Day 1 Geol Board Exam (by Geol. Franz)
Fuller's earth
"Bleaching clays" are
Anticlines
"Saddle reef deposits" are found within the crests of a.Anticlines b.Anticlinorium c.Synclines d.none of the above
Philippine mobile belt
"The actively deforming region in the Philippines"
Parting
- ability of a mineral to break along planes of structural weakness
trellis
. An area underlain by folded sedimentary units composed of alternating resistant and non-resistant rocks will develop this type of drainage pattern: a. radial b. dendritic c. rectangular d. trellis e. none of the above
1/5 g
1 carat is equivalent to
Io
1. Moon of Jupiter with very active volcanism:
perlite
1. Volcanic glass with <10%? a.perlite b.tektite c.obsidian D. pitchstone
silty loam
9% clay, 53% silt, and 38% sand.
Glacial drift
: an all embracing term for sediments of glacial origin, no matter how, where, or in what form they were deposited.
Anthracite
A rank of coal with heating value of nearly 15,000 btu/lb: a) Lignite b) Sub-bituminous c) Bituminous d) Anthracite
Erosion
A rise in base level for a stream will produce: A) Erosion; B) Deposition; C) No change; D) A graded stream
porosity
A rock which has high percentage of pore space has high_____ a. permeability b. porosity c. capillarity d. moisture content e. density
phyllite
A rock with a schistosity in which very fine phyllosilicates, although rarely coarse enough to see unaided, impart a silky sheen to the foliation surface
loess
A type of wind-blown soil that is common on the Palouse is:
continental drift
Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist and geophysicist, in his book "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" published in 1915, suggested a hypothesis which challenge the long-held assumption that the continents and oceans have a fixed geographic position.
facies
Aspect; appearance and the characteristic of a rock unit usually reflecting the conditions of its origin. a.wall rock alteration b.paragenetic origin c.stability field d.facies
turbidity currents
Asymmetrical ripple marks are generally products of: a. wave action b. current activity c. turbidity currents d. sand migration e. none of the above
Batangas (Locality of Lobo, also found in Mindoro)
Barite is used as a filler and adulterant in glass and in oil-well drilling industries. Where can we find barite in the Philippines?
Cenozoic
Based on the fossil record, man begun to exist during the
sphalerite
Blackjack is a variety of what mineral?
Indonesia
Bre-x scandal happened in ·
Caledonian Orogeny
Collisional tectonic event that closed the ocean between Laurentia and Baltica, forming the larger continent, Laurasia. This is also the first major orogeny to occur.
volcanic
Commercial bentonite is an alteration product of which kind of rock?
2.15%
Earth's glacier and polar ice percentage
better sorted
Eolian deposits are _____________compared to alluvial deposit a. less sorted b. better sorted c. no conclusion can be drawn
brittle
Faults are the result of _____________ behavior a. elastic b. plastic c. brittle d. abnormal
Falling Stage Systems Tract
Formation of incised valleys occur during:
plucking and abrasion
Glaciers erode land primarily in two ways
permafrost
Ground that is permanently frozen
0.62%
Groundwater represents how many percent of the Earth's water?
2
How many stages of accretion did the Earth exhibit, according to the geochemists? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
Europa
Moon with water
Pliocene, miocene
Neogene is composed of:
0.03 mm
Petrographic analysis using the polarizing microscope is made possible using special mineral mounts, the most popular of which is the thin section. It is flat rock slice about 4 square centimeters in areas and _______ mm thick:
2:5
Phyllosilicates are composed of continuous sheets of tetrahedral, each sharing three oxygens. What is the Si:O ratio for phyllosilicates?
triclinic
Plagioclase crystallizes in what crystal system?
lapilli-stone
Pyroclastic rocks containing mostly 2-64 mm size constituents are called:
trachytic
Subparallelarrangments of microcrystalline lath-shaped feldspars in groundmass
true
T or F: Horse fault does not exhibit tensional force
metamorphism
Takes place where preexisting rock is subjected to temperatures and pressures unlike those in which it formed
5.5
The approximate density of the earth is
floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends.
Tidal flats
The areas affected by the alternating tidal currents
4 minutes with Earth achieving sidereal day first
The deviation between the solar day and a sidereal day, on the average is around a. They don't deviate generally b. 4 minutes with Earth achieving solar day first c. 4 minutes with Earth achieving sidereal day first d. 3 minutes with Earth achieving solar day first e. 3 minutes with Earth achieving sidereal day first
410 to 660 km
The earth's transition zone is found at what depth?
obsidian
Volcanic galss with <1% water? a.perlite b.tektite C.obsidian d. pitchstone
didicas
Which among the following is considered as an active volcano according to PHIVOLCS? * Parang San Cristobal Mariveles Didicas
Central Mindanao Arc
Which among the following is not a major volcanic belt in the Philippines? Luzon Volcanic Arc Central Mindanao Arc Sulu-Zamboanga Arc Negros-Panay Arc
iceland
Which of the following gets magma supply from a spreading mid-ocean ridge? a. Hawaii b. Indonesia c. Philippines d. Iceland
The continental lithosphere tends to have smaller thermal gradients compared to oceanic lithosphere.
Which of the following is true about anatexis? a. Assuming all other factors are constant, the higher the pressure, the lower the melting temperature. b. Water vapor tends to strengthen Si-O bonding, making melting much easier. c. The continental lithosphere tends to have smaller thermal gradients compared to oceanic lithosphere. d. Heavy rare earth elements prefer to be incorporated into melts more than light rare earth elements
Rock composition
Which of the following the angle of repose does not depend? A) Water content; B) Rock size; C) Rock shape; D) Rock composition
It is rich is phosphorous used by plants for nitrogen fixation
Why guano used as fertilizers
Granite
a term used for plutonic rocks containing 20-60% quartz and 35-90% alkali to plag felds
yazoo tributary
a tributary that flows parallel to the main stream because a natural levee is present
soil texture
a very basic soil property because it strongly influences the soil's ability to retain and transmit water and air, both of which are essential to plant growth
slate
a very fine grained foliated rock composed of minute mica flakes that are too small to be visible. This rock is generally generated by the low grade matamorphism of shale
mature
a well developed soil profile indicates that environmental conditions have been relatively stable over an extended time span and that the soil is ____________
Barchan dunes
crescent shaped sand dunes with their tips pointing downwind
CAPILLARY and FILIFORM
crystal habit in minerals in distinct crystal as like hairlike or threadlike crystals
isometric
crystal system where the three crystallographic axes are all equal in length and intersect at right angles (90 degrees) to each other
gullies
deep ditches formed after heavy rainfall
point bar
deposit of sediment build up by a river on the inside bend of a meander
stable platform or craton
extensive flat, stable regions of the continents in which complex crystalline rocks are exposed or buried beneath a relatively thin sedimentary cover
cretaceous
first appearance of angiosperms
bedding planes
flat surfaces along which rocks tend to separate or break
Gneissic
foliation texture when minerals separate into distinct light and dark layers or lenses.
pluvial lake
is a body of water that accumulated in a basin because of a greater moisture availability resulting from changes in temperature and/or precipitation.
Hjulstrom diagram
it presents the velocity of water carrying sediments of specific sizes
extinction
mineralogy: "where light dims"
chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite
ore mineral of copper
grid sampling
samplig method wherein, samples are collected in a regular interval in all directions
spinifex
texture that consists of needle-like, acicular olivine, pyroxene (augite and/or pigeonite) and chromite phenocrysts in a glassy groundmass.
Rapakivi
texture that refers to sodium plagioclase overgrowths on pre-existing orthoclase crystals.
iron
the Precambrian rock record indicates that much of Earth's first free oxygen combined with ____________ dissolved in water. a. potassium b. silicon c. iron d. carbon e. none of the above
cretaceous
the age of flowering plants (angiosperms)
fault
traversing in a river, you found an outcrop, the outcrop oriented horizontally, upon drilling vertically your core samples show the same sequence of lithology in an outcrop, with the same orientation however there was a contact oriented at 30degrees dip change in lithology showing a metamorphic rock on the bottom end of the core sample, your on a?
Milk quartz
variety of quartz that is White, translucent to opaque, may display diasterism
abyssal floor
vast areas of broad, relatively smooth, deep ocean basins on both sides of the ridge, lies at depths of about 4000m
index mineral
· A mineral that characterizes the given intensity of metamorphism. a) metamorphic mineral b) index mineral c) pressure mineral d) quartz e) induced mineral
Isthmus
· A narrow strip of land with sea on either side, forming a link between two larger areas of land. ·
Normal fault
· A type of fault based on anderson's classification where the footwall moves up relative to the hanging wall. ·
Normal fault
· A type of fault where the maximum stress is at y-axis and the minimum stress is at x-axis ·
90 deg W
· If it is 2:00 pm in Greenwich, in what longitude are you if its 8:00 am on your clock? ·
Subsidence
· It is the motion of a surface as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea level ·
Mountain belts
· It is the product of continental-continental convergence. ·
Agnatha
· Jawless fishes ·
Holocene
· The age of human. [a. neogene b. Miocene c. Holocene d. pleistocene] ·
3.8Ga
· The age of the oldest continental crust ·
Early jurassic
· The age of the pacific plate is ·
Magnetic declination
· The angle between magnetic north and true north. ·
Coast
· The area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. ·
Amazon river
· The largest river in terms of discharge ·
10k years ago
· The last glaciation ended how many years ago
Wadati-Benioff zone
· The trace of earthquake foci that delineates the trace of a subducting crust towards the mantle is called: (a) seismic zone (b) island arc (c) trench (d) hotspot (e) Wadati-Benioff zone.
Caspian sea
· This is considered to be the largest lake in the world. ·
Beach
· This is the area of sand accumulation in shoreline environment ·
HCl and HNO3
· What composes Aqua regia? A. HCl and HNO3 b. Hcl and HF c. HF and HSO4 D. H2S and HCl
Cu Mn, and Ni
· What composes a manganin?
Iron and carbon
· What composes steel? a. Iron and nickel b. Iron and Chromite c. Chromite and nickel D. Iron and carbon
Seawater
· Which is denser, seawater or freshwater? ·
af: to land delta: to water
· difference ng alluvial fan sa delta?
6-fold
· type of symmetry kapag may 60 degrees of rotation? a. a. 2-fold b. 4 fold C. 6-fold d. 3-fold
Linear excavation in which one dimension is greater than other
'Trenching' involves a) Linear excavation b) Linear excavation in which one dimension is greater than other c) Drilling wedge-shaped bore holes d) Digging even-sized pits
Horizon E
(soil profile) Considered as the zone of eluviation and zone of leaching.
B horizon
(soil profile) considered as the zone of accumulation
M-type granite
- Associated with Cu & Au mineralizations - Developed in Island-arc settings - Derived from mantle-derived parental magmas as indicated in low Sr87/Sr86 ratios (<0.704)
Hexagonal
- Four axes. Three of the axes fall in the same plane and intersect at the axial cross at 120˚ between the positive ends. These three axes, labeled a1, a2, and a3 are of the same length. The fourth axis, termed c, may be longer or shorter than the axes set The c axis also passes through the intersection of the axes set at right angle to the plane formed by the a se
sediment transport zone
- Mid-sections of catchments, watersheds, or basins - Streams have slightly lower slopes, valley width is slightly greater than at headwaters, but very efficient in transporting sediment
Orthorhombic
- Three axes, all at right angles, and all three of different lengths.
Tetragonal
- Three axes, all at right angles, two of which are equal in length (a and b) and one (c) which is different in length
Monoclinic
- Three axes, all unequal in length, two of which (a and c) intersect at an oblique angle (not 90°), the third axis (b) is perpendicular to the other two axes.
End moraine
- a ridge of till that forms at the terminus of a glacier and is characteristic of ice sheets and valley glaciers
AMYGDALOIDAL
- a term used to describe a vesicle in a volcanic rock that is filled with secondary minerals
Phosphorescence
- a type of fluorescence that persists even after the "energy" or radiation source is removed
Luminescence
- ambient emission of light by a mineral due to the prscence of activators (impurities)
Adakites
- are derived from the slab melting of eclogite and/or garnet from the descending ocean lithosphere.
Cirque
- bowl shaped depressions that are zones of accumulation of snow and ice formation
Sectile
- can be cut into thin shavings with a knife
Ductile
- can be drawn into wire
Rhyolites
- collective term for silicic volcanic rocks consisting of phenocrysts of quartz and alkali feldspar, often with minor plagioclase and biotite, in a microcrystalline or glassy groundmass and having the chemical composition of granite.
MASSIVE
- compact material without form or distinguishing features.
Asterism
- diffraction of light from regularly arranged inclusions, usually in tetragonal crystals
Parabolic dunes
- dunes that form where vegetation partially covers the sand.
5,700 years
- half life of carbon 14
13 hours
- half life of iodine 123
Irridescence
- includes labradorescence; is usually due to the refraction and/or reflection of light rays along cleavage, fractures, twin planes, exsolution lamellae, etc. e.g. Labradorite
CONCRETIONS
- masses formed by deposition of materials about a nucleus.
CONCENTRIC
- more or less spherical layers superimposed upon onme another about a common center.
