Databases Midterm CH1

Data Warehouses that store large amounts of information about business transactions allow companies to use _____ to exploit the information they contain.

Data Mining

The *Entity-Relationship Model* was proposed by _____.

Peter Chen

What is an *Integrity Constraint*?

used to ensure accuracy and consistency of data in a relational database.

What was Unified Modeling Language (UML) used for?

used to express the concepts and plan the design of object-oriented databases. Was first developed as a modeling language for software engineering

What are *Casual Users*?

users who are trained in the use of the interactive query language and who access data by entering queries directly.

What are *Naive Users*?

users who do not use the interactive query language, but access data through applications written for them.

What are *Secondary Users*?

users who use the information in the database, without interacting directly with it, by receiving output that they use in their work.

What are *Application Programmers*?

users who write application programs to interact with the database.

UML was originally created as a tool for database modeling? True or False?

False

What is an *Enterprise*?

a business or organization in which a database belongs to.

What three functions can you perform with a database that you cannot perform with a spreadsheet?

- Data quality checks - Integration of Data - Combine Tables

Give four examples of database systems other than those listed in Section 1.1

- Payroll - Amazon Account Information - IMDB - MyCSUStan

What are all of the advantages of a Database System?

- Sharing of Data - Control of Redundancy - Data Consistency - Improved Data Standards - Better Data Security - Improved Data Integrity - Balancing of Conflicting Requirements - Faster Development of New Applications - Better Data Accessibility - Economy of Scale - More Control over Concurrency - Better Backup and Recovery Procedures

What are all of the responsibilities of the Database Administrator?

- designing the database - creating the structure of the database - maintaining the database

What are all of the tasks performed by the DBMS?

- sets up the storage structures - loads the data - accepts the data requests (queries) from the programs and users - formats retrieved data so that it appears in the form the program or users expects - hides data that a particular user should not have access to - accepts and performs updates - allows concurrent use of the data without having users interfere with each other - perform backup and recovery procedures

Where are Databases used?

Databases are used in hundreds of thousands of organisations, ranging from large government agencies to small businesses.

The most important development in the database field during the past decade is the development of relational databases, True or False?

False

Are *Rows* Vertical or Horizontal?

Horizontal

In a database system, a question such as "Find the names of all students who take class ENG210" is called a _____.?

Query

In the sample database which includes the following tables: Student, Faculty, Class, and Enroll, the Enroll table represents the relationship between the Student and Class, True or False?

True

Are* Columns* Vertical or Horizontal?

Vertical

How can we maximize the potential benefits of databases?

We can maximise the potential benefits of databases by studying the theory, design, and management of databases.

What is an *Integrated Database*?

a collection of related data that can be used simultaneously by many departments and users in an enterprise.

What is *Data Redundancy*?

a condition created within a database or data storage technology in which the same piece of data is held in two separate places.

What is the *Semi-structured data model*?

a data model used for describing the format of data residing in differently structured or relatively unstructured data stored; contains a collection of nodes, each containing data, possibly with different schemas.

What is the difference between a Database and a Database Management System?

a database is the collection of related files, while a database management system is software that is used to access the file within a database.

What is a *Semantic Model*?

a database model that attempts to capture the meaning of the data it represents.

What is the *Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)*?

a distributed file system that runs on standard or low-end hardware.

What is a *Distributed File System (DFS)*?

a file system that is capable of representing data sets that are too large to fit within the storage capacity of a single machine by distributing data across a network of machines.

What is the *Internet*?

a large network composed of smaller networks; developed from the Arpanet.

What is a *Entity-Relationship Model*?

a model that facilitates database design by allowing the designer to express the conceptual properties of the database in an enterprise scheme.

What is a *Database*?

a named collection of related files.

What is a *Database Administrator*?

a person who is responsible for creating and maintaining a database to satisfy the needs of users.

What is *Data Mining*?

a process of analyzing data statistically in order to discover new information from large data sets.

What is *System R*?

a prototype relational database management system developed by IBM researchers during the late 1970s.

What is an *Object*?

a representation of some person, place, event, or concept in the real world that we wish to represent in the database. Whereas entities have only attributes, objects have both a state and a behavior.

What is a *Query*?

a request for data or information form a database table or combination of tables.

What is a *Database Management System* or *DBMS*?

a software program that controls all access to the database.

What is *Big Data*?

a term that refers to the capturing, organizing, and analyzing of massive amounts of data generated by a wide variety of sources. Not only the data, also the methods used to obtain the data.

What is *Batch Processing*?

a type of processing where a set of records is submitted as a unit to a program that then operates on them without further human intervention

What is a *Resource*?

any asset that is of value to an organization and that incurs costs.

What is *Metadata*?

data about the data in the database.

What were used before Integrated Databases?

file processing systems

What is a *Rack*?

in HDFS, a collection of about 30-40 nodes on the same network switch.

What is a *Node*?

in HDFS, a single computer.

In what format is data stored in a typical database?

in a typical database, data is stored in a format that makes it easier to access, either for individual queries of large reports.

Since database items are stored in compatible formats, and logical connections among them are also stored, we describe database data as _____.

integrated

What is an application besides payroll that might use Sequential Batch Processing?

often used to perform various operations with digital images such as: resize, convert, watermark, or otherwise edit image files.

What are *End Users*?

people who use data to perform their jobs.

Give an example of an End User and describe a typical task that a user can perform on a database.

someone who works at a law firm, trying to access the account of a client who requests to view their current balance.

What is *Data Consistency*?

states that data cannot be written that would violate the database's own rules for valid data. (ex: If a certain transaction occurs that attempts to introduce inconsistent data, the entire transaction is rolled back and an error is returned to the user.)

What is *Concurrent Use*?

the ability of a database to allow multiple users to access the same data at once without interfering with one another.

What is *Data*?

the bare facts recorded in the database, with no meaning attached to them.

What is *Data Integrity*?

the correctness and internal consistency of the data in the database.

What is *Oracle*?

the first commercially available relational DBMS.

What is *IMS*?

the oldest hierarchical database management system, developed by IBM to organize and store information needed by the space program for the Apollo moon landing project.