. False

True

The flash guide number is a means to discuss a flash unit's relative output power. a. True b. False

True

The initial responding officer's actions have the potential to make or break the processing of the scene. a. True b. False

True

The inverse square law refers to the relationship between the distance light travels and its intensity at these distances; the intensity varying inversely by the square of the distance it travels. a. True b. False

True

The media, just like the police department, has a public service role that must be fulfilled. a. True b. False

True

The most important tool of the crime scene searcher is clean, white light. a. True b. False

True

The natural perspective of a photograph is that which is taken when the photographer is standing at full height. a. True b. False

True

The officer responsible for the scene, as well as the first responding officer, needs to take the time to brief investigators upon arrival. a. True b. False

True

The protection of personal liberties is a Constitutional issue. a. True b. False

True

The purpose of processing the crime scene is to collect as much information and evidence as possible, in as pristine a condition as possible. a. True b. False

True

The responding officer's objectives are to bring the site under control and coordinate resources. a. True b. False

True

The rule of thirds will not apply to close up photography. a. True b. False

True

The series of photographs to be taken is as follows: the body panorama, wound documentation, any victim identifiers, and any clues as to the postmortem interval. a. True b. False

True

The shutter in a single lens reflex camera is most frequently located in the camera body as opposed to within the lens. a. True b. False

True

The six basic crime scene actions are assessing, observing, documenting, searching, collecting, and processing. a. True b. False

True

The specific search method a crime scene teams selects is not important so long as it is methodical and systematic. a. True b. False

True

The terms "normal" and "non-normal" scenes refer to the amount of light being reflected. a. True b. False

True

The two most common methods for search and collection of hairs and fibers are taping and vacuuming. a. True b. False

True

The two primary concerns when dealing with the mass crime scene are team formation and standardization of techniques. a. True b. False

True

There are a number of established and validated methodologies for crime scene processing. a. True b. False

True

There are potential opportunities for fracture matches when dealing with tool mark evidence. a. True b. False

True

Timing and sequencing are two distinct concepts. a. True b. False

True

Tire and shoe marks can be both two and three dimensional. a. True b. False

True

To the extent possible, midrange photographs should be taken from a natural perspective. a. True b. False

True

Trace evidence analysis of fibers routinely results in class characteristic determinations, but can also lead to individualization. a. True b. False

True

Unless dealing with fragile evidence, the technician always collects evidence after the observation and documentation phases. a. True b. False

True

When a scale is used for close up photography, it is proper for it to show only distance markers. a. True b. False

True

When an analysis of the scene becomes less specific it, in turn, becomes more accurate. a. True b. False

True

When mapping the scene, regardless of the method employed, the items of evidence are fixed before measurements are made of static elements such as walls and furniture. a. True b. False

True

When standing close to the intended target, the flash is better removed so it can be aimed more accurately. a. True b. False

True

When the exposure control dial is set to "Tv", the photographer selects the shutter speed and the camera automatically selects the required f/stop. a. True b. False

True

When using the zone search method on a large scene, it is typically used in conjunction with another search method such as the spiral search. a. True b. False

True

When videotaping a room as part of crime scene documentation it is not recommended to pan from one side of the room to the other and back again. a. True b. False

True

Using triangulation, this number of measurements from the center of mass is needed to fix an irregularly shaped item of evidence. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

What is the recommended minimum size equivalent for using a "normal" lens (no magnification) when taking close up photographs? a. A text book b. A nickel c. A business card d. An inch

a. A text book

The following is a correct pairing of the DNA subunits: a. Adenine & Thymine b. Adenine & Cytosine c. Adenine & Guanine d. Guanine & Thymine

a. Adenine & Thymine

With the use of a total station, if multiple datum points are necessary, the system is moved and the datum points are tied to one another through a technique known as: a. Back sight b. Rear view c. Coordinate connector d. Datum point connector

a. Back sight

The crime scene team performs an assessment (before/after) processing. a. Before b. After

a. Before

Elimination of the reflection or shadows created by a mirror in a scene can be accomplished with: a. Bounce flash b. Direct flash c. Oblique lighting d. Painting with light

a. Bounce flash

Wet bench serology testing results provide: a. Class characteristics b. Individual characteristics

a. Class characteristics

Tools with opposed jaws create this type of tool mark. a. Compression b. Saw c. Drill d. Striation

a. Compression

The downfall of STR is: a. Contamination issues b. The resulting statistics c. The need for large amounts of genetic material d. The length of time needed to perform the test

a. Contamination issues

Regulating non-criminal conduct refers to: a. Controlling general behavior patterns b. Active investigation and the identification of those responsible for the crime c. Efforts to keep crime from occurring d. The scope of services provided by police

a. Controlling general behavior patterns

The type of sketch that illustrates the horizontal surfaces and lays down the vertical surfaces to depict evidence present on them. a. Cross projection b. Elevation c. Bird's eye view d. Three dimensional

a. Cross projection

Which of the following refers to eliminating irrelevant subject matter in the photograph composition? a. Fill the frame b. Maximize depth of field c. Keep the film plane parallel d. All of the above

a. Fill the frame

When using the polar coordinate method, it is necessary to place the sighting device at a (higher/lower) elevation than the items of evidence. a. Higher b. Lower

a. Higher

A (higher/lower) f-stop value results in a smaller aperture. a. Higher—remember, however, that it's a fraction b. Lower

a. Higher—remember, however, that it's a fraction

The search method best suited for uneven terrain is: a. Line b. Strip c. Grid d. Zone

a. Line

The search method during which a searcher is assigned to each lane and they all move simultaneously in the same direction is called: a. Line b. Strip c. Grid d. Zone

a. Line

This is the general term for a molecule's ability to emit light from causes other than heat. a. Luminescence b. Phosphorescence c. Fluorescence d. Incandescence

a. Luminescence

The critical consideration when performing the spiral search is: a. Managing the pace b. Too many individuals performing the search at a time c. Whether to move inward or outward d. Conducting it indoors or outdoors

a. Managing the pace

Cast off patterns can assist the analyst with the determination of the (minimum/maximum) number of swings made by the bloodied object. a. Minimum b. Maximum