All of these
.In Process Geomorphology, which of the following describe equilibrium? A) Balance between driving and resisting forces; B) Landform exists in an unchanging condition; C) Landform remains; D) All of these
Hawaii-Emperor Seamounts
.One of these is not a plate boundary a.Pacific Rise b.Marianas trench c.San Andreas Fault d.Hawaii-Emperor Seamounts e.Himalayan Mts.
Bedrock resists weathering
.Which factor will not result to landform development? A) Folding, faulting and volcanism; B) Exogenic geomorphic processes; C) Bedrock resists weathering; D) Tensional stress
fluvial
.Which sedimentary environment will you classify alluvial fans? a.fluvial b.lacustrian c.transitional d.Aeolian
1/24
1 karat is equivalent to
Alluvium
Sediment deposited by streams a.Alluvium b.Agglomerate c.Sandstone d.Conglomerates
necks
Ship Rock in New Mexico and Devil's Tower in Wyoming are actually a. Plug domes b. Necks c. Diatremes d. Stocks
eastern panay-sibala formation
Sibala Formation, a sequence of basaltic to andesitic lava flows with interbeds of coarse pyroclastic rocks and fine tuff and sandstone, is the basement rock in which locality?
Luzon Trough
Sierra Madre is the result of the subduction of the?
A, B, C
Signs that a tsunami is imminent a. Abrupt recession of waters b. Frothy features observed in the shore c. Loud roaring noise d. A and C e. A, B, and C
All of the above
Silt is a concern for hydroelectric power plants since: a. Silt fills up the reservoir b. Silt damages turbine blades c. Sediment starvation downstream d. All of the above
Inversion
Simple symmetry with respect to a point? a. Reflection b. Rotation c. Inversion d. Rotoinversion
slate, schist, and gneiss
Some common metamorphic rocks with a foliated texture include
flaser
Some gneisses have porphyroclast of quartz that are derived from pre-existing large crystals. These are called
It separates transgressive units from above with regressive units from below. - regressive (above), transgressive (below)
Start of relative sea-level fall results in subaerial erosion as rivers incise and form an unconformity. This is followed by continued relative sea level fall that deposits submarine fans at the base of the continental slope. As relative sea-level starts to rise again, rivers cease to incise, water levels start to rise in the incised valleys and shoreline sediments prograde over the top of the slope fans. As relative sea level rise increases rapidly, locus of sedimentation moves in the landward direction, coastline retrogrades and sediments are deposited on top of the previous deposits. The end of the rapid relative sea level rise is marked by surface called Maximum Flooding Surface. Which of the following does NOT describe the MFS? a.) It is marked by a widespread shale deposit. b.) It corresponds to a downlap surface. c.) It separates transgressive units from above with regressive units from below. - regressive (above), transgressive (below) d.) It represents the condensed section.
Annular
Stream patterns in which follow nearly circular or concentric paths along belts of weak rocks that ring a dissected dome or basin is a. Radial b. Annular c. Centripetal d. Deranged e. None of the above
500 g (greater than 500 g if it is gold)
Stream sediment sampling for base metal analysis and geochemical sampling requires approximately how many grams of sample?
obsequent
Stream which flows in the opposite direction to the original consequent streams are described as a) Obsequent b) Subsequent c) Insequent d)Resequent
Reducing the slope's plant cover
Structural approaches to preventing mass movement down a slope include all of the following except: A) Reducing the slope's plant cover; B) Reducing the slope's water content; C) Unloading; D) Grading
1950
The "Before Present", abbreviated as BP, is seen together with some dates in both geology and archaeology. BP is measured from *
Georges Lemaitre
The Big Bang theory was first proposed by ______in the 1920's: a. Georges Lemaitre b. Edwin Hubble c. Pierre Simon de Laplace d. Immanuel Kant e. Albert Einstein
5
The Bouma Sequence describes a set of turbiditic sequences composed of ___ units.
Charles Lapworth
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, is succeeded by the Ordovician. WHO established this period?
Mammals
The Cenozoic era is also known as the age of a. Reptiles b. Invertebrates c. Insects d. Plants e. Mammals
a WNW-ESE lineament representing an old mid-oceanic ridge cut transversely by a series of parallel faults oriented N-S.
The Central Basin Fault is... * composed of a series of en enchelon ridges whose orientation makes an angle of about 30 degrees (generally NNW-SSE) to its general direction a strike-slip fault oriented E-W on th central portion of the West Philippine Basin a WNW-ESE lineament representing an old mid-oceanic ridge cut transversely by a series of parallel faults oriented N-S. composed of a series of submarine plateaus whose orientation makes an angle of about 30 degrees (generally NNW-SSE) to its general direction
RA 10166
The Geology Profession Act of 2012 is under what Republic Act?
basalt
The Hawaiian volcanoes are made up mostly of lava that cools to form * basalt andesite rhyolite granite
boac river
The Marcopper mining disaster which occurred on March 24, 1996 is one of the largest mining disaster in the Philippines. Which water system was declared dead due to the incident?
solum
The O, A, E, and B layers constitute the "true soil", more known as a. Topsoil b. Subsoil c. Loamy Layer d. Organics e. Solum
2nd
The Philippines is the _____ in the world in terms of global geothermal power generation
oligocene
The South China Sea Basin, according to Taylor and Hayes (1980, 1983) belongs to the Continental domain basin type, wherein the mechanism of opening is independent of any other processes. In this model, opening is preceded by rifting in a continental domain (typical example: Atlantic Ocean). When did south china sea started opening?
Bicol Peninsula
The Subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate along the Philippine Trench produced the chain of volcanoes along the ______________
hydrogen
The Sun is mostly made up of: a. oxygen b. hydrogen c. carbon dioxide d. nitrogen e. helium
eocene
The Syn-rift deposits in offshore Northwest Palawan consisting of marine deposits are of what age?
Binintiang Malaki
The Taal Volcano crater that is usually featured in some magazines and postcards is the a. Main Crater b. Binintiang Malaki c. Binintiang Maliit d. Mt. Tabaro e. Vulcan Point
Nonsilicates
The __________ include the carbonates, oxides, sulfates, halides, sulfides and such native elements as gold and silver
Cenozoic
The ____________ era is known as the "age of flowering plants." a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Cenozoic d. Devonian e. Silurian
protosun
The ____________ means "the sun in the making." a. solar disk b. presun c. nebular sun d. sol e. protosun
Permian
The ____________ period was a time of major extinctions, including 75 percent of amphibian families. a. Jurassic b. Mississippian c. Permian d. Pennsylvanian e. Devonian
Hardpan
The accumulation of the fine particles in B horizon enhances water retention in the subsoil. In extreme cases, clay accumulation can form a very compact and impermeable layer called _______.
Hydrofluoric acid
The acid that is most used in palynological preparations to digest silica: a. Hydrofluoric acid b. Sulfuric acid c. Nitric acid d. Citric acid e. Phosphatic Acid
(1) mineral resource (2) mineral reserve
The actual amount of a mineral present in rocks is the (1) __________ whereas the amount that can be economically extracted is the (2) ____________. A. (1) mineral reserve (2) mineral reservation B. (1) mineral reserve (2) mineral resource C. (1) mineral resource (2) mineral reserve D. (1) mineral resource (2) mineral reservation E. (1) mineral deposit (2) mineral reserve
Either increase or decrease, depending on the saturation of water
The addition of water in a slope setting would result in a. Increase in angle of repose b. Decrease in angle of repose c. Either increase or decrease, depending on the saturation of water d. No effect e. Cannot be determined
metamorphism
The agents of _______________ include heat, pressure (stress), and chemically active fluids. Heat is the most important because it provides the energy to drive the reactions that result in the recrystallization of minerals
30%
The albedo of the whole Earth is: a. 20% b. 30% c. 40% d. 50% e. 60%
L
The amounts of Argon-40 and K-40 in a biotite sample are equal. If the half-life of K-Ar decay is L, how old is the sample? a. L b. L/2 c. 2L d. L/4 e. It cannot be determined because of insufficient data provided
Pangaea
The ancient supercontinent consisting of all cresent continents is also known as a. Goodwanaland b. Pangaea c. Laurasia d. Lethys e. Atlantis
granodiorite
The average composition of the upper continental crust is a. Monzodiorite b. Monzogranite c. Granodiorite d. True granite e. Syenite
The density of the rocks below the crust is greater than that of the oceanic crust
The average density of the earth is 5.52 g/cm3 and the average density of the oceanic crust is 3.0 g/cm3. This statement implies that: a. The Earth is homogenous b. The density of the rocks below the crust is greater than that of the oceanic crust c. The density of the rocks below the crust is lower than that of the oceanic crust d. The density of the rocks below the crust is less than 5.52 g/cm3 e. none of the above
2.9 to 3.1 g/cm3
The average density of the oceanic crust is:
980 cm/s2
The average gravitational force of the earth is
hard parts
The beginning of the Cambrian Period marks an important event in animal evolution - the appearance of organisms with ____________. a. wings b. cells c. hard parts d. vertebrae e. none of the
Paleozoic
The beginning of the ____________ era is marked by the appearance of the first life forms with hard parts. a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic
water table
The bottom of the zone of aeration is the a) hydraulic head b) base of groundwater c) cone of depression d) water table e) aquifer
slag
The by-product waste from the blast furnace process is called
prokaryotes
The cells of these primitive organisms lack organized nuclei and they reproduce asexually. a. trilobites b. eukaryotes c. prokaryotes d. brachiopods
50Ma
The collision of India and Asia started during:
stream valleys
The combined effect of mass wasting and erosion by running water produce ___________________________
E-MORB
> taps an enriched mantle > Represent a smaller degrees of partial melting of residual mantle rock so that incompatible elements are more highly concentrated in E-MORB magmas > E-MORB could be tapping a deep mantle source that has not been previously melted. > E-MORB could represent magma enriched from magma mixing, assimilation or partial melts derived from subducted ocean lithosphere.
formation
A Lithostratigraphic mappable unit is a a. group b. formation c. member d. tongue e. lens
subduction zone
A ________ is a destructive tectonic plate boundary a. subduction zone b. mid-oceanic ridge c. transform fault d. a chain of volcanoes e. earthquakes
facies
A ___________is a lateral subdivision of a stratigraphic unit as distinguished from other bodies or different appearance or composition a. formation b. facies c. group d. type locality e. depositional environment
tombolo
A bar that connects an island with a mainland is called a.foreland b.foreshore c.spit d.tombolo
Aquifer
A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.
Barrier island
A coastal landform with wide sandy beaches is: A) Peninsula; B) Barrier island; C) Plain; D) Valley
pegmatite
A crystalline igneous rock where many of the individual mineral grains are larger than 30 mm in size. This forms during crystallization in a fluid rich environment where it enhances ion migration where the results are large crystals
fog
A dense mass of water on smoke or dust particles in the lower atmospheric layers constitute a) Fog b) Mist c) Frost d) Blizzard
pothole
A depression formed in a stream channel by the abrasive action of the water's sediment load.
Fe and Mg
A ferromagnesian silicate always contains these two elements
inselberg
A few hills, erosion remnants standing on an almost level plain
tetrahedron
A form containing 4 equilateral triangles
fenster
A geologic structure formed when erosion or normal faulting produces a hole in the overthrusted transportedbody where the underlying un-transported rocks crop out.
klippe
A geologic structure formed when erosion or normal faulting removes connecting portions of the overthrusted transported body resulting in an outlier of exotic, often nearly horizontally translated strata overlying untransported strata.
Dike swarm
A group of dikes in radial, parallel or en echelon arrangement a.Dike swarm b.Dike set c.Dike wall d.Dike
Mantle plume
A hotspot is a portion of the Earth's surface that may be far from tectonic plate margins and volcanism occurs due to a rising: A) Temperature; B) Mantle plume; C) Accretionary wedge; D) Magma from subducted slab
mudstone
A lime mud-supported rock consisting of 5% tiny pelecypod shells (1-2 mm in size) and about 1% large foraminifera. What is the rock name according to Dunham Classification?
Calcilutite - Grabau
A lime-mud supported rock consisting of 5% tiny pelecypod shells (1-2 mm in size) and about 1% large foraminifera. What is the rock name according to Grabau classification?
Fossil 2: Jurassic to Cretaceous
A limestone contains the following fossils whose respective first and last appearances are listed below: Fossil 1: Cambrian and present Fossil 2: Jurassic to Cretaceous Fossil 3: Permian to Tertiary Fossil 4: Jurassic
Mississippi River
A major North American river and the chief river of the United States, longest and largest river in the U.S.
10,000
A map has a scale of 1:100000. Two points A and B on the map are 10 cm apart. The actual ground distance between them is ________ m. a. 1,000,000 b. 100,000 c. 10,000 d. 1,000 e. 100
Aquitard
A slab of impervious surface at the bottom of an aquifer that does not allow water to go through
Pedalfer
A soil type commonly found in humid and tropical regions rich in Al and Fe: a) Pedocal b) Caliche c) Pedalfer d) Laterite
A graded stream
A stream in which there is an equilibrium between the capacity of the stream and the stream's bed load is called: A) An equitable stream; B) A sloped stream; C) A graded stream; D) Base level
radial pattern
A system of streams running in all directions away from a central elevated structure, such as a volcano.
Hydrofluoric acid (or acetic acid)
A thin section is being prepared for staining test to determine what kind of feldspar is present in the sample. Which of the following acids should be used to etch the thin section? a. Hydrofluoric acid (or acetic acid) b. Cold hydrochloric acid c. Warm hydrochloric acid d. Phosphoric acid
rills
A tiny groove in soil made by flowing water
normal fault
A type of fault where the hanging wall moves down with respect to the footwall, resulting in horizontal extension.
slump
A type of mass movement that occurs when a mass of material moves down a curved slope
Plinian
A type of volcanic eruption characterized by sustained eruption of large amounts of pyroclastic materials and gases that produces high eruption columns: a) Icelandic b) Hawaiian c) Vulcanian d) Plinian
lopolith
A vast, saucer-shaped intrusion with a depressed central region with a dike or funnel shaped body below.
fumarole
A vent or ground opening from which steam and volcanic gases escape a) volcanic cone b) volcanic dome c) volcanic vent d) fumarole e) volcanic fracture
zone of soil moisture
A zone in which water is held as a film on the surface of soil particles and may be used by plants or withdrawn by evaporation. The uppermost subdivision of the unsaturated zone.
E horizon
A zone of leaching, or eluviation, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon or, less often, the A horizon
2000 to 4000m
Abyssal is found at what depth
Through the motion of the liquid outer core
According to physicist W.M. Elsasser's electric dynamo model, how is the magnetic field in our planet generated and sustained? a. Through the rotation of the Earth b. Through the revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the revolution of the Moon around the Earth c. Through the presence of deposited magnetite and other magnetic minerals on and within the Earth d. Through the motion of the liquid outer core e. Through the interaction with the solar wind of the Sun
olistostrome
An _____________ is a sedimentary deposit composed of a chaotic mass of heterogeneous material, such as blocks and mud, known as olistoliths, that accumulates as a semifluid body by submarine gravity sliding or slumping of the unconsolidated sediments
Braided
An anastomosing channel is another name for what type of river? A) Braided; B) Meandering ; C) Straight; D) Intermitent
Storativity
An aquifer characteristic that refers to the volume of water that a permeable unit will absorb or expel from storage per unit surface area per unit change in head
channelization
An engineering technique to straighten, widen, deepen, or otherwise modify a natural stream channel.
earthflow
An example of a landslide with moderate velocity a. Rock fall b. Avalanche c. Creep d. Earthflow
adamantine
An exceptionally brilliant luster due to the mineral's unusually high index of refraction
quartz trachyte
An igneous extrusive rock was found to contain 30% mafic minerals, and 8% quartz; the total feldspar content is 62% of which only 15% is plagioclase, the rest are alkali feldspar.
Norite - orthopyroxene
An igneous rock in which pyroxene components are essentially of the orthopyroxene type
structure contours
An imaginary line connecting points of equal altitude on a single horizon, usually the top or bottom of sedimentary bed is called a.isopach b.topographic contours c.isogal d.structure contours e.none of the above
aquiclude
An impermeable formation that neither contains nor transmit water is called a) Aquifer b) Aquiclude c) Aquifuge d) Aquitard
syenogranite
An intrusive rock contains tourmaline 11% and zircon 5% and contains muscovite. The minerals are mostly equigranular and some are euhedral. The modal composition of the rock is the following: 55% quartz, 34% alkali feldspar, and 11% plagioclase.
catanduanes
Anthracite deposits in the Philippines can be found in
isostacy
The condition of balance or flotational equilibrium between segments of the lithosphere is a called
using the law of superposition
Before the discovery of radiometric dating techniques, geologists determine the ages of rocks by a. using the average rate of sedimentation b. using the uniformitarian principle c. using the law of superposition d. counting varves e. counting annual tree-rings
Hawaii
Best known Oceanic Island Basalts location?
Continental Rift
Bimodal volcanism occurs in what tectonic setting? a. Continental Rift b. Island arc c. Mid-oceanic Ridges d. Any tectonic setting is applicable.
A minor accessory
Biotite in "biotite granite" is a. A minor accessory b. A felsic mineral c. A nice accessory d. An essential mineral
sial
The continental crust is also known as: a. sima b. siam c. sial d. ophiolite e. none of the above
A & B
The continental drift theory (CDT) was rejected primarily because a. It did not conform to the uniformitarian principle. b. It lacked the mechanism that could have driven the continents into place. c. Alfred Wegener was not a true geologist, weakening his credibility. d. A & B e. B & C
volcanic rocks
The core of seamounts are generally made up of a. diorite b. limestone c. reef d. volcanic rocks
all of the above
The criterion/criteria for a magma to be primary is/are: a. MgO b. Cr c. Ni d. All of the above e. None of the above
Witwatersrand
The deepest mineshaft in the world can be found at:
Ignimbrite
The deposits that are produced when the eruption column collapses wherein gas and tephra rush down the flanks of the volcano at high speed: a) Pyroclasts b) Ignimbrite c) Lapilli d) Bombs
43km
The difference between the equatorial and polar diameters of the Earth is
subduction of oceanic plates
The direct driving force for most eruption is subduction of oceanic plates heat from the sun confining pressure earthquakes
Guttenberg discontinuity
The discontinuity that marks the boundary between the mantle and the core is referred to as: a. Mohorovicic discontinuity b. Guttenberg discontinuity c. Lehman discontinuity d. Seismic gap e. None of the above
residual heat
The earth's internal heat is mainly due to a. pressure b. presence of radioactive materials c. solar heat absorption d. residual heat
Modulus of rigidity
The elasticity coefficient for shearing or torsion force.
Dupuit Equation
The equation that describes steady flow in unconfined conditions above an imperious boundary assuming that the hydraulic gradient equals the slope of the water table and the flowlines are horizontal and equipotential lines are vertical * 0/1
none of the above
The era of "ancient life" is the _________ era. a. Cenozoic b. Precambrian c. Neolithic d. Mesozoic e. none of the above
density only
The fate of the universe, whether it would collapse by contracting or continue to expand, is directly dependent on its own: a. Temperature only b. Density only c. Volume only d. Mass only e. Concentration of remaining elements only
Triassic
The first appearance of Scleractinian corals was around a. Carboniferous b. Permian c. Triassic d. Jurassic e. Cretaceous
triassic
The first mammals appeared during the:
reptiles
The first true terrestrial animals were the ____________. a. mammals b. reptiles c. lobe-finned fish d. trilobites e. marsupials
high viscosity
The following are characteristics of the 'heavy liquid" used in the separation of heavy minerals from sand samples EXCEPT: a. Has a specific gravity of 2.9 b. Liquid at room temperature c. High viscosity d. Chemically inert
sphalerite
The following are hexagonal minerals EXCEPT; a. Quartz b. Corundum c. Calcite d. Sphalerite
ground swells
The following are precursors of an impending volcanic eruption a. ground swells b. drying up of springs c drying up of vegetation d. increase in the frequency of tidal waves e. none of the above
Zamboanga Station
The following are recorded to have the fastest rotation rate based on GPS measurements of GEODYSSEA, except? Palawan Station Panay Station Virac Station Zamboanga Station
Psilomelane - manganese oxide
The following are silver minerals EXCEPT: a. Pyrargyrite - Ag3SbS3 b. Psilomelane - manganese oxide (Ba, H2O)2Mn5O10 c. Sylvanite - (Ag,Au)Te2 d. Proustite - Ag3AsS3
right angles
Butting relation refers to the younger joints terminating against older joints in what way? a. Head-on b. Acute angles c. Obtuse angles d. Right angles
Pennsylvanian
By the ____________ period, large tropical swamps extended across North America, eventually becoming the vast coal deposits of today. a. Cambrian b. Silurian c. Pennsylvanian d. Devonian e. Triassic
Pangaea
By the close of the Paleozoic, all the continents had fused into the single super continent of ____________. a. Laurasia b. Pangaea c. Appalachia d. Gondwanaland e. Europa
False
Chemical weathering usually prevails in cold regions and high altitudes. This statement is: a. True b. False c. no conclusion can be drawn
meteorites
Chondrites found in various parts of the world are a. Meteors b. Meteoroids c. Meteorites d. Asteroids e. Comets
Palawan - Puerto Princesa
Cinnabar deposit can be found in:
±4,360,000 km
Circumference of the Sun
Epeirogeny
Crustal blocks that undergo vertical subsidence or elevation without buckling or fracturing are a product of a.Orogeny b.Epeirogeny c.regional metamorphism d.Mountain building e.Geosynclinal accumulation
trenches
Destruction of Tectonic plates are believed to occur in the a. Abyssal plains b. mid-ocean ridges c. submarine volcanoes d. core of the continents e. trenches
Mesozoic
During the ____________ Era, the westward-moving North American plate began to override the Pacific plate, eventually causing the tectonic activity that ultimately formed the mountains of western North America. a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic
placentals
Following the reptilian extinctions at the close of the Mesozoic Era, two groups of mammals, the marsupials and ___________________ , evolved and expanded.
Speed and manner in which the material moves;
Geologists clasify mass movement by the: A) Speed and manner in which the material moves; B) Amount of water involved; C) Distance over which the material moves; D) Shape and size of the particles involved
Pan de Azucar Iloilo
High sulfidation gold mineralization associated with quartz-alunite alteration in PH?
none of the above
High tension separation is also known as: a.magnetic separation b.gravity concentration c.sorting d.thermal conductivity e.none of the above
Basins are defined as the imaginary lines that separate divides, the area of land in which all water contributes to a particular main stream;
How are "drainage basins" and "divides" related topics? A) Basins are defined as the imaginary lines that separate divides, the area of land in which all water contributes to a particular main stream; B) Basins are individual streams with a few tributaries, whereas a divide is defined within individual streams by sand bars and islands that divide the channel; C) Basins are located within the lower elevations, whereas divides are located at higher elevations; D) Basins are defined by all stream flow in a land area that contributes water to a stream, where divides are the imaginary line that separates basins
NNW until Oligocene, then WNW until the present
How did the Pacific Plate move with respect to the Hawaiian Hot spots a. NNW until Oligocene, then WNW until the present b. WNW until Oligocene, then NNW until the present c. SSE until Oligocene, then ESE until the present d. ESE until Oligocene, then SSE until the present e. None of the above
chemical weathering changes the bulk composition of rocks; physical weathering does not
How do the effects of physical weathering differ most fundamentally from those of chemical weathering? a. chemical weathering changes the bulk composition of rocks; physical weathering does not b. chemical weathering reduces the size of rocks; physical weathering does not c. physical weathering reduces the size of mineral grains; chemical weathering does not d. physical weathering is due to chemical changes while chemical weathering may result from fragmentation of rocks
The island subsides and coral builds up around it
How does an atoll form? A) The island subsides and coral builds up around it; B) The volcanic crater of an island becomes inundated with water; C) Large amounts of sediments from a volcanic island are deposited in a ring around the island; D) The island is uplifted and coral builds up around it
Benches make the actual slope less than the angle of repose
How does benching help in stabilizing a slope? a. Benches anchor the loose soil onto the bedrock b. Benches act as fences against surface runoff c. Benches make the actual slope less than the angle of repose d. Benches function as armour to protect the slope against erosion
32
How many stratigraphic groupings are there according to Pena? *
sumatra
In December 26, 2004, a massive undersea earthquake of magnitude 9.1 occurred claiming more than 230,000 lives. Where did this earthquake occur?
Dipping downstream
In a river traverse you notice that as you walk upstream the sedimentary rocks get older. Which of the following is generally true about the observation? The rocks are: a. Lying horizontally b. Dipping vertically c. Dipping upstream d. Dipping downstream
a and c
In a water column, medium-sized sands are likely to be transported by means of: a. suspension b. traction c. saltation d. a and c e. none of the above
Earth is a perfect sphere
In calculating the circumference of the Earth, Eratosthenes assumed that the: a. Earth is a perfect sphere b. equatorial radius is greater than the polar radius c. polar radius is greater than the equatorial radius d. Earth materials are of equal density e. None of the above
An oxbow lake
In fluvial processes and landform, an abandoned stream meander is called: A) A braided stream; B) A point bar; C) An oxbow lake; D) a mid-channel bar
Airy-Heskanen
In general, which isostasy model applies for the majority of the mountain belts around the world?
Slip plane
In largest slides, a mass of materials detaches along a definable a plane of weakness is called: A) Scree; B) Scarp; C) Slip plane; D) Lahar
idioblastic
In metamorphic rocks, crystals with well-develop crystal faces are called?
aqua regia
In microchemical testing techniques, which of the following dissolves gold?
chlorite
In sedimentary petrography, the following are common cements EXCEPT: a. Calcite b. Hematite c. Quartz d. Chlorite
hydraulic fracturing (fracking)
In some shale deposits, there are significant reserves of natural gas and petroleum that cannot naturally leave because of the rock's low permeability. What should be done in these deposits in order to extract natural gas and oil?
Moderate conductors
In terms of electric conductivity, granites can be described as a) Good conductors c) Moderate conductors b) Bad conductors d) Semi-conductors
a double-vergent subduction is found
In the Moluccas Sea... * subduction of plates are considered to be extremely shallow in angle, causing high-magnitude earthquakes a double-vergent subduction is found Both Sangihe and Halmahera arcs are consumed along a single subduction zone the Sangihe subducts under the Halmahera arc
biotite
In the Philippines, Potassic alteration is mainly characterized by which mineral?
Agusan-Davao Basin
In the Philippines, there are ten individual basins that can be distinguished, the thickness of which range from 4,000 to 12,000 meters, while their surface area is between 1 million m2 and 4.7 million m2. What is the thickest sedimentary basin whose fill reaches up to 12,000 m?