a. Minimum

A large aperture allows (more/less) light into the camera a. More b. Less

a. More

Which should be done last? a. Moving items to collect evidence b. Release of the body c. First recheck d. Photograph the scene

a. Moving items to collect evidence

A blood drip pattern can be categorized as a: a. Passive stain b. Dynamic stain

a. Passive stain

A projectile that enters the body and does not exit is referred to as this type of wound: a. Penetrating b. Perforating

a. Penetrating

According to James Osterburg, as referenced by Gardner, the primary source of data from which any reconstruction should develop is: a. Physical evidence b. Testimonial evidence c. Both A & B d. Neither A or B

a. Physical evidence

The area of light that is the result of the light bending around an opaque disk is called: a. Poisson's spot b. Newton's light c. Huygen's Wave Theory d. Airy disk

a. Poisson's spot

Untreated wood is an example of a (porous/non-porous) surface. a. Porous b. Non-porous

a. Porous

This defines the color of any object we visualize: a. Reflection b. Conversion c. Absorption d. Phosphorescence

a. Reflection

This is the ability of the camera system to distinguish groups of alternating line pairs as the lines become increasingly thinner and they become increasingly closer together. a. Resolution b. Acutance c. Sharpness d. None of the above

a. Resolution

The addition, destruction, and movement of material in the scene are considered to be what kind of issues? a. Scene integrity b. Scene placement c. Constitutional d. Collection

a. Scene integrity

A firearm that is magazine fed and each time the trigger is pulled a cartridge is fired and another automatically inserts is referred to as: a. Semi-automatic b. Automatic

a. Semi-automatic

RUVIS is the use of (shortwave/longwave) UV light to visualize untreated fingerprints. a. Shortwave b. Longwave

a. Shortwave

The action of the __________ lifts a single cartridge from the top of a magazine and inserts it into the barrel. a. Slide b. Hammer c. Firing pin d. Safety

a. Slide

The best focus system for crime scene work that is typically available in many single lens reflex and digital cameras is called: a. Split image b. Lens rotation c. Aperture dependent d. Shutter priority

a. Split image

This is the pattern type that occurs when a bloody object makes contact with an unstained object. a. Swipe b. Wipe

a. Swipe

Datum points are established with the grid over a gravesite prior to excavation in order to: a. Take elevation readings b. Indicate directionality c. Make rectangular coordinate measurements d. Mark evidence

a. Take elevation readings

The polar coordinate method is based on surveying techniques and often requires three measurements: the horizontal angle, the horizontal distance, and: a. The difference in elevation b. Distance to a fixed point that has also been measured c. Distance to the top of the surveyor's tool being used d. Distance to the bottom of the surveyor's tool being used

a. The difference in elevation

An example of an unpredictable effect is: a. The haphazard opening of a revolver cylinder b. The smell of burnt gunpowder c. Insect activity at a death scene d. The heat signature of a tire in the roadway

a. The haphazard opening of a revolver cylinder

What is a negative aspect of the automatic flash exposure mode? a. The sensor can be fooled by the reflectivity of light and dark surfaces b. The photographer has no control of the flash c. In this mode the flash should not be removed from the camera d. It will not be as bright as when it is set to manual

a. The sensor can be fooled by the reflectivity of light and dark surfaces

A fluorescein reaction to blood requires viewing with an alternate light source. a. True b. False

a. True

Fire patterns are the visible and measurable physical effects of fire on material in the scene. a. True b. False

a. True

In 1973 it was determined that there was no minimum requirement for agreement of minutiae in order for a print to be individualized. a. True b. False

a. True

It is necessary to continue spraying a bloodstain with luminol to maintain its fluorescence while photographing it. a. True b. False

a. True

The rectangular coordinate method is less precise than triangulation. a. True b. False

a. True

When collecting entomological evidence, half of the sample is preserved in the condition as found and half kept alive in order to mature. a. True b. False

a. True

Comparing a glass fragment with a known glass sample in an effort to determine if it can be excluded or included as having originated from a common source is: a. Type determination b. Direction of force determination c. Sequence of force determination d. Fracture matching

a. Type determination

Visible light is in the 400-700 nm range on the electromagnetic spectrum. Immediately below the 400 nm range is what kind of light? a. Ultraviolet b. Infrared c. Gamma rays d. X rays

a. Ultraviolet

Which of the following types of lenses will elongate the distance between the foreground and background? a. Wide angle b. Telephoto c. 50 mm d. Macro

a. Wide angle

Tungsten light will create what color tint in a photograph? a. Yellow b. Green c. Blue d. Red

a. Yellow

Set by NIST, the minimum resolution for a fax of a 10 print card for examination is: a. 500 pixels per inch at 2:1 b. 1000 pixels per inch at 1:1 c. 1500 pixels per inch at 1:2 d. 250 pixels per inch at 1:1

b. 1000 pixels per inch at 1:1

The structure of DNA was discovered in the: a. 1940s b. 1950s c. 1960s d. 1970s

b. 1950s

In a free society, the police have _____ basic goals. (What are they?) a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

b. 2

What is the difference between a shutter speed setting of 2" and 2? a. 2" means the photographer should be at least 2 inches from the subject; 2 is 2 feet b. 2" is 2 seconds; 2 is ½ sec c. There is no difference; it's a camera manufacturer preference d. 2" is shorthand for 1/2000; 2 is 2 seconds

b. 2" is 2 seconds; 2 is ½ sec

The nucleus of a cell contains ____ pairs of chromosomes: a. 15 b. 23 c. 32 d. 36

b. 23

The sketch and measurement team generally requires how many members? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