Soil Taxonomy
In the United States, soils are classified using a system known as the ________________. It is based on physical and chemical properties of the soil profile and includes six hierarchical categories. The system is especially useful for agricultural and related land-use purposes
(Sin 30)(5 meters)
In the field you found a coal seam striking N70E and dipping 30SE. The outcrop shows the coal seam to be 5 meters thick. How will you compute for the true thickness of the coal seam?
A, B, C
In what major rock types can you find fossils? a. Volcaniclastic Rocks b. Sedimentary Rocks c. Metamorphic Rocks d. A and B only e. A, B, and C
island arc
In what tectonic setting did the Philippines form? a.island arc b.hot spots c.mid-oceanic ridge d.continental arc
yardang
It is a streamlined, wind-sculpted landform that is oriented parallel to the prevailing wind.
spit
It is an elongated ridge of sand that projects from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay.
lehmann discontinuity
It separates the outer core from the inner core:
copper, gold, silver
Located in Surigao del Norte, at the northern part of the Philippines second largest island of Mindanao, the Silangan project combines the development of the Boyongan and Bayugo deposits. What commodity does the deposit contain?
Magma will rise, causing more volcanoes
The global climate is currently warming. Which of the following is not an impact this might have on natural hazards? A) Sea levels will rise, causing more erosion; B) Magma will rise, causing more volcanoes; C) Deserts are likely to expand; D) Warmer ocean water will increase storm activity; E) All of the above are impacts of climate change
uniformitarianism
The great geological cycle as postulated by James Hutton, which states that the geological processes active today on and within the earth have acted in the geologic past to shape the earth of today, is called a. catastrophism b. the flood of Noah c. uniformitarianism d. plate tectonics e. continental drift
All of them
The greater the VEI of a volcanic eruption, the volcanic ash and dust can have the effect of: A) Causing unusual weather; B) Reducing the sunlight that reaches Earth's surface; C) Damaging aircraft that fly through the dust; D) Reducing the Earth's temperature; E) All of them
None of the above
The hazards that may be associated with an earthquake is/are a.Ground shaking b.Fissuring c.Liquefaction d.Differential ground settling e.None of the above
Greenland
The ice sheet in the northern hemisphere
effects of the earthquake
The intensity of an earthquake is a measure of the a. depth of focus b. amount of energy releases c. period of ground d. vibration frequency of the ground vibration e. effects of the earthquake
extent of damage brought about on man-made structure
The intensity of an earthquake is most related to a. amplitude of the ground motion b. amount of energy released c. period of ground vibration d. extent of damage brought about on man-made structure e. travel time of P-waves minus travel time of S-waves
Antarctic
The largest desert in the world a. Sahara b. Gobi c. Antarctic d. California e. None of the above
mountain belts and the stable interior
The largest features of the continents can be divided into two categories:
Greenland
The largest island on the earth
Lake Agassiz
The largest lake to form during the ice age in north America
stratosphere
The layer of the atmosphere considered to be our global "sunscreen" from UV rays: a. stratosphere b. troposphere c. mesosphere d. thermosphere
C horizon (parent material)
The least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material. made of weathered rock fragments
a and c
The lithosphere includes the: a. oceanic and continental crusts b. upper mantle c. upper part of the upper mantle d. a and c e. all of the above
plates
The lithosphere is essentially the same as the: (a) crust (b) surface (c) plates (d) continents (e) ocean basins
Silica
The main raw material for ceramic industry is a) Silica b) Clay c) Gypsum d) Terracota
all of the above
The major cause/s of change in the geotechnical properties of the rock mass is/are a.changes in weathering b.changes in hydrothermal alteration c.changes in intensity of jointing and faulting d.methods of excavation e.all of the above
green plants
The major source of free oxygen in the atmosphere is from ____________. a. molten rock b. water c. green plants d. silicate minerals e. glaciers
pressure, temperature, and chemistry
The melting of rock depends on the following factors: A. pressure, temperature, and chemistry B. pressure, temperature, and density C. pressure, temperature and viscosity D. pressure and temperature only E. depth inside the Earth only
igneous
The mineral makeup of an _________ rock is ultimately determined by the chemical composition of the magma from which it crystallized
90 degrees
The minimum thickness of any given inclined bed is obtained when the bed dip is a.90 degrees b.45 degrees c.30 degrees d.0 degrees e.none of the above
dacite
The modal composition of an intrusive rock plots in the zone with 90-100% plagioclase. Which of the following cannot be this rock? a. Diorite b. Gabbro c. Dacite d. Anorthosite
limestone
The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is _____________, consisting chiefly of the mineral calcite.
silicates
The most abundant mineral family is the:
shale
The most abundant sedimentary rock found in the Earth's crust is
stromatolites
The most common Precambrian fossils are ____________, layered mounds of calcium carbonate. a. prokaryotes b. chert c. trilobites d. stromatolites e. none of the above
A fast-moving viscous lava flows
The most damaging type of volcanic hazard that occurred at Mt. Pinatubo was: A) A huge landslide caused a lateral blast that knocked down trees and buildings; B) A huge landslide caused a lateral blast that knocked down trees and buildings; C) A fast-moving viscous lava flows; D) One or more pyroclastic flows; E) None of these
andes
The most extensive modern continental mountain chain is a) Andes b) Himalayas c) Alps d) Zagros
marine
The most favourable environment for the preservation of fossils is a) Terrestrial b) Lacustrine c) Fluvial d) Marine
Slope steepness
The most important factor determining slope stability is: A) Vegetative cover; B) Slope steepness; C) Volcanic activity; D) Seismic susceptibility
skarns
The most important iron deposit type in the Philippines
Churn drilling
The most useful drilling for penetrating hard or abrasive ground is a) Diamond drilling c) Percussion drilling b) Rotary drilling d) Churn drilling
Moon formed from condensation of early earth mantle material that was blasted off from the impact of a body with a size similar to Mars
The most widely accepted theory regarding the formation of the moon a. Moon condensed together with earth but separately as a "sister" satellite b. Moon was a product of spinning off of a blob that came from early earth c. Moon was a former body from space that was subsequently captured by the earth's gravity. d. Moon formed from condensation of early earth mantle material that was blasted off from the impact of a body with a size similar to Mars e. It is still a mystery due to difficulty in obtaining evidence.
creeps
The most widespread and costly of all mass wasting processes is
saltation
The movement of sand or other sediments by short jumps and bounces that is caused by wind or water
longshore drift
The movement of sediment along a beach by swash and backwash of waves that approach the shore obliquely is termed: a. longshore drift b. rip currents c. wave action d. tidal action e. none of the above
Ocean ridges are not narrow or steep like mountain ridges;
The name "mid-ocean ridge," what is perhaps misleading about the "ridge" is part of it? A) Ocean ridges are not narrow or steep like mountain ridges; B) Ocean ridges are not narrow, but are usually as steep as mountain ridges; C) Ocean ridges are very narrow and steep unlike mountain ridges; D) Ocean ridges are commonly rift valleys like mountain ridges
centrifugal force is greater at the equator than at the poles
The oblate spheroidal shape of the Earth can be explained by the fact that: a. the gravitational force offsets the effect of centrifugal force at the poles b. the gravitational force offsets the effect of centrifugal force at the equator c. centrifugal force is greater at the equator than at the poles d. a and c e. b and c
Australia; Canada
The oldest dated minerals and rocks intact to the surface were found, respectively, in a. Antarctica; Australia b. Canada; Australia c. Antarctica; Canada d. Canada; Antarctica e. Australia; Canada
zircon, gneiss
The oldest dated minerals and rocks that are intact to the surface were, respectively: a. Pitchblende, Migmatites b. Pitchblende, Gneiss c. Zircon, Migmatites d. Zircon, Gneiss e. None of the above
Cebu (Lutopan Diorite - Cretaceous)
The oldest diorites in the Philippines can be found in what locality:
3.5Ga
The oldest known unconformity has age of f
zircon
The oldest minerals found on the surface of the Earth are crystals of a) Calcite b) Quartz c) Tourmaline d) Zircon
greenland
The oldest rocks in the world are found in a) Australian craton b) Indian craton c) Antarctica d) Greenland
Lesser Antilles and Sandwich Islands
The only 2 volcanics island arcs in the Atlantic are: a. Appalachians and Andes b. Lesser Antilles and Sandwich Islands c. Caribbean and Ghana d. Caribbean and Transcurrent Atlantic e. Laurentia and Brazilian
Polychaeta
The only class of Annelids that do have hard parts for fossilization: a. Archiannelida b. Polychaeta c. Oligochaeta d. Hirudinea e. Gephyrea
Uranus
The only planet that lies on its side wherein its axis of rotation nearly parallels the plane in which the planets revolve around the Sun.
black
The outcrop of manganese deposits exhibit ________ color
Upstream
The outcrop pattern of the bed that dips upstream forms a "V" that points a.Downstream b.Mid-stream c.Upstream d.In-stream
stratosphere
The ozone layer can be found in the: a. troposphere b. stratosphere c. mesosphere d. thermosphere e. none of the above
foliation
The parallel arrangement of minerals in a metamorphic rock a) layering b) fissility c) foliation d) parallelism e) lamination
A & B only
The passive role of geological forces or resistance to exogenic processes are the following. A) Lithology; B) Structure; C) Climate; D) A & B only; E) All of these
porosity
The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces.
lesser
The permeability of sand composed of angular grains is ____compared to that of sand composed of spherical grains. a. lesser b. greater c. similar d. no conclusion can be drawn
diagenesis
The physical, chemical and biological processes that affect sedimentary rocks during lithification are part of an overall process called:
Venus
The planets in the solar system rotate in the direction similar to that of revolution except: a. Jupiter b. Mars c. Saturn d. Earth e. Venus
by any of the criteria listed above
Minerals are named: A. after places where they were discovered B. after people who discovered them C. based on their chemistry D. based on their physical appearance E. by any of the criteria listed above
Laumonite - zeolite
The presence of this mineral destroys the reservoir potential of sandstones, which was why it was deemed as the economic basement
cementation
The process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediments together to form rock.
(1) partial melting (2) fractional crystallization
The process where one mineral in a rock melts before the other is called (1) ________. The process where one mineral in a magma crystallizes before the others and is removed from the melt is called (2) ___________. A. (1) partial melting (2) crystal settling B. (1) partial melting (2) fractionation C. (1) partial melting (2) fractional crystallization D. (1) magmatic differentiation (2) fractional crystallization E. (1) fractionation (2) fractional crystallization
Metamiction
The process which a metamict mineral goes through where the radioactivity causes a destruction of the crystal structure.
All of the above
The project site is underlain by liquefiable material, what may be done about it? a. Remove liquefiable material and replace with engineered fill b. Apply a surcharge on pre-load c. Use deep foundation d. All of the above
Hornblende yields the oldest; muscovite the youngest
The rates of diffusion of radiogenic Ar-40 from K-40 increase with temperature. If a pluton which contains hornblende, biotite, and muscovite is dated through the K-Ar method by making separate determination for each of these minerals, which of the following statement is correct? a. The obtained ages will be equal b. Hornblende yields the oldest; muscovite the youngest c. Muscovite yields the oldest age; hornblende the youngest d. Biotite yields the oldest; muscovite the youngest e. Biotite age is least accurate
Must have a minimum of 20 years experience which is relevant to the style of mineralization and type of deposit under consideration (5 years only)
The following describes a competent person EXCEPT: a. Must have a minimum of 20 years experience which is relevant to the style of mineralization and type of deposit under consideration b. A member of fellow of the Philippine Society of Mining Engineers, Geological Society of the Philippines, or Society of Metallurgical Engineers of the Philippines c. Clearly satisfied in his own mind that he/she can face his/her peers and demonstrate competence in the commodity, type of deposit and situation under consideration d. One who prepares the information and supporting documentation which serves as basis for a company's public report concerning exploration results, mineral resources and ore reserves
Hydraulicking (surface mining)
The following mining methods can be used for deep seated deposits EXCEPT: a. Block caving b. Shrinkage stoping c. Hydraulicking d. Longwall mining
mindoro
The following show a complete sequence of ophiolite, except... Isabela Mindoro Southern Palawan Pujada
oxygen
Most abundant element in the crust a. Silicon b. Oxygen c. Aluminum d. Iron e. Hydrogen
4.54 + 1% BA
Most accurate value for the age of the Earth: a. 4.45 + 1% BA b. 4.50 + 1% BA c. 4.54 + 1% BA d. 4.58 + 1% BA e. 4.60 + 1% BA
Precambrian
Most of Earth's iron ore occurs in middle ____________ rocks. a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic
Meander naturally
Most stream channels: A) Meander only when disturbed; B) Meander naturally; C) Are straight unless disturbed; D) Become smaller downstream
Bataan
Mt. Pinatubo is located on the border of 3 provinces. Which of the provinces is not included on the tripoint? Pampanga Tarlac Zambales Bataan
Stoping
The fracturing of a surrounding wall rock due to forceful injection of magma is called: a. Insolation b. Fracking c. Stoping d. Flaking
Recurrence of the enormous waves
One difference between a tsunami and a storm surge, aside from the mechanism, is: a. Resultant velocity of the incoming waves b. The body of water involved c. Numerical discharge of the incoming wave d. Recurrence of the enormous waves e. None of the above
birds
One group of reptiles, exemplified by the fossil Archaeopteryx, led to the evolution of ____________. a. dinosaurs b. mammals c. cephalopods d. birds e. horses
erosion
One is not a control of mineral formation a.bacterial precipitation b.erosion c.colloidal deposition d.weathering e.exsolution
rhyolite
One of the following is not plutonic a) diabase b) peridotite c) rhyolite d) granodiorite e) gabbro
solar energy
One of these is not a possible heat source for magma generation a) radioactivity b) solar energy c) friction d) geothermal gradient e) mantle plume
COLLOFORM
Parallel or radiating groups of individual crystals, are described as: ________ spherical forms composed of radiating individuals without regard to size, this includes botroyoidal, reniform and mammillary.
runoff
Part of the rainfall that flows on the Earth's surface is called a. vadose water b. ground water c. connate water d. runoff e. infiltrated water
Concave side of the river
Paystreaks may be found in a. Convex side of the river b. Concave side of the river c. Sand bars d. Levees e. None of the above
Haber-bosch
Process used to extract nitrogen in the atmosphere, the nitrogen fixation reaction of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas, over an enriched iron or ruthenium catalyst, which is used to produce ammonia?
graphic
Quartz and k-felspar intergrowth resembling cuneiform writing
Dust Bowl
Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
intermediate
Rocks of ______________ composition (e.g., andesite) contain plagioclase feldspar and amphibole
sloping and barren of vegetation
Runoff and erosion will most likely be most intense in a land that is a. sloping and contour plowed b. sloping and barren of vegetation c. gently sloping and covered with grass d. gently sloping and forested e. gently sloping and planted to rice
Cisaillement (S means Schistosite)
S-C fabric, which is common in mylonites, in particular in phyllonites, is a metamorphic fabric formed by the intersection of shear surfaces within rocks affected by dynamic metamorphism. C-surfaces are parallel to the margin of the shear surface, whilst Ssurfaces on the other hand, are oblique to the surface and are interpreted to lie in the XY plane of the finite strain ellipsoid. They produce a fabric that can appear similar to crenulation cleavages. What does C in S-C mean? (
north
SCS location with respect to Palawan?
matrix content
Sandstone classification into arenites and wackes is based on:
rate of cooling
The size of the crystals that grow from magma or lava depends on
2-3 cm/year (2.5 cm/yr - average)
The slip rate of the Philippine Fault is approximately
solar nebula
The solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called:
Dam foundations
The special properties of bentonite - hydration, swelling, water absorption, viscosity, thixotropy - make it a valuable material for a wide range of uses and applications like the following EXCEPT: a. Anti-diarrhea medicine b. Dam foundations c. Cat litter d. Drilling mud
Law of Faunal Assemblage
The statement "Montalban was once underwater on the basis of fossil corals in the area" makes use of the a. Uniformitarian principle b. Law of Superposition c. Law of Original Horizontality d. Law of Cross-Cutting Relation e. Law of Faunal Assemblage
Mesozoic
The supercontinent of Pangaea began to breakup during the ____________ Era. a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic
All describes the kinds of volcanic eruptions
The three main types of eruptions, except one, are: A) Magmatic; B) Phreatomagmatic; C) Phreatic; D) All describes the kinds of volcanic eruptions
Bed, suspended, and dissolved;
The three types of sediment load are: A) Heavy, spent, and undissolved; B) Bed, suspended, and dissolved; C) Bed, dissolved and laminar; D) Bed, suspended and evolved
slumps, falls, slides
The three types of slope failure are:
499.720 secs
The time taken for light from the sun to reach the earth
0 degree latitude
The total magnetic field strength is weakest at
nickel
The trace element/s that is/are strongly fractionated to olivine:
chromium
The trace element/s that is/are strongly fractionated to pyroxene:
oxidation
The transformation from olivine to hematite involves a. Oxidation b. Hydrolysis c. Chelation d. Reduction
(1) building materials (e.g., limestone and gypsum) and (2) industrial minerals (e.g., fluorite and corundum)
The two groups of nonmetallic mineral resources are
(1) the Sun, which drives the external processes that occur in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at Earth's surface, and (2) heat from Earth's interior, which powers the internal processes that produce volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains.
The two sources of energy that power the Earth system are
van der waals
The type of bond in the mineral sulfur a. Covalent b. Ionic c. Metallic d. Van der waals
Multiple arch dam
The type of dam preferred where the river section is wide and the foundation is unsound is a) Gravity dam b) Embankment dam c) Arch dam d) Multiple arch dam
cabochon
The type of gem cut which has smooth-domed top and most commonly a flat base.
felsic
The type of magma that contains the most silica is:
Vadose water
The underground water that occurs within the zone of aeration is called a) Plutonic water c) Vadose water b) Meteoric water d) Connate water
4
The universal stage allows viewing a thin section or a mineral grain on the stage of the microscope from a direction other than the simple vertical observation provided. The thin section to be examined is mounted between glass hemispheres surrounded by a system of rotating devices. Measurements are made on graduated cylinders. In an ordinary universal stage, how many graduated cylinders are used?
mass wasting
The various kinds of _________________ include the more rapid forms called slump, rockslide, debris flow, and earthflow, as well as the slow movements referred to as creep and solifluction.
(1) the type of material involved (debris, mud, earth, or rock), (2) the kind of motion (fall, slide, or flow), and (3) the rate of movement (fast, slow).
The various processes included under the name of mass wasting are classified and described on the basis of
oxygen
The waste gas released by plants as they synthesize food sugars from carbon dioxide and water is ____________. a. oxygen b. methane c. nitrogen d. carbon dioxide e. none of the above
Phreatic water
The water in the zone of saturation is a. Capillary water b. Pellicular water c. Soil water d. Phreatic water e. None of the above
arc-continent
There are three active collision zones in the Philippines. The Mindoro-Panay collision zone is characterized as: * arc-continent continent-continent arc-arc continent-arc
continent-arc
There are three active collision zones in the Philippines. The Taiwan collision zone is characterized as: *
adakite
These are Mg-rich andesites
palagonite
These are alterations of volcanic glass:
lenticular
These are composed of lenses of sand in a predominantly muddy matrix.
dendritic pattern
These are drainage pattern common on horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks or massive igneous/metamorphic rocks.
mullions
These are elongate bodies of rock that has cylindrical, ribbed appearance and appears to be parallel to fold hinges. They are partly bounded by beddings and newer structures.
blind fault
These are fault which do not cut the surface of the Earth.
Listric faults
These are faults that become shallower with depth.
parallel folds
These are folds having dip isogons that are everywhere perpendicular to the beds.
antiformal syncline
These are folds that are convex upward with the youngest beds in the middle.
plunging folds
These are folds where the hinge line is generally NOT horizontal.
Fine grained
These are igneous rocks containing crystals less than 1 mm in diameter a. Aphanitic b. Fine grained c. Medium grained d. Very fine grained
Ice shelves
These are large, relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend seaward from the coast but remain attached to the land along one or more sides
moraines
These are linear deposits of unsorted sediments formed by the advance or retreat of glaciers.
tektites
These are natural gravel-sized glass blobs that were ejected from meteorite impact. a. Obsidian b. Tektites c. Pallasite d. Paragonite e. Hyaloclastite
indicated resources
These are resources with tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content that can be estimated with a reasonable level of confidence
bysmalith
These are sills that have thickened to produce domes, wherein the doming arches the overlying rocks, and consequently faulted
laterite
These are soils formed from the weathering of ultramafic rocks. They are confined to mainly tropical to subtropical regions.
seiches
These are standing waves that occur in an enclosed body of water
seiches
These are standing waves that occur in an enclosed body of water a. Surges b. Tidal Waves c. Plunges d. Seiches e. Freshwater Tsunamis
drumlin
These are streamlined, asymmetrical hills composed of till, ranging in height from 15 to 60m and in length from 40 to 80 m.
ephemeral streams
These are streams that carry water only in response to specific episodes of rainfall.
A, B, & C
These are the minerals that have been proposed to serve as templates for the polymerization of organic molecules that could have spearheaded the origin of life: a. Clays b. Pyrite c. Zeolites d. A & C e. A, B, & C
aerosols
These are tiny microscopic, liquid, and solid particles suspended in the air that reflects solar heat back to outer space.
aerosols
These are tiny microscopic, liquid, and solid particles suspended in the air that reflects solar heat back to outer space. a. Microclouds b. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) c. Trace Gases d. Aerosols e. None of the above
antiaxial veins
These are veins that have different composition from the host rocks
spring tide
These occur twice a month when the Earth-Moon-Sun system is aligned, thus the moon and sun's gravitational forces on the earth is combined producing large tidal range
Stratigraphic (pinchout) trap
These oil-bearing structures result primarily from the original pattern of sedimentation rather than structural deformation. This stratigraphic trap exists because a sloping bed of sandstone thins to the point of disappearance
knickpoint
These refers to a sharp change in channel slope resulting from differential rates of erosion above and below
Pele's Hair
These strands are formed from stretching of lava droplets a. Ares' Hair b. Hestia's Hair c. Pele's Hair d. Vulcan's Hair
Piedmont glaciers
These type of glaciers occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys
Moment Magnitude Scale
This earthquake scale is usually used in measuring magnitudes of earthquakes nowadays. a. Mercalli Scale b. Richter Scale c. Moment Magnitude Scale d. Seismic Scale e. Stress Scale
scissors fault
This fault is considered to be rotational that could be probably due to curved fault surface, which requires that the rotational axis be parallel to the fault surface, or probably due to rotational axis being perpendicular to the fault surface.
reticulated habit
This habit refers to the lattice-like arrangement of platy or bladed crystals
Phacolith
This is a lens-shaped intrusive feature occurring in crests of anticlines and troughs of synclines. It is elongated in plan view. a. Bysmalith b. Laccolith c. Lopolith d. Phacolith
Decollément
This is a relatively flat, sub-horizontal fault which separates deformed rocks above from the underformed rocks below.
spring
This is a result of a fault slicing-off and exposing a part of an aquifer?
satellite
This is an alloy of Co and Cr and is used for high-machine tools because of its strength and heat resitance
hinge line
This is the line connecting all point of maximum curvature in a fold.
Moho discontinuity
This marks the base of the crust marked by abrupt increases in velocities of seismic waves a. Moho discontinuity b. Lehman discontinuity c. hiatus d. diastem e. none of the above
Lehmann discontinuity
This marks the boundary between the outer core and the inner core is referred to as: a. Guttenberg discontinuity b. Milankovitch discontinuity c. Lehmann discontinuity d. Mohorovicic discontinuity e. None of the above.
Wellman's method
This method is based on angular distortion of reference lines originally aligned 90 degrees to each other
Piezoelectricity
This property of quartz allows it to be used in telling time
grade
This refers to the amount of impurities contained in coal
thapocoenosis
This refers to the death assemblage where not all species present in the community are represented as fossils, and not all the fossil species within the assemblage lived in the community
Environmental compliance certificate
This refers to the document issued by the government agency concerned certifying that the project under consideration will not bring about an unacceptable environmental impact.
E horizon (zone of eluvation and leaching)
This refers to the soil horizon which has been significantly leached of its mineral and/or organic content, leaving a pale layer largely composed of silicates. It is present only in older, well developed soils.
aquifuge
This rock unit does not transmit nor store groundwater. a. Aquiclude b. Aquifer c. Aquifuge d. Aquitard e. None of the above
B-horizon
This soil horizon is better as the zone of accumulation or zone of illuviation.
entisol
This soil order lacks very significant development in soil horizons
oligomictic
This term is used in sedimentology to describe the framework composition of a rock in which one type of clast is generally present
slaking
This term refers to the expansion of clays and micas that generate stress, resulting in disintegration of adjacent minerals.
Bigbang theory
This theory explains the formation of the universe. ·
fault trap
This type of oil trap forms when strata are displaced in such a manner as to bring a dipping reservoir rock into position opposite an impermeable bed. In this case, the upward migration of the oil and gas is halted where it encounters the fault.
Hawaian
This type of volcanic eruption is characterized by a short-lived, explosive outbursts of pasty lava ejected a few tens or hundreds of meters into the air: a. Strombolian b. Vulcanian c. Hawaian d. Plinian e. Phreato-magmatic
smectite
This variation of clay can have the highest d-spacing. a. Kandite b. Illite c. Smectite d. Chlorite
LVZ (low velocity zone)
This zone marks the contact between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere
shale
forms under deep waters in the middle of the ocean
seismic method
geophysical method that can sense the different layers of the earth
Aquiclude
groundwater confining unit which stores but does not transmit water: a) Aquifer b) Aquiclude c) Aquitard d) Aquifuge
jurassic
gymnosperms were dominant in this period.
has high amounts of silica
in old geology, acidic rocks in igneous petrology means:
all of the above
in the Laubscher's rock mass rating scheme, the modified rock mass rating (MRMR) is computed by multiplying the rock mass rating (RMR) with a weight factor/s a.mining stress b.orientation of discontinuities c.susceptibility to weathering d.methods of excavation e.all of the above
ophiolite
is a section of Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted and exposed above sea level and often emplaced onto continental crustal rocks.
tectonic mélange
is an intensely sheared, heterogeneous rock assemblage embedded within a highly deformed mud matrix.