The optimal angle at which to photograph images with a polarizing filter is: a. 28 degrees b. 34 degrees c. 40 degrees d. 45 degrees

b. 34 degrees

"Bear claw" shaped bloodstains can be estimated to have an impact angle of: a. 10-30 degrees b. 40-60 degrees c. 70-90 degrees d. None of the above

b. 40-60 degrees

Which of the following is considered a "normal" lens? a. 35mm b. 50mm c. Macro lens d. Telephoto lens

b. 50mm

Given a 50mm lens and an f/8 setting, the diaphragm diameter will be: a. .16 cm b. 6.25 mm c. 6.25 cm d. 50 mm

b. 6.25 mm

Confusion created by photographs of altered scenes can best be eliminated by: a. Evidence establishing photographs b. A photo log c. A two person photography team d. Good cross examination

b. A photo log

The best scale for bite mark photography is one designed by: a. NAME b. ABFO c. ABMDI d. AAFS

b. ABFO

Alterations of writing are best viewed with: a. Oblique lighting b. ALS c. ESDA d. No special equipment is needed to view alterations

b. ALS

Crime repression refers to: a. Controlling general behavior patterns b. Active investigation and the identification of those responsible for the crime c. Efforts to keep crime from occurring d. The scope of services provided by police

b. Active investigation and the identification of those responsible for the crime

This refers to the camera's ability to render a sharp edge of the subject as a sharp edge in the photograph. a. Resolution b. Acutance c. Sharpness d. All of the above

b. Acutance

In terms of event chronology, terminus peri quem refers to: a. An action preceding another action b. An action occurring simultaneously with another action c. An action following another action

b. An action occurring simultaneously with another action

The final step of crime scene processing is: a. Evidence collection b. Analysis c. Reconstruction d. Trial

b. Analysis

The f-stop is related to: a. Shutter speed b. Aperture c. Flash d. Film plane

b. Aperture

Which exposure mode at f/11 is recommended to photograph fluorescence? a. Shutter priority b. Aperture priority c. Automatic d. Manual

b. Aperture priority

The approach to processing in which a single team handles all activities is called: a. Functional b. Area c. Specialized d. Circular

b. Area

When an image shows straight lines at the edges appearing to be bent outward, usually by using a wide angle lens, the effect is referred to as: a. Diffraction b. Barrel distortion c. Pincushion distortion d. Fish eye effect

b. Barrel distortion

The most effective way to quickly establish a visible perimeter on scene is by use of: a. Uniformed officers b. Barrier tape c. Police cars d. A natural border such as shrubbery

b. Barrier tape

What is the purpose of using a reflector? a. Capture a reverse image of a 3D impression b. Bounce light to soften hard shadows c. Increase the depth of field d. Create oblique lighting

b. Bounce light to soften hard shadows

The best way to "soften" a "hard" shadow created by an oblique flash is to: a. Position the flash at 90 degrees b. Bounce the flash from a reflective surface, such as white paper c. Move the item to an environment in which a flash is not needed d. Hard shadows are acceptable and should be left as is

b. Bounce the flash from a reflective surface, such as white paper

To which shutter speed should the camera be set when painting with light? a. Sync speed b. Bulb c. The fastest shutter speed available d. The shutter speed is not a variable that needs to be adjusted

b. Bulb

This type of fingerprint brush is the most effective as an initial on scene search brush: a. Fiberglass b. Camel hair c. Feather d. Magnetic

b. Camel hair

The areas of an engineered landfill that can be used to narrow a search are called: a. Zones b. Cells c. Loci d. Domains

b. Cells

This section of the report is intended to provide a general description of the scene and associated features of the scene and their relationship to the surrounding area. a. Introduction b. Characteristics of the scene c. Conditions of the scene d. Environmental conditions

b. Characteristics of the scene

Placing a victim in a chair for an interview then placing the suspect in the same chair with no additional measures being taken can result in: a. Mechanical fit b. Cross contamination c. An arrest of the wrong individual d. The loss of a job

b. Cross contamination

Which of the following is the bending of light when it strikes an edge causing a loss of resolution, a loss of edge sharpness, and a loss of clarity in an image? a. Distortion b. Diffraction c. Aberration d. Deflection

b. Diffraction

Which of the following on the camera corrects for the photographer's eye quality? a. Optical corrector b. Diopter adjustment c. Vision sensor d. There is nothing on a camera to correct the photographer's vision

b. Diopter adjustment

Evaluating the radial fractures present in the first concentric ring of glass fractures is used with: a. Type determination b. Direction of force determination c. Sequence of force determination d. Fracture matching

b. Direction of force determination

The type of sketch that is drawn to depict a side view of some portion of the scene. a. Cross projection b. Elevation c. Bird's eye view d. Three dimensional

b. Elevation

Locard's Exchange Principle can be generally summarized as: a. Gunshot wounds result in high impact spatter patterns b. Every contact leaves a trace c. Insect succession can assist with time of death determinations d. Fingerprints are unique and permanent

b. Every contact leaves a trace

When traveling through plate glass, a bullet will create a coning effect on which side of the glass? a. Entry b. Exit

b. Exit

A positive Luminol response to blood will be an immediate and intense reaction that dies out quickly. a. True b. False

b. False

By carefully examining impact spatter in the crime scene, the analyst can determine that it was created by a blow to the head with a hammer. a. True b. False

b. False

Conducting event analysis requires concentration on testimonial evidence. a. True b. False

b. False

It is appropriate to exclude exculpatory information from reports in the early stages of an investigation. a. True b. False

b. False

It is recommended that the two widest and two smallest apertures be used when taking examination quality photographs. a. True b. False

b. False

Probable cause is the investigative standard. a. True b. False

b. False

The lack of stippling and soot around an entry gunshot wound is conclusive evidence of a distant range shot. a. True b. False

b. False

When processing human skin for latent fingerprints, skin dampness will negatively affect the adding machine paper process. a. True b. False

b. False

The purpose of a crime scene log is to have a list of who entered and when. a. True b. False—AND for what purpose

b. False—AND for what purpose

Evidence can be defined as anything that tends to prove a fact in contention. a. True b. False—prove OR disprove

b. False—prove OR disprove

The primer cap is struck by the _______ which ignites the primer compound which in turn ignites the gunpowder. a. Hammer b. Firing pin c. Trigger d. Safety

b. Firing pin

When the temperature in a confined space reaches 1100°F, nearly any ignitable surface in the room will begin burning. This is referred to as: a. Flashpoint b. Flashover c. Ignition temperature d. Thermal interface

b. Flashover

This is the phenomenon defined by the conversion of light from one wavelength to another and occurs as long as the object is exposed to an active energy source. a. Luminescence b. Fluorescence c. Phosphorescence d. Chemiluminescence

b. Fluorescence

The study and examination of the firearm itself is considered this area of ballistics: a. External b. Internal c. Terminal

b. Internal

The formal sketch, whether hand drawn or computer generated, has five basic elements. They are a heading, a diagram area, title block, scale and direction notations, and: a. The position of the victim b. Legend c. Notations of lights on or off d. Notation of the nearest fixed landmark

b. Legend

(Shortwave/Longwave) UV light can be used when attempting to visualize/photograph bloodstains, especially those located on red or violet colored objects. a. Shortwave b. Longwave

b. Longwave

Fibers are classified first by their originating source the categories of which include natural, synthetic, and: a. Cotton b. Manufactured c. Dyed d. Undetermined

b. Manufactured

In order to correct and eliminate overexposure and bleached out photos when conducting close up photography the technician must: a. Tilt the camera to a 45 degree angle b. Move the flash away from the source and hold at 45 degrees c. Take the photographs in a darkened room d. Use an appropriate filter

b. Move the flash away from the source and hold at 45 degrees

Long wave UV light can be used to visualize faint bloodstains or bloodstains difficult to see due to the surface color. These can be photographed with: a. Oblique lighting b. Normal exposures since this would be visible light photography c. Red filters d. Timed exposures

b. Normal exposures since this would be visible light photography

The most effective method of visualizing dust prints is: a. Alternate light source at 520 nm and orange barrier filter b. Oblique lighting c. Fingerprint powder and brush d. RUVIS

b. Oblique lighting

When searching a crime scene with an alternate light source emitting a blue light, what color filter should be used to see and photograph any fluorescence? a. Yellow b. Orange c. Red d. No filter is necessary

b. Orange

According to the National Fire Protection Association, with few exceptions the proper methodology for processing a fire scene entails establishing the (cause/origin) first. a. Cause b. Origin

b. Origin

This technique is effective in night time/low light photography: a. Fill flash b. Paint with light c. Bounce flash d. Photography should be avoided at night

b. Paint with light

Goggles, particle masks, Tyvek suits, gloves, and booties are all examples of PPE which stands for: a. Personal Processing Equipment b. Personal Protective Equipment c. Personal Preventive Efforts d. Priority Protection Engineering

b. Personal Protective Equipment

This is the term referring to the ability of some materials to retain some of the radiation they have absorbed from a stimulating light and then continue "glowing" after the stimulation has ceased. a. Luminescence b. Phosphorescence c. Fluorescence d. Incandescence

b. Phosphorescence

It is suggested that the first frame of a series of photographs be: a. An overall view of the scene b. Photo identifier c. Transient evidence d. Any victims or suspects

b. Photo identifier

Which of the following provides a log of specific variable data used to capture each individual photograph? a. Photo identifier b. Photo memo sheet c. Case report d. It is not necessary to record information related to individual photo variables

b. Photo memo sheet

The best method for processing a wet, porous surface is to allow it to dry, then treat it with: a. DFO b. Physical Developer c. Ninhydrin d. Powder/Brush

b. Physical Developer

The reverse vectors defined by individual stain directionality intersect in this two dimensional space. a. Point of Origin b. Point of Convergence

b. Point of Convergence

The method best used for crime scenes with clear and specific boundaries (such as indoor scenes) in which items are measured at 90 degrees to the surrounding surfaces. a. Baseline coordinates b. Rectangular coordinates c. Triangulation d. Polar coordinates

b. Rectangular coordinates

The search method during which the searcher moves down an area and at the end reverses direction and moves down the adjacent area is called: a. Line b. Strip c. Grid d. Zone

b. Strip

Which of the following is the fastest shutter speed at which cameras should be set whenever an electronic flash is used? a. Guide number b. Sync speed c. Flash speed d. 1/125th sec

b. Sync speed

Terminal ballistics involves which of the following: a. The study and examination of the firearm itself b. The consideration of the effect of the bullet on a human target c. The consideration of the bullet path and trajectory once it has left the firearm

b. The consideration of the effect of the bullet on a human target

The downfall of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is: a. The length of time to perform the test b. The resulting statistics c. The expense of the required equipment d. The need for a large amount of un-degraded genetic material

b. The resulting statistics

Documentation of bloodstain patterns have a tendency to be difficult because: a. Of their biohazard potential b. They look very similar and are therefore difficult to differentiate c. They can be spread over a large area d. Of the amount of labeling necessary

b. They look very similar and are therefore difficult to differentiate

An 18A filter: a. Blocks all UV light while transmitting visible light b. Transmits UV light while blocking visible light

b. Transmits UV light while blocking visible light

The most significant class discriminator for shoe mark evidence is: a. Size b. Tread pattern c. Sole shape d. Brand

b. Tread pattern

This pattern type assists with determining the relative position of items at the time of an event based upon the absence of stains normally expected to be present. a. Negative b. Void c. Skeleton d. Null

b. Void

At what point does the flash shut off when in automatic mode? a. It is determined by the settings made by the photographer b. When 18% of the light is reflected from the surface of the scene c. Predetermined by the flash manufacturer d. When the shutter button is released

b. When 18% of the light is reflected from the surface of the scene

What setting can be adjusted on a digital camera to correct color in various modes of ambient lighting? a. Shutter speed b. White balance c. Aperture d. ISO

b. White balance

Which of the following is the lowest on the electromagnetic spectrum? a. UV energy b. X Rays c. Visible light d. Infrared energy

b. X Rays

Which aperture should be used when taking close up examination quality photographs? a. f/5.6 b. f/11 c. f/16 d. f/22

b. f/11

This "rule" recommends both an f/stop setting and a corresponding shutter speed for most outdoor photographic situations. a. f/11 sunny day rule b. f/16 sunny day rule c. f/22 overcast day rule d. f/16 overcast day rule

b. f/16 sunny day rule

A shutter speed setting of "15" means the shutter will be open for how long? a. 15 sec b. 30 sec c. 1/15 sec d. 1/7.5 sec

c. 1/15 sec

It has been determined that this percentage of light is reflected from a normal scene and therefore this same percentage of gray is used to represent the normal scene when metering the camera. a. 12% b. 15% c. 18% d. 22%

c. 18%

It is acceptable to assume that a bullet is traveling in a straight path (that is, prior to resistance and gravity causing it to travel in a parabolic arc) with no intervening targets up to what distance? a. 10m b. 20m c. 30m d. 40m

c. 30m

In order to fix a regularly shaped item in a scene using triangulation, a minimum of this number of straight line measurements from two distinct landmarks to two distinct points on the item is needed: a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

c. 4

The radiant energy spectrum visualized as color spans the following range of wavelengths: a. 100 nm - 350 nm b. 300 nm - 520 nm c. 400 nm - 700 nm d. 800 nm - 1000 nm

c. 400 nm - 700 nm

The method of evaluating direction of force is referred to as the: a. C2 Rule b. Stress Fracture Rule c. 4R Rule d. Concentro-Radial Rule

c. 4R Rule

Most crime scene photography can be accomplished with this size lens: a. 28 mm b. 35 mm c. 50 mm d. 65 mm

c. 50 mm

In order to record the fluorescence of luminol and relate it to the remainder of the scene, it is recommended to photograph it with ISO 400, a 90 second exposure and: a. Oblique lighting b. Painting with light c. A brief bounce light toward the end of the exposure d. All that is needed for a proper exposure is ISO 400 and a 90 second shutter speed

c. A brief bounce light toward the end of the exposure

When photographing snow prints, the best means of increasing contrast in the white on white impression is to: a. Dim the flash b. Oblique lighting c. Add color d. Snow prints should only be photographed "as is"

c. Add color

The order of application for a phenolphthalein test is the following: a. Alcohol, Hydrogen peroxide, Phenolphthalein b. Hydrogen Peroxide, Phenolphthalein, Alcohol c. Alcohol, Phenolphthalein, Hydrogen peroxide d. Phenolphthalein, Alcohol, Hydrogen peroxide

c. Alcohol, Phenolphthalein, Hydrogen peroxide

The presence of saliva can be determined by testing for the presence of: a. Acid phosphatase b. Buccal cells c. Amylase or starches d. Peptidase A

c. Amylase or starches

This mapping method requires the fixing of a datum point from which a line extends. Items are then measured to points along the line and that point measured back to the datum point. a. Rectangular coordinates b. Triangulation c. Baseline coordinates d. Polar coordinates

c. Baseline coordinates

The type of sketch that gives horizontal views only and is suited for the vast majority of crime scenes. a. Cross projection b. Elevation c. Bird's eye view d. Three dimensional

c. Bird's eye view

Roadmapping is used to document: a. Bullet trajectories b. Developed latent friction ridges c. Bloodstain patterns d. All evidence discovered within a crime scene

c. Bloodstain patterns

This camera setting keeps the aperture open as long as the shutter release is depressed: a. Aperture priority b. Shutter priority c. Bulb d. ISO

c. Bulb

This is the concept that as long as the light reflected from a single point in space enters the lens and remains a circle rather than coming together at the sensor as a specific point, the image will be out of focus. a. Circles of light b. Circles of focus c. Circles of confusion d. Circles of images

c. Circles of confusion

This section of the report identifies and describes aspects of the scene that are pertinent to the investigation. a. Introduction b. Characteristics of the scene c. Conditions of the scene d. Environmental conditions

c. Conditions of the scene

The most critical element of scene processing is: a. Reconstruction b. Suspect apprehension c. Documentation d. Observation

c. Documentation

Per Gardner, this person is perhaps one of the first investigative authors to set out a specific crime scene analysis methodology. a. Hans Gross b. Luke May c. Edward Heinrich d. Paul Kirk

c. Edward Heinrich

Crime prevention refers to: a. Controlling general behavior patterns b. Active investigation and the identification of those responsible for the crime c. Efforts to keep crime from occurring d. The scope of services provided by police

c. Efforts to keep crime from occurring

When a blood droplet strikes a surface, a right triangle is formed. The sides of this triangle are composed of the diameter of the blood droplet, the area on the target where the droplet first touches and then terminates its movement, and: a. The tail/satellite spatter of the stain b. The area of convergence c. The path of the droplet d. The width of the pattern

c. The path of the droplet

Conscious efforts to copy a known writing is referred to as: a. Forgery b. Known writings c. Tracings d. None of the above

c. Tracings

In order to eliminate blur from hand holding the camera is to: a. Use the highest shutter speed available b. Set the camera to shutter priority c. Use the shutter speed closest to the focal length of the lens, inverted into a fraction d. Brace the camera as tightly as possible

c. Use the shutter speed closest to the focal length of the lens, inverted into a fraction

The best test to perform on a hair with no root is: a. RFLP b. STR c. mDNA d. microscopic examination

c. mDNA

A nanometer is this unit of measure: a. 100th of a meter b. 1000th of a meter c. 1,000,000th of a meter d. 1,000,000,000th of a meter

d. 1,000,000,000th of a meter

The speed of light is: a. 186,000 miles per hour b. 186,000 meters per sec c. 186,000 meters per min d. 186,000 miles per sec

d. 186,000 miles per sec

Loops make up approximately what percent of all fingerprint patterns? a. 30% b. 5% c. 80% d. 65%

d. 65%

When photographing standard tire tracks, what segment length will typically represent one full rotation of the tire? a. 6 feet b. 6.5 feet c. 7 feet d. 7.5 feet

d. 7.5 feet

The benefits of short tandem repeat (STR) technology are: a. The need for only small amounts of genetic material b. The resulting statistics c. The length of time required to perform the test d. A & B

d. A & B

Which of the following is a defect in an image produced by a lens that reduces the resolution of the image? a. Diffraction b. Distraction c. Distortion d. Aberration

d. Aberration

Any good crime scene processing methodology will demand which of the following? a. Knowledge/flexibility b. Skills and tools c. A methodological approach/coordinated effort d. All of the above e. A & C only

d. All of the above

Documentation consists of the following elements: a. Notes/Sketches b. Photographs/Video c. Reports d. All of the above e. A & B only

d. All of the above

Entry and exit points are defined by ease of access and which of the following: a. The avenue of approach and departure by the perpetrator(s) b. Scene exposure concerns c. Availability d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Evidence collection entails: a. Cataloging the interrelationships of where items are in the scene b. Noting the physical layout of the scene c. Documenting observations of things that cannot be physically collected d. All of the above e. A & B only

d. All of the above

Fingerprints at a crime scene can be categorized as: a. Latent b. Patent c. Plastic d. All of the above

d. All of the above

IR can be used to visualize which of the following types of evidence? a. Ink differentiation b. Visualizing gunshot residue c. Visualizing writing on burned documents d. All of the above

d. All of the above

In order to produce quality crime scene photographs, the technician must: a. Have physical control of the camera b. Be able to control the lighting c. Understand how to control the focus and depth of field d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Initially, the investigator must make note of: a. Who called b. What was reported c. How the caller became aware of the information d. All of the above e. A & B only

d. All of the above

Postmortem interval indicators include which of the following? a. Rigor mortis b. Livor mortis c. Insect activity d. All of the above e. A & B only

d. All of the above

Potential safety issues to responders are: a. Suspects remaining on scene b. Natural hazards c. Man-made hazards d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Problems associated with a landfill recovery include: a. Post mortem wounds b. Heat generation c. Necessary resources d. All of the above e. A & C only

d. All of the above

Recovered casings may have what kind of marks available for comparison: a. Firing pin b. Breech face c. Extractor d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The best means of optimizing crime scene photography is: a. Fill the frame b. Maximize depth of field c. Keep the film plane parallel d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The difference between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is: a. The number of base pairs b. Its structure c. It is inherited from only the mother d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The following allows for a more effective assessment of the scene boundary by the crime scene team: a. Training and experience b. Scene stability c. Available lighting d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The following are variables affecting the time it takes to develop a print with cyanoacrylate fuming: a. Temperature b. Humidity c. Amount of glue used d. All of the above e. B & C only

d. All of the above

The following can provide clues regarding the nature of the fuel source burning: a. Nature of the soot b. Color of the smoke c. Color of the flame d. All of the above e. A & C only

d. All of the above

The following needs to be considered when establishing the primary crime scene: a. Primary focal points b. Natural entry and exit points c. Secondary scenes d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The following should be pre-event considerations for mass crime scenes: a. Available specialty skills b. Available resources c. Potential staging areas d. All of the above e. B & C only

d. All of the above

Through relational details, the investigator is able to establish a correlation between various objects. Examples of these types of details are: a. The presence of a void pattern on a wall surrounded by spatter b. A clustering of shell casings on the ground c. The presence of a weapon in close proximity to the victim d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What camera variables directly affect the depth of field range? a. F/stop selection b. Lens selection c. Distance from camera to subject d. All of the above e. A & B only

d. All of the above

Which if the following are options to magnify small objects to fill the frame of the photograph? a. Macro lens b. Close up filters c. An extension tube d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following are common uses of a UV filter? a. Lens protection b. To keep the sky in an image from being overexposed c. Recording images with an ALS d. All of the above e. A & B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following are the suggested types of close up photographs? a. In situ b. With a labeled scale in the same plane c. An altered close up d. All of the above e. A & B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a means of bracketing in the manual flash exposure mode? a. Adjust the f/stop b. Alter the intensity of the flash output c. Move closer to the subject d. All of the above e. A & B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a variable affecting the painting with light technique? a. Tripod b. Camera c. Flash d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following provides tire class characteristics? a. Tread design b. Noise treatment c. Tread-wear bars d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The following blood enhancer reacts with and stains proteins present in the blood: a. Luminol b. Fluorescein c. Leuco-malachite green d. Amido Black

d. Amido Black

"Fast" and "slow" when used in terms of lenses refers to the lens speed. a. True b. False

False

A 50 mm lens will most accurately depict the subject when taking a full-face photograph. a. True b. False

False

A checklist is useful when processing a scene and should always be followed step by step. a. True b. False

False

A clinical pathologist determines the cause and manner of death. a. True b. False

False

A fast shutter speed setting is the only option when trying to freeze motion in an image. a. True b. False

False

A functional detail is one that may manifest itself in the operating condition of items in the scene. An example of this is whether the door was locked at the time of a break in. a. True b. False

False

A natural perspective should be maintained for close up photographs. a. True b. False

False

A photo log only identifies the basic information of what, when, and who produced the photos. a. True b. False

False

A polarizing filter can be used when it is necessary to eliminate the reflection of the sun from a surface. a. True b. False

False

A positive phenolphthalein test is conclusive evidence for the presence of blood. a. True b. False

False

A search should not be held over until daylight hours since evidence needs to be collected as soon as possible. a. True b. False

False

A second perimeter is made so that there is an area into which police officers and other persons on scene can move into freely. a. True b. False

False

A single barrier around the scene perimeter is adequate for long term scene integrity. a. True b. False

False

A single casing found at the scene can define the position of a weapon when it was fired. a. True b. False

False

A smaller f-stop results in a larger depth of field. a. True b. False

False

A tracing can be identified to a specific writer. a. True b. False

False

Additional dust falling onto a dust print over time eliminates the possibility of its recovery. a. True b. False

False

Airborne dried blood particles produced when scraping samples are not of concern since they will not make direct contact with open skin. a. True b. False

False

All close up photography must be completed before clearing the scene. a. True b. False

False

All photographs taken at the crime scene will be admissible in order to illustrate every aspect of same. a. True b. False

False

An exposure stop will either quarter or quadruple the overall lighting from the original exposure. a. True b. False

False

An important distinction between the atomic absorption analysis (AAA) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) when examining gunshot residue is that AAA is able to detect singular particles that contain barium, antimony, and lead. a. True b. False

False

Any projectiles and casings collected from the crime scene need to be marked on directly for identification. a. True b. False

False

At extreme close up range, bounce flash is an effective method of eliminating over exposure issues. a. True b. False

False

Because liquid blood is dark in color, it will not reflect more light than a "normal" scene. a. True b. False

False

Because shot pellets have individual characteristics they need to be placed in separate containers. a. True b. False

False

Decontamination can be achieved with this ratio of bleach to water: a. 1:10 b. 10:1 c. 1:3 d. 5:1

a. 1:10

Crime scene reconstruction uses what order of steps to its methodology? a. Establish event segments, Establish events, Define segments, Sequence segments b. Define event segments, Establish events, Establish event segments, Sequence segments c. Establish events, Establish event segments, Define segments, Sequence segments d. Define event segments, Establish segments, Sequence segments, Establish events

c. Establish events, Establish event segments, Define segments, Sequence segments

Small Particle Reagent can be used to process wet surfaces for prints. It reacts with what component of the residue? a. Amino acids b. Salts c. Fats d. Magnesium

c. Fats

If it appears impossible to eliminate your shadow from the field of view, the best alternative is to: a. Use fill flash b. Adjust the aperture c. Fill the entire area with shadow d. Take the photo at a later time when the sun is in a better position

c. Fill the entire area with shadow

The distance in millimeters between the optical center of a lens and the sensor when the camera is focused on infinity is: a. Depth of field b. Working distance c. Focal length d. None of the above

c. Focal length

Mechanical fit is another term for: a. The appropriate person for the job b. The appropriate tools to do the job c. Fracture match d. Fitting a weapon into a wound

c. Fracture match

The search method for which an area is divided into two sets of lanes that run at 90 degree angles to each other is called: a. Line b. Strip c. Grid d. Zone

c. Grid

This virus can survive in dried blood at room temperature for up to a week. a. HIV b. Hep A c. Hep B d. Hep C

c. Hep B

ISO stands for: a. International Society for Optics b. International Standards Organization c. International Organization for Standardization d. Imaging Standards Office

c. International Organization for Standardization

Justice is defined by society in the form of: a. Judges b. Juries c. Judges and juries d. The police e. The victim

c. Judges and juries

1When collecting entomological evidence, the easiest specimen to locate and collect are: a. Flies b. Beetles c. Larvae d. Ants

c. Larvae

Which flash mode is recommended when using fill-in flash? a. Automatic b. Designated flash c. Manual d. Any of the above

c. Manual

In order to verify a defect as being from a bullet, the sodium rhodizonate test can be used to test for the presence of what component: a. Barium b. Antimony c. Metallic lead d. Copper

c. Metallic lead

This area of the electromagnetic spectrum, in conjunction with a yellow barrier filter, can be useful for visualizing bite marks and bruises on human skin. a. Shortwave UV (180-254 nm) b. Longwave UV (365-415 nm) c. Near UV and Violet (415-485 nm) d. Orange-Red (570-700 nm)

c. Near UV and Violet (415-485 nm)

Total stations and polar coordinates suffer the same problem of: a. Needing daylight to operate b. Needing to designate true north c. Needing a clear line of sight to the evidence d. The limitation of having only one datum point

c. Needing a clear line of sight to the evidence

Which of the following is considered the investigator's best evidence? a. Photographs b. Sketches c. Notes d. Reports

c. Notes

An example of a predictable effect is: a. Moving an item of evidence from one location to another b. Odors c. Onset of rigor mortis d. The presence of ice in a glass

c. Onset of rigor mortis

A significant group to consider in reference to entry when controlling the scene is: a. EMS b. Media c. Other police officers d. Family members of the victim

c. Other police officers

The three components necessary to have a fire are fuel, heat, and: a. An ignition source b. Flammable material c. Oxygen d. Carbon dioxide

c. Oxygen

Which of the following is a technique to be used when a single flash would be inadequate for the size of a large, dimly lit scene? a. Bounce flash b. Reflectivity c. Painting with light d. Flash multiplier

c. Painting with light

This mapping method is an effective technique for mapping exterior scenes in which the evidence is significantly scattered over a relatively open area. a. Rectangular coordinates b. Triangulation c. Polar coordinates d. Baseline coordinates

c. Polar coordinates

The following is NOT a source of nuclear DNA: a. White blood cells b. Skin cells c. Red blood cells d. Muscle cells

c. Red blood cells

How initial responding officers, crime scene technicians, investigators, and lab personnel interact is dictated by: a. The police chief b. Personalities c. SOPs d. Jurisdiction

c. SOPs

The basis of all crime scene reconstruction is: a. Evidence b. Analysis c. Scientific method d. Documentation

c. Scientific method

The evaluation of multiple bullet defects in glass and where their radial fractures meet is used with: a. Type determination b. Direction of force determination c. Sequence of force determination d. Fracture matching

c. Sequence of force determination

This refers to an image being in focus: a. Resolution b. Acutance c. Sharpness d. None of the above

c. Sharpness

The best processing method for a wet, non-porous smooth surface is: a. DFO b. Ninhydrin c. Small Particle Reagent d. Physical Developer

c. Small Particle Reagent

The acid phosphatase test and microscopic evaluations are used when testing for the presence of: a. Blood b. Vaginal secretions c. Sperm d. Urine

c. Sperm

This search method is effective for and widely employed in interior scenes. a. Strip b. Line c. Spiral d. Grid

c. Spiral

The rule of thirds is a guideline that states: a. The depth of field extends 1/3 in front of the point of exact focus and 2/3 behind b. The depth of field extends 2/3 in front of the point of exact focus and 1/3 behind c. The depth of field extends 1/3 in front of the point of exact focus, 1/3 through the point of exact focus, and 1/3 behind d. Any of the above can be true depending on the camera settings

d. Any of the above can be true depending on the camera settings

Cartridge casing : bullet :: shotgun shell : a. Slug b. Pellets c. Neither a or b d. Both a & b

d. Both a & b

A single and complete unfired unit of ammunition is called a: a. Bullet b. Projectile c. Casing d. Cartridge

d. Cartridge

Which is the best sequence of processing techniques for an examination of dry paper: a. Ninhydrin, DFO, Silver Nitrate b. DFO, Silver Nitrate, Physical Developer c. Ninhydrin, DFO, Physical Developer d. DFO, Ninhydrin, Silver Nitrate

d. DFO, Ninhydrin, Silver Nitrate

The conversion of absorbed light into a longer wavelength with lower intensity and different color is normally understood as: a. Reflection b. Absorption c. Transmission d. Fluorescence

d. Fluorescence

When light is converted from one wavelength to another the following phenomenon occurs: a. Reflection b. Delineation c. Absorption d. Luminescence

d. Luminescence

The trace examiner uses all of the following EXCEPT when analyzing paint samples: a. Infrared spectrometry b. Gas chromatography c. Scanning electron microscopes d. None of the above

d. None of the above

The critical component of any final crime scene report is (are): a. Observations b. Results of processing techniques c. Conclusions of analysis d. Objectivity

d. Objectivity

A nanometer is: a. One thousandth of a meter b. One millionth of a meter c. One 10 millionth of a meter d. One billionth of a meter

d. One billionth of a meter

What type of chemical reaction occurs in the presence of hemoglobin components when presumptively testing for the presence of blood? a. Decomposition b. Synthesis c. Acid-base d. Oxidation-reduction

d. Oxidation-reduction

The initial responding officer should attempt to conduct responsibilities in the following order: a. Lifesaving, safety, scene control b. Scene control, lifesaving, safety c. Safety, scene control, lifesaving d. Safety, lifesaving, scene control

d. Safety, lifesaving, scene control

This type of pattern involves a number of small individual stains that radiate out from a central location. a. Drip b. Passive c. Pooled blood d. Spatter

d. Spatter

The basic archaeological concept that is applied to gravesite excavation is called: a. Leveling b. Layering c. Bracketing d. Stratification

d. Stratification

A tool mark caused when the cutting edge of a tool is brought in contact with and slid against a target surface is called: a. Compression marks b. Saw marks c. Drill marks d. Striation marks

d. Striation marks

Some digital cameras will have a focal length multiplier because: a. The lens is too short to properly capture the image b. The environment is too dark c. It will prevent camera shake when being hand held d. The digital sensor is smaller than the film negative equivalent

d. The digital sensor is smaller than the film negative equivalent

The downfall of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is: a. The length of time to perform the test b. The resulting statistics c. The expense of the required equipment d. The need for a large amount of un-degraded genetic material

d. The need for a large amount of un-degraded genetic material

Provision of services refers to: a. Controlling general behavior patterns b. Active investigation and the identification of those responsible for the crime c. Efforts to keep crime from occurring d. The scope of services provided by police

d. The scope of services provided by police

If a substrate transmits IR light, what effect does it have? a. The substance will darken b. The substance will lighten c. The substance will fluoresce d. The substance will seemingly disappear revealing whatever is beneath it

d. The substance will seemingly disappear revealing whatever is beneath it

The forensic linkage triangle illustrates that items of evidence are used to establish links between: a. The victim and suspect only b. The suspect and the scene only c. The victim and the scene only d. The victim, the suspect, and the scene

d. The victim, the suspect, and the scene

This theory states that for every photo opportunity there are multiple exposure combinations from which to choose. a. Theory of Multiplicity b. Theory of Alternate Exposures c. Coupling Theory d. Theory of Reciprocity

d. Theory of Reciprocity

The type of sketch that offers the ability to present crime scene information in a more realistic perspective. a. Cross projection b. Elevation c. Bird's eye view d. Three dimensional

d. Three dimensional

Total station systems found their first foothold in forensics during this type of investigation: a. Missing persons b. Homicide c. Home invasion d. Traffic

d. Traffic

Auto focus is best used when: a. The photographer is inexperienced b. The option is available c. During day time photography d. When there is only one main subject in the field of view

d. When there is only one main subject in the field of view

Given a 50 mm lens and a 2.27 mm diameter diaphragm, the f-stop will be: a. f/4 b. f/8 c. f/15 d. f/22

d. f/22

A method for processing bloody prints on scene is: a. Amido black b. Leuco-crystal violet c. Luminol d. All of the above e. A & B only

e. A & B only

The most suitable applications of reflected ultraviolet photography include which of the following? a. Ink differentiation b. Invisible deep muscle bruising c. Night time photography d. All of the above e. A & B only

e. A & B only

Class characteristics best serve the forensic professional by: a. Placing an item within a group b. Linking a specific individual to the crime c. Eliminating possibilities d. All of the above e. A & C only

e. A & C only

In addition to painting with light, which of the following is an alternative to photographing a large, dimly lit scene? a. Timed exposures b. Setting the camera to shutter priority c. Setting the camera to aperture priority d. All of the above e. A & C only

e. A & C only

Technique(s) for handling supervisors when attempting to restrict access to the scene include: a. Enforce the use of personal protective equipment b. Coffee c. Create a route/observation area for authorized persons d. All of the above e. A & C only

e. A & C only

The express purpose of processing a scene is to: a. Recover physical evidence b. Arrest a suspect c. Document the scene as found d. All of the above e. A & C only

e. A & C only

The primary biohazard exposures associated with crime scene work are: a. HIV b. AIDS c. Hepatitis d. All of the above e. A & C only

e. A & C only

Which of the following are ways of reducing the flash output? a. Place a finger in front of the flash b. Use multiple layers of handkerchiefs c. Bounce the flash from another surface d. All of the above e. A & C only

e. A & C only

In order to be fair, justice considers the needs of these entities: a. The victim b. The accused c. Society d. None of the above e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Manner of death can be categorized as: a. Homicide b. Suicide c. Undetermined d. A & B only e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following are variables that directly affect exposure: a. Shutter speed b. Aperture c. ISO settings d. Lighting e. All of the above f. A, B, & C only

e. All of the above

In order to capture correct color in a photograph with a film camera, which of the following can be used? a. Morning sunlight b. Midday sunlight c. Electronic flash d. All of the above e. B & C only

e. B & C only

It is necessary to combine mapping methods in instances such as: a. Indoor homicide scenes b. Exterior scenes c. Gravesites d. All of the above e. B & C only

e. B & C only

The primary factors in deciding how much effort to direct at a scene are: a. Whether a suspect is in custody at the time of processing b. The severity of the crime c. The importance of the evidence interrelationships d. All of the above e. B & C only

e. B & C only

Which of the following can be metered in order to determine "proper" exposures in a "non-normal" scene? a. An area of green grass b. Newly laid asphalt c. Gray card d. All of the above e. None of the above f. A & C only

f. A & C only

100 ISO black and white film has higher resolution than digital cameras. a. True b. False

true

The detection of gunshot residue or the lack of gunshot residue has little to no probative value. a. True b. False

true