Archean
it was the major gold metallogenic eon where many gold deposits occur in the granite- greenstone terranes of the world. a) Proterozoic b) Phanerozoic c) Cambrian d) Archean
shield
large areas of highly deformed igneous and metamorphic rock (basement complex)
exfoliation dome
large, dome-shaped structure, usually composed of granite, formed by sheeting
hardpan
layer of hard material just below surface preventing good drainage
sedimentary
lignite and bituminous coal are what type rocks?
vitreus
luster of quartz/glassy quartz
silky
luster of serpentine
resinous
luster of sphalerite
primary melt
magma that never undergone any differentiation processes
intrusive magma
magmas stored within the crust; Solidifies at a depth; has a coarse grain. Example is granite
silicates
most common mineral group
Quaternary
most ice age episodes occurred in this period
thermal energy
most important agent of metamorphism
oceanic ridge
most striking and important feature on the ocean floor; a relatively huge , crack-like valley, called the rift valley, runs along the axis of the ridge throughout most of its length
Continental Divide
mountain ridge that separates river systems flowing toward opposite sides of a continent
lower portion of O horizon
on the soil profile horizon, where is the humus located?
hematite, magnetite, limonite
ore mineral of iron
magnesite, dolomite
ore mineral of magnesium
cinnabar
ore mineral of mercury
pentlandite
ore mineral of nickel
sphalerite
ore mineral of zinc
chromite
ore of chromium
nugget effect
placer samples with an erratic changes in values, having discontinuities accumulation of the valuable minerals
nazca
plate that is entirely made up of sea floor
slickenside
polished rock surface from faulting
rapids and waterfalls
prominent features of a V-shaped valley that occur where the stream's gradient increases significantly (often caused by variations in the erodability of the underlying bedrock)
grab sampling
random specimen picked up from an ore body or mineralized rock
Cambrian explosion
rapid diversification of most major animal groups marking the start of the Paleozoic era
Lithification
refers to the processes by which sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks
lithification
refers to the processes by which sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks.
Soil texture
refers to the proportions of different particle sizes (clay, silt, and sand) found in soil. The most important factors that control soil formation are parent material, time, climate, plants and animals, and topography
continental crust
relatively light "granitic" rock that includes the oldest rock of the crust; generally richer in Na and K; thickness ranges from 30 to 80 km, sometimes attaining 100 km in some portions
groundwater
represents the largest reservoir of freshwater that is readily available to humans.
regional floods
seasonal floods that typically result from spring rains or rapid melting of snow
trunk streams
sections of the river channel network where sediment is transported
conglomerate
sed rocks provide geologists with evidence for deciphering past environments. this type of rock indicates a high energy environment, such as a rushing stream, where only the coarse material can settle out.
black shale and coal
sed rocks provide geologists with evidence for deciphering past environments. this type of rock indicates a low-energy, organic rich environment, such as swamp or lagoon.
O Horizon (organic layer)
soil zone Composed of the leaves, needles, twigs, and animal bodies on the surface
marble and quartzite
some common Metamorphic rocks with a nonfoliated texture include
Milankovitch cycle
states that the shape of the earth's orbit varies from time to time
100 year flood
statistical assessment that a given event has a 1 in 100 chance of occurring in any year. 1% chance.
mantle
surrounds or covers the core; constitutes the great bulk of the earth (82% of its volume and 68% of its mass); composed of iron and magnesium silicate rock
true
t or f Grabens are hanging walls and horsts are foot walls.
true
t or f a geologist, who finds that his obligations to his employer are in conflict with his professional obligations or ethics, shall immediately give to his employer written notice to terminate his employment, unless the conflict is resolved
false
t or f deltas are characterized by a fining upward sequence
false
t or f frost wedging is a chemical weathering process
false
t or f: Taiwan is an island arc
2 degrees celsius per 100 meters
temperatures in deep mines and oil wells usually rise with an increase in depth averaging about:
ore
term used to denote useful metallic minerals that can be mined for profit.
Tarn
termed used for small lakes that replace cirques
drainage basin
the area from which a single stream or river and its tributaries drains all of the water
water balance
the balance between water intake and water excretion, which keeps the body's water content constant
Glacial budget
the balance or lack of balance between accumulation at the upper end of a glacier and loss at the lower end.
interval zone
the body of a fossiliferous strata between two specified biohorizon
The origin of continents and oceans
the book written by Alfred Wegener that set forth the basic outline of wegener's hypothesis, called the "continental drift"
Gravity
the controlling force of mass wasting
yellow
the following characterizes the internal reflection of rutile under the mineragraphic microscope?
kirchberg
the following confirmatory test is NOT used to distinguish magnesite from smithsonite?
little to no matrix
the following is always true of a clast-supported conglomerate
160,000 Years
the half life of Uranium-233
19 seconds
the half life of carbon 10
silica
the hardest cement and produces the hardest sedimentary rocks
swamp
the ideal environment that allows for the buildup of plant material
Ontong-Java Plateau
the largest oceanic flood basalt plateau on Earth
18,000 years
the last glacial maximum was ________ ago
mesosphere
the layer of the atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere and in which temperature decreases as altitude increases
base level
the lowest point to which a stream can erode its channel
mineral composition
the main criterion for classifying chemical rocks
particle size
the main criterion for classifying detrital rocks
moving water
the major agent of the erosion that has shaped Earth's land surface
capacity
the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transport per unit time
Yellowstone National Park
the most famous geyser in the world
Water
the most important agent of chemical weathering.
Moraines
the most widespread features created by glacial deposition
birdfoot delta
the name of an unusually shaped delta that sprawls in all directions. Built by the mississippi in the last 500 years
cutbank
the outside bank of a water channel (stream), which is continually undergoing erosion
bauxite
the principal ore of aluminum
differential weathering
the process by which softer, less weather resistant rocks wear away and leave harder, more weather resistant rocks behind
photosynthesis
the process in which plants use light energy to synthesize food sugars from carbon dioxide is called ____________. a. photosynthesis b. hydration c. oxidation d. fusion e. none of the above
downcutting
the process in which water flowing through a channel cuts into the substrate and deepens the channel relative to its surroundings
Red sea
the result of the splitting of the Arabian peninsula from africa
strata or beds
the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks
lithosphere
the strong rigid outer layer consisting the crust and a portion of the upper mantle
cleavage
the tendency of a crystalline substance to split or break along smooth planes parallel to zones of weak bonding in the crystal structure
Lamina
the thinnest or smallest recognizable unit layer of original deposition in a sediment or sedimentary rock<1 cm in thickness
mass wasting
the transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity
travertine
the type of limestone that decorates caverns
pongola
the very first ice age
discharge
the volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time
eluviation
the washing out of fine soil components from the A horizon by downward-percolating water
anastomosing streams
these are streams that divide and reconnect with each other
silicon
these elements are under LILE except: - caesium - strontium - rubidium - silicon
glaucophane
these minerals causes the "green" in greenschist except one: - serpentine - chlorite - glaucophane - epidote
devonian
this age is where tree ferns are abundant
Bushveld Complex
this hosts the largest reserves of vanadium, chromium and platinum group metals in the world
ordovician
this is the age of invertebrates
true
true or false: Conjugated veins are parallel
true
true or false: Due to differentiation, the lighter, gaseous materials escaped Earth's interior and became the primitive atmosphere.
false
true or false: During the early Paleozoic Era, the continent of Gondwanaland included North and South America
true
true or false: From the ocean floor up, the Hawaiian Islands constitute the highest mountains on Earth with a relief of ∼ 10 km high.
true
true or false: Much of the original free oxygen in the atmosphere combined with iron dissolved in water to become iron oxide
true
true or false: Other factors that influence or trigger downslope movements are saturation of the material with water, oversteepening of slopes beyond the angle of repose, removal of anchoring vegetation, and ground vibrations from earthquakes
true
true or false: The decay of radioactive atoms, coupled with heat released by colliding particles, produced at least some melting of Earth's early interior.
true
true or false: The solubility of carbonates decreases with increasing temperature.
true
true or false: With the perfection of the shelled egg, reptiles quickly became the dominant land animals of the Mesozoic Era.
meandering and braided
two common types of alluvial channel
covalent
type of Bonding of CH4?
contact or thermal
type of metamorphism where rock is intruded by magma
sea level
ultimate base level
slate
under low grade metamorphism, the common sed rock shale becomes this sed rock
diopside
usually appears green under the microscope: - Calcite - Rutile - Diopside - Glaucophane
isotopes
variants of the same elements that have a different mass number
Dumortierite quartz
variety of quartz that Contains large amounts of dumortierite crystals
runoff
water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground
pinacoid
what do we call a Form composed of two parallel planes
pyroxene and amphibole
what group of silicates are minerals in which their tetrahedra are joined as chains?
micas (biotite and muscovite)
what group of silicates are minerals in which their tetrahedra are joined as sheets?
feldspar and quartz
what group of silicates are minerals in which their tetrahedra are joined as three dimensional networks?
zero
what is the rotation speed at the N. Pole?
earthrise
what was the photo taken by Apollo 8 astronauts called in December 1968 showing a breathtaking view of the earth?
Atlantic ocean
whats the saltiest ocean
marble
when a fine grained limestone (made of calcite) is metamorphosed by the intrusion of a hot magma body, the small calcite grains recrystallize to form larger interlocking crystals. The resulting rock is _____________
iron oxide
when a sedimentary rock has an orange or red color, this compound is present
chlorite and muscovte
when buried to a depth of about 8kms, where T are between 150-200C, clay minerals become unstable and begin to recrystallize into other minerals such as _______________________
precambrian (2.5Ga)
when did earth first cooled? (aka white earth)
early jurassic (during the breakup of pangaea)
when did the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Form?
gorgona island (columbia)
where is the only place on earth where you can find phanerozoic komatiites?
strombolian
which of the following is a magmatic type of eruption a.) surtseyan b.) subglacial c.) strombolian d.) none of the above
transform fault
which one does not belong to a group? a.) strike slip fault b.) transform fault c.) dextral strike-slip fault d.) the Philippine fault
metamorphic
while lignite and bituminous coal are sed rx, anthracite is this type.
continental margin
zone of transition between a continental mass and an ocean basin consisting of continental shelf and continental slope
zone of saturation
zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water
Flute cast
· "scoop-shaped" depressions produced by erosion or scouring of muddy sediments. ·
Polar glaciers
· (Glacier type)- Ice in a polar glacier always maintains a temperature well below its melting point ·
10 trillion kilometres
· 1 light year is equivalent to?
triangulation/stream intersection
· 1 method used in locating oneself when the gps is unusable?
Archean & Proterozoic
· 2 eons of Precambrian ·
Ms. Redempta Baluda
· 2010 president of GSP?
Paleozoic, mesozoic, Cenozoic
· 3 eras of Phanerozoic: ·
North America, Europe, Siberia
· 3 present landmasses that collided to produce laurasia: ·
high Calcium, magnesian, oyster, hydrated
· 4 kinds of lime:
intermediate
· 50% si content is? a. felsic b. intermediate C. basic d. ultrabasic
predominantly extrusive rocks
· A batholith is characterized by all of the following except a) fairly coarse-grained rocks b) pegmatite dikes c) rocks of different colors and texture d) predominantly extrusive rocks e) rocks of different composition along margins
Eddies
· A circular movement of water, counter to a main current, causing a small whirlpool. ·
Alta region
· A complex dome of shield volcanoes in venus ·
Reynolds number
· A dimensionless number that includes the effects of the flow characteristics, velocity, and the depth, and the fluid density and viscosity. ·
plunging fold
· A fold whose apex is inclined rather than horizontal. a) inclined fold b) diagonal fold c) uneven fold c) steep fold d) plunging fold
syncline
· A fold with a core of stratigraphically younger rocks a) homocline b) anticline c) syncline d) inverted fold c) horizontal fold
Eversion
· A form of corrosion in which the sheer force of water smashes bedrock without the aid of particles. ·
index fossil
· A fossil used to accurately establish the relative age of the stratum a) fossil guide b) key fossil c) basic fossil d) index fossil e) plant fossil
Metamorphic
· A glacier is what type of rock ·
UTM zone 51
· A homogenous national network of geodetic control points, marked by concrete monuments or mojons, that has been established using Global positioning System technology ·
Ventifact
· A landform of sharp irregular ridge composed of consolidated sediments that have been eroded by the prevailing wind of a certain direction along the less resistant portion of the material and exposed in desert regions. ·
Ice mountain
· A large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open water. ·
Hadley cell
· A large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes, typically about 30 degress north or south. ·
Fault scarp
· A long, low cliff produced due to vertical displacements along dip-slip ·
Fjord
· A long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs created by a glacier. ·
Nodules
· A mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically has a contrasting composition. ·
Rainbow
· A meteorological phenomenon produced when light refract, reflect, and disperse resulting to a spectrum of light when passes through water droplets ·
Cataclasis
· A natural process whereby a faulted rock is deformed as a result of mechanical forces in the crust, such as fracturing, shearing, grain boundary sliding, and granulation. ·
Great red spot
· A persistent high pressure region in the atmosphere of Jupiter, producing an anticyclonic storm, the largest in the solar system, located 22 degrees south of jupiter's equator. ·
Flash flood
· A phenomenon in which water level rises rapidly and flows at velocity ·
Magnetic reversal
· A phenomenon when magnetic poles shift. ·
Glossopteris
· A plant identified by its tongue -shaped leaves and seeds that were too large to be carried by the wind, was known to be widely dispersed among Africa, Australia, india, and south America. ·
5 years, renewable for 25 years
· A quarry permit is good for how many years?
Kuiper belt
· A region outside the orbit of Neptune where most short-period comets are thought to originate.
debris flow
· A relatively rapid type of mass wasting that involves a flow of soil and regolith containing a large amount of water.
metasomatism
· A replacement process whereby the elements of a rock are exchanged with those of a magmatic fluid a) recrystallization b) metamorphism c) mineralization d) ionic replacement e) metasomatism
Tombolo
· A ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland or to another island. ·
Atoll
· A ring-shaped structure that often extend from slightly above sea level to depths of several thousand meters ·
Storm surge
· A rising of the sea as a result of the atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a strom. ·
Tributaries
· A river or stream flowing into a larger river or a lake. ·
Yardang
· A sharp irregular ridge of compact sand lying in the direction of the prevailing wind in exposed desert regions. ·
Tarn
· A small lake formed in the cirque after the glacier has melted away. ·
Gorge
· A steep-sided, narrow-floored valley cut into bedrock. ·
neo
· A stratotype for a previously described stratigraphic unit selected later in the absence of an adequately designated original stratotype.? a.holo b. neo C. Lecto d. hypo
Subsequent
· A stream that developed a course adjusted along some line or zone of least resistance where it could erode with minimum difficulty and maximum effect. ·
Perennial stream
· A stream that flows above the surface year-round. ·
Superposed stream
· A stream that was formed on one surface and structure and has since cut down thru an unconformity to flow across lower rock units which have a structure discordant with that of the above unconformity. ·
Convolute bedding
· A structure formed by complex folding or intricate crumpling of beds or laminations into irregular, generally small-scale anticlines and synclines. ·
Capillary fringes
· A subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table to pores due to tension saturation. ·
Bajada
· A term used to denote coalescing fans from adjacent canyons. ·
Uvala
· A term used to denote coalescing sinkholes ·
Geoid
· A theoretical surface generally defined as mean sea level
Glacier
· A thick ice mass that forms over hundred or thousands of years. ·
Curie temperature
· A threshold temperature of magnetism property of a mineral or substance. ·
Dome
· A type of anticline that lacks clear-cut elongation and that slopes outward in all directions from the highest point. [a. dome b. basin c. sheath fold d. drag fold] ·
Seif dunes
· A type of dunes formed by two prevailing wind, which are perpendicular with each other. ·
Temperate glacier
· A type of glacier in which Ice in a temperate glacier is at a temperature near its melting point. ·
Exinite
· A type of kerogen mainly formed from lipid components ·
Creep
· A type of mass movement that exhibits slow and gradual downslope movement of material. ·
Slide
· A type of mass movement where a distinct zone of weakness is defined along the plane where the material separates. ·
Trellis river pattern
· A type of river pattern that will form in a folded terrane [a. trellis b. dendritic c. radial d. rectangular] ·
Rectangular
· A type of river pattern that will form in a highly fractured or faulted area. [a. trellis b. dendritic c. radial d. rectangular] ·
Inceptisols
· A type of soil that is still weakly developed in which the initial formation of the soil is still evident ·
Obsequent stream
· A type of stream that flows at the opposite direction of the dipping strata. ·
Dreikanter
· A type of ventifact with pyramidial shape with three wind-abrades facets. ·
geologic map
· A visual display of the rock types, distribution, ages and structural features of a given portion of the Earth's surface a) geologic map b) geologic section c) geologic index d) tomography e) panorama
stratovolcano
· A volcanic cone consisting of alternating layers of pyroclastic deposits and lava. a) stratovolcano b) pyroclastic cone c) shield volcano d) dome e) stratified volcano
shield volcano
· A volcano made up wholly of fluid basaltic lavas. a) composite volcano b) shield volcano c) cinder cone d) lava dome e) basaltic lava
Geostropic winds
· A wind whose direction and speed are determined by a balance of the pressure-gradient force and the force due to the earth's rotation.
Subtropical high
· A zone where technically air subsides. [a. subtropical high b. equatorial high c. doldrums d. subtropical low] ·
Oligocene
· Age of Amnay ophiolite?
Precambrian
· Age of Banded Iron Formations ·
Oligocene-Miocene
· Age of Cagayan Valley Basin?
Cret
· Age of Dinagat Ophiolite?
Pleistocene
· Age of Guadalupe Fm?
L. Eocene
· Age of Zigzag Fm?
Oligo-miocene
· Age of coal in semirara?
Oligocene
· Age of cotabato basin?
Triassic
· Age of cycads ·
Cenozoic
· Age of mammals ·
Pliocene
· Age of mineralization in Tampakan?
Carboniferous
· Age of plants. ·
Regional zoning
· Also called metallogenic zoning ·
Antarctic
· Also called the southern ocean ·
Huronian glaciation
· Also known as "snowball earth episode 1" ·
Divergent boundaries
· Also known as constructive margins. ·
Rhodopyta
· Also known as red algae ·
Devonian
· Also known as the "age of orogeny" ·
Eocene
· Also known as the "dawn of life" ·
cambrian
· Also known as the "golden age of trilobites"
Permian-triassic mass extinction
· Also known as the "great dying" ·
Carboniferous
· Also known as the age of amphibian ·
Devonian
· Also known as the age of fishes ·
Uralitization
· Alteration in an igneous rock wherein pyroxene are altered to form amphibole ·
25 years
· An MPSA permit is valid for how many years? a. 1 b.2 c .5 D. 25
Adsorption
· An alternative to coupled substitution in which ions are attached on the charged surfaces of small ions ·
Shell
· An animal's tests are whats composing of the biogenous classification of seafloor sediment. What is it? ·
unconformity
· An erosional surface bounded by rocks of markedly different age and signifying a break in the geologic record a) landslide b) unconformity c) fault plane d) contact e) rock slide
Mold
· An impression in the sediment of a skeleton or shell ·
Caldera
· An opening in a volcano that has a diameter of greater than 1km ·
Infauna
· Animals that live in and move through the sediments ·
pasig river/napindinan channel
· Ano ang nagdidivide sa Manila Bay and Laguna Lake?
Dextral fault
· Another term for right lateral fault ·
Noise
· Anything else measured but which may not contain useful information ·
Bornhardts
· Are dome-shaped, steep-sided hills, usually built of massive igneous rocks such as granite or rhyolite, with bare convex slopes covered with very little talus and flattened summit surface. ·
Borings
· Are holes made by animals into hard material, such as wood, shells, rock, or hard sediment. ·
Berm
· Are relatively flat platforms often composed of sand that are adjacent to coastal dunes or cliffs and marked by a seaward change in slope. ·
Landforms
· Are terrain features formed by natural processes, which have a definable composition and a range of physical and visual characteristics. ·
Trade winds
· Are the prevailing patterns of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, within the lower portion of the earth's atmosphere, in the lower section of the troposphere near the earth's equator. ·
275-300 C
· At what temp does enargite and luzonite occurs together/exsolved?
Cyprus VMS
· Barlo zambales and sulat island, what kind of depo?
gibbsite diaspore and boehmite
· Bauxite is a mixture of?
Aves
· Birds belongs to which class? ·
Tear fault
· Bounds the edge of thrust sheets
Porphyry copper deposit
· Boyongan mine is this type of deposit?
Zn and Cu
· Brass is the combination of ·
Triassic
· Break-up of pangea happened during? ·
Apophyllite
· Called fish eye stone?
Yes! M-type granite
· Can granites form from basaltic magmas?
melange
· Chaotic mixture of rocks?
hydro
· Cheapest energy in the phils.?
Basins
· Circular or elliptical structural or topographic lows or downwards in which beds dip towards the center; when eroded, the youngest rocks are exposed at the right.
Formalhaut star
· Class A star that is considered as the brightest star in the constellation of piscis austrinus, the "southern fish" ·
Chronometer
· Clock which is precise enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation:
Pan
· Closed depressions that are common in many dryland areas and that seem to be atleast partly formed by deflation. ·
Sapropelic coal
· Coal with high H and VM, low rank?
cannel coal
· Coal with no alginate, present is spores, high H?
Bog head coal (torabanite)
· Coal with pure alginate?
Mesozoic era
· Coccolithophores started when?
Speleothem
· Collective terms used for various dripstone features found in caverns. ·
Yellow or orange
· Color of orthoclase stained w/ HF?
Sporopollenin
· Composition of pollen and spores: ·
Rip currents
· Concentrated movements of water that flow in the opposite direction from breaking waves. ·
Cenozoic
· Considered the "age of flowering plants" and "age of mammals" ·
Bangiomorpha
· Considered to be the first eukaryote [a. grypania b. cyanobacteria c. spriggina d. bangiomorpha] ·
Rock slide
· Considered to be the most catastrophic type of mass wasting ·
Asthenosphere
· Considered to be the weakest layer of earth and has relatively low resistance to plastic flow ·
Solum
· Constitution of horizon O, A, E, and B. ·
Sunspots
· Cool regions in the surface of sun. ·
>45% 2.5:1
· Cr: Fe ratio Metallurgical cr?
43-45% , 1.6:1
· Cr: Fe ratio for chemical chromite?
45% Cr2O3 2.5:2
· Cr: fe ratio refractory Cr?
Lake Maughan
· Crater lake of Mt. Parker?
Submergent coasts
· Created when sea level rises or the land adjacent to the sea subsides. ·
isometric
· Crystal system with no brief?
Bagacay, Samar
· Cu deposit in coal beds in PH?
550 deg C
· Curie pt of magnetite?
Intensity IX
· Damage considerable in specially designed structures. Building shifted off foundations. Grounds cracked conspicuously. ·
Data precision
· Degree of details that are displayed on a uniform space ·
3.0g/cc
· Density of oceanic crust. ·
Sensor
· Device that measures a certain energy level of the electromagnetic spectrum and converts it into a signal which can be read by an instrument ·
Age of fishes
· Devonian is also known as: ·
More magnetite Cu-au
· Diff. bet. Po Cu-Au and Po. Mo?
21 km
· Difference between the radius in equator and pole?
1 AU
· Distance between the sun and earth?
Triassic
· Diversification of ammonites ·
Jurassic
· Diversification of ammonites. When? ·
Carcar Fm
· Dolomite in Cebu are found in what formation?
Water
· Dominant weathering and erosional agent in desert regions ·
The Morrison formation
· Dubbed the world's richest dinosaur storehouse: ·
Intensity IV
· During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. Sensations like heavy truck striking building. ·
Prokaryotes
· Earth's first life was single celled bacterias called ·
Longitude
· Easting value refers to: ·
Mid-oceanic ridges
· Elevated areas of the seafloor that are characterized by heat flow and volcanism. ·
Chromium and vanadium
· Emerald color green is caused by?
Corundum
· Emery boards are composed of?
Intensity VII
· Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable in poorly built or badly designed structures. ·
geode
· Fine grained minerals on the walls of a cavity with coarser minerals in the center ·
cataclasite
· Fine grained rock turned to granular due to fault movement, what is the general term used for met rocks with granular texture?
Mankayan
· First Gold mine in PH?
Cretaceous
· First appearance of angiosperms ·
Eocene
· First appearance of eohippus ·
Pliocene
· First appearance of mammoth ·
Ordovician
· First appearance of non-vascular plants ·
San Remegio in Carawisan mine, antique
· First copper mine in PH?
the Kansan Glaciation ( 2 my ago. )
· First of the 4 Plio-pleistocene Ice Ages?
Center
· Flow is greatest in what part of the glacier?
Symmetrical folds
· Folds consist of limbs that are mirror image of each other ·
Uplift
· Formation of thick conglomerates is caused by? a.Basin subsidence B. Uplift
Tectonic joint
· Formed at depths in which stress are originated tectonically, and horizontal compaction occurs at depth less than 3km.
Burrows
· Fossilized tubes in soft sediment, made by an animal. ·
talus
· Fragments derived from the weathering of rocks, transported and deposited in loose layers on the Earth's surface a) fragmental sediment b) talus c) breccia d) eroded sediment e) detrital sediment
Geographic information system
· GIS stands for: ·
Global Standard stratigraphic Age
· GSSA means?
Hotspots
· Galapagos islands and canary islands are products of? ·
Xrf-quantitative measure
· Geochemical apparatus used in determining multiple elements?
Xrd clay-qualitative
· Geochemical apparatus used in which the minerals are subjected to xray?
ICP-MS-quantity
· Geochemical method used in which aliquots=concentration of elements?
Abrasion
· Glacial erosion where Rock fragments are carried by the glacier scrape against rock causing abrasion, like sandpaper ·
Plucking
· Glacial erosion where ice breaks off and removes bedrock fragments ·
Snowline
· Glaciers can only form at latitudes or elevations above the ______, which is the elevation above which snow can form and remain present year round ·
10%
· Glaciers make up about how many % of the surface ·
$35
· Gold price before 1970?
Cambrian
· Golden age of trilobites ·
Satellite imagery
· Google earth uses this tool in generating data ·
A-type granite
· Granites formed in hotspots?
Ridge push
· Gravity driven mechanism caused by the elevated position of the oceanic ridge resulting to the "slide" down movement of the lithospheric slab. ·
Passichnia
· Grazing traces [a. cubichnia b. repichnia c. domichnia d. passichnia] ·
Australia
· Great dividing ranges is found in what continent? ·
phi
· Greek letter for magnetic susceptibility?
Cross-beds
· Group of inclined layers indicating deposition from a flowing medium. ·
March 24, 2004
· Guinsaugon landslide happened on ·
Anhydrite
· Gypsum deprived of water is what mineral? ·
Topaz
· Hardest silicate mineral?
5 to 5.5
· Hardness of Obsidian?
Nautilus
· Has chambered, external shell that may be straight or coiled, with simple sutures. ·
Conrad roentgen
· He discovered X-ray in 1895 ·
James Hutton
· He established the Principles of Uniformitarianism a) James Hutton b) Charles Darwin c) Charles Lyell d) Nicolaus Steno e) Abraham Werner
James hutton
· He is the father of modern geology ·
George Lemaitre
· He proposed the bigbang theory ·
Harry hess
· He proposed the theory of seafloor spreading ·
head
· Highest velocity in a stream profile? a.head b. body C. mouth
25 years renewable for 25 years again
· How long is a mineral agreement?
2 years, renewable for 25 years
· How long is the expiration of an exploration permit?
<60%
· How many % of Filipino ownership ius allowed for mineral agreements?
0.1%
· How many % of organic matter produced were preserved to be a petroleum resource? ·
30 grams
· How many grams are used in fire assay?
81
· How many hectares are in a "block" as described by the phil. Mining act?
158 L
· How many liters in one barrel of oil?
5
· How many official moons does pluto has? ·
10%
· How many percent are given to the government when mining in a mineral reservation?
10%
· How many percent of earth's land surface are covered by glaciers?
16 (18 kung underground)
· How old is the minimum for labor in a mine?
Thrust fault/obduction
· How ophiolites are put to place?
Mollisols
· Humus-rich surface horizon that is rich in calcium and magnesium. ·
Kettle lakes
· If depressions form underneath a glacier and remain after the glacier is melted then water filling these depressions become small lakes where fine-grained sediment is deposited. ·
Perpendicular
· If h & k are 0, i.e. (00l) is the Miller Index, then the face is _____to the c axis ·
Perpendicular
· If h & l are 0, i.e. (0k0) is the Miller Index, then the face is _______ to the b axis. ·
Perpendicular
· If l and k are 0, i.e. (h00) is the Miller Index, then the face is ____________to the a axis. ·
Parallel
· If l is 0, i.e. (hk0) is the Miller Index, then the face is _________to the c crystallographic axis ·
66m (216ft)
· If modern ice caps melted today, they would raise the water levels of upto ·
Aquitard
· Impermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement. ·
Japan
· In March 3, 2010 what country settled with the Minimata disease?
Zone 3 base of laterite
· In a laterite profile, at what zone are chromite concentrated?
Serpentinite
· In a laterite profile, what is zone 4?
E horizon
· In a soil profile, leaching happened in this horizon ·
Headward
· In an uplift, erosion is?
lobe-finned
· In the Devonian, some ______________ fish began to spend time out of water and gradually evolved into the first amphibians. ·
Active volcanism and hydrothermal vents.
· In the east pacific rise, bakit di makita sa geophysics ang gitna ng ridge?
Au and Ag
· In what deposit is aqua regia used? a. Cu B. Au and Ag c. Pt d. Limestone
Aqua regia
· In what liquid is the gold and silver dissolved after removing the lead?
1.55
· Index of refraction of Canada balsam?
Seismograph
· Instrument that records earthquake waves.
Eskers
· Is a long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel deposited by subglacial or englacial meltwater stream. ·
Theodolite
· Is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes?
Solifluction
· Is a type of mass wasting that is common wherever water cannot escape from the saturated surface layer by infiltrating to deeper levels. ·
siliceous sinter
· Is porous, low-density, light-colored siliceous rock deposited by waters of hot springs and geysers? a. flint B. siliceous sinter c. jasper d. onyx
Nauru
· Island in the Pacific which became rich due to guano deposit:
Star dunes
· Isolated hills of sand that exhibit a complex form. ·
Sea stack
· Isolated remnant of sea arch ·
Inselbergs
· Isolated residual hills surrounded by plains and are generally bare and rocky. ·
Continental rise
· It consists of a thick accumulation of sediment that has moved down the continental slope and onto deep-ocean floor. ·
Annular river pattern
· It develops on a dome where concentric outcrops of rocks with different resistance to erosion are exploited by river erosion. [a. radial river patter b. concentric river pattern c. annular river pattern d. oscillating river pattern] ·
diastem
· It is a break in the age of a strata a. unconformity B. hiatus c. diastem
deformation
· It is a general term that refers to all changes in the original shape, size, volume, or orientation of a rocky body. [a. deformation b. stress c. strain d. structure] ·
Solder
· It is an alloy of Pb and Sn ·
Indicated mineral resource
· It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate technique from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. ·
Meteor impact
· It is one of the causes of K-Pg mass extinction [a. regression b. meteor impact c. glaciation d. solar flaire]
Spatial resolution
· It is the maximum size of objects that can be detected by a sensor system ·
Volcanic island arc
· It is the product of oceanic-oceanic convergence ·
Clinometer
· It is used in measuring vertical inclination of plane.
Cenozoic
· It means "recent life." a) Mesozoic b) Quaternary c) Pliocene d) Cenozoic e) Miocene
High-Low-High
· LS systems tend to be ___ in zinc and lead, and _________ in copper, with a _____ silver-to-gold ratio.
Fe-skarn
· Larap, Jose Panganiban Cam Norte is an example of?
Ice shelf
· Large, relatively flat mass of floating ice that extending seaward from the coast but remain attached to the land along one or more sides. ·
China
· Largest coal consumer? _______ · Largest coal producer? _______
Semirara Antique
· Largest coal deposit?
Argentinosaurus
· Largest dinosaur ·
Ganymede
· Largest moon in the solar system ·
Ice caps
· Largest types of glaciers ·
12, 500 years ago
· Last glacial period?
Stratosphere
· Layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone layer. ·
High Sulfidation epithermal Gold
· Lepanto mine is an example of ?
Light detection and Ranging
· LiDAR stands for ·
Nearshore
· Lies between the low-tide shoreline and the line where waves break at low tide. ·
Ocean
· Local or temporary base levels are observed in the following area except: [a. lakes b. dam c. rivers d. ocean] ·
Winter solstice(December 21)
· Longest nights?
swell
· Lower in height and longer in length and may carry the storm's energy to distant shores when wind changes its direction relative to wave direction.
Cut-off grade
· Lowest grade or quantity for a deposit to be economically profitable?
Diffusion
· Major mechanism of mass transport in deep environments of restricted mechanical fluid flow ·
chert
· Manganese nodules are found in?
20 hectares
· Maximum area for small-scale miners?
400 blocks
· Maximum blocks for a corporation for the entire Phils for exploration permit?
200 blocks
· Maximum blocks for a corporation for the entire Phils for mineral agreement?
40
· Maximum blocks of an individual for the entire Phils for exploration permit?
20
· Maximum blocks of an individual for the entire Phils for mineral agreement?
Dalupirip schist
· Metamorphic basement of Baguio?
Suction dredges
· Mining Sand and gravel by offshore barges typically uses ·
Alfisols
· Moderately weathered soils that form under boreal forests or broadleaf deciduous forests, rich in iron and aluminum.
Chalco ond pyrrhotite
· Most conductive VMS?
Solnhofen limestone
· Most famous lagerstatten source of dinosaur fossils in north America ·
spring tide
· Occurs twice a month during the time when the earth-moon-sun system is aligned. ·
Liquid immiscibility
· Occurs when magma composition approaches a condition where two or more distinct liquid phases coexist in equilibrium ·
Plucking
· Occurs when meltwater penetrates the cracks and joints of bedrock. ·
Brittle deformation
· Occurs when stress causes the chemical bonds that hold a material together to break. ·
Spring
· Occurs where the land surface and the water table intersect. ·
Atlantic
· Ocean without trench? a.pacific b. Indian C. Atlantic d. antartic
Pugo Metavolcanics
· Oldest formation sa baguio as seen sa kennon road? a. Kennon Limestone b. Klondyke Conglomerates c. Zigzag Fm D. Pugo Metavolcanics
Grypania
· Oldest known mega fossil in Neguanee iron formation in Michigan. [a. cyanobacteria b. coccolithopores c. grypania d. cooksonia] ·
crevasse
· One does not characterize deltas a) sand b) silt c) crevasse d) sedimentation e) erosion
age of rock formation
· One is not a factor contributing to mass wasting a) rock type b) moisture c) plants d) age of rock formation e) earthquake
amphibolite
· One is not a product of burial metamorphism a) amphibolite b) garnet schist c) mica schist d) blue schist e) slate
stack
· One is not a product of shoreline deposition a) tombolo b) spit c) stack d) barrier island e) reef
stream valley
· One is not produced be stream sedimentation a) point bar b) levees c) alluvial fan d) stream valley e) delta
floodplain
· One is not produced by stream erosion a) stream piracy b) pothole c) stream valley d) floodplain e) superposed stream
Meteoric waters
· One of the components of ore-bearing fluids which dominates at near-surface, terrestrial environments. ·
color
· One of these is not a factor in producing bedding a) composition b) fissility c) texture d) color e) grain size
Sperrylite
· Ore of Pt aside from native?
Syngenetic
· Ores formed by magmatic segregation deposit is a/an
liptinite
· Other term for exinite macerals? A. liptinite b. vitrinite c. inertinite d. durain
Basaltic rocks
· P-waves travels faster in which type of medium? a. hydrous minerals b. shale c. basaltic rocks d. granitic rocks ·
Zambales, Acoje
· PGE is found where in PH?
Oil and gas
· PMRC provides guidelines on the reporting for all deposits except a. non-metallic deposits b. mercury deposits c. placer deposits d. oil & gas ·
Bismuth Arsenic
· Pathfinders for gold?
Aquifer
· Permeable rock strata or sediments that transmit groundwater freely. ·
Phosphate or aluminum
· Pink color in rose quartz is caused by?
6.62517 x 10^-27 erg. Sec
· Planck's constant ·
transform
· Plate boundary with cataclastites, mylonites, schists and phyliites? A. convergent b. divergent c. transform d. strike-slip
mantle convection
· Plates move because of: (a) polar wandering (b) magnetic reversals (c) continental drift (d) mantle convection (e) continent rifting.
Fischer-Tropsch process
· Procees used to convert coal gas to liquid?
Degradation
· Process of leveling down the topography. ·
smelting
· Processing of releasing metal from minerals ·
Blowouts
· Product of deflation in Aeolian environment that is characterized by a shallow depression. ·
K-Ar method
· Provides information primarily on the time of uplift of a rock mass because of its relatively low blocking temperatures. ·
10cm/yr
· Rate of movement of Pacific plate?
0.4cm/20years
· Rate of subsidence of Metro Manila?
Limbs
· Refers to the legs of a fold ·
Permafrost
· Refers to the permanently frozen ground that occurs in association with earth's harsh tundra and ice-cap climates. ·
Headwater
· Refers to the source of water from the river systems. ·
Cryology
· Refers to the study of glaciers. ·
Limnology
· Refers to the study of lakes. ·
Dendrochronology
· Refers to the study of tree ring dating ·
Eccentricity
· Refers to variations in the shape of earth's orbit around the sun.
Shotcreting
· Regarding earthflows, which of the ff mitigating measures is not necessary? a. coconet installation b. benching c. shotcreting d. building of masonry wall ·
Epeirogenic
· Regional uplift without important deformation. ·
Lunar highlands
· Representing older and much more cratered crust in the earth's moon ·
Cubichnia
· Resting traces: [a. cubichnia b. repichnia c. domichnia d. passichnia] ·
Jurassic
· Rifting of india happened during? ·
Translational slide
· Rockslide is an example of what type of mass wasting? ·
Amlang and Cataguintan
· Rosario Fm is subdivided with its two members namely?
clockwise
· Rotation of venus?
Cr
· Rubies red color is caused by the element?
Shuttle radar topography Mission
· SRTM means ·
strike slip faults
· Sag ponds are formed in?
Transform fault
· San andreas fault is an example of what type of fault? ·
Fe and Ti
· Sapphire deep blue color is due to?
Wentworth's
· Scale used in classifying sediments by size. a) Wentworth's b) Moh's c) Worthwent's d) Clastic's e) Millimetric
Triassic
· Scleractinian corals first appearance: ·
Ebb current
· Sea-ward moving tidal current ·
Rayleigh wave
· Seismic surface wave causing the ground to shake in an elliptical motion, with no transverse, or perpendicular, motion.
>63%
· Silica content ng acidic magma? A. <45% b. 45-52% C. 52-63% d. >63%
E horizon
· Soil horizon where eluviation happens ·
0.005%
· Soil moisture comprises how many percent of the earth's hydrosphere? ·
Sea ice (frozen seawater)
· Some people mistakenly think that the North Pole is covered by glacial ice, but this is not the case. The ice that covers the Arctic Ocean is
Sound navigation and ranging
· Sonar means: ·
2.99793 x 10^10 cm/sec
· Speed of light ·
Stalagmite
· Speleothems that form on the floor of a cavern and grow upward but do not reach the ceiling. ·
rutile inclusion
· Star appearance in star sapphire is acuaed by ?
Walther's law
· States that any vertical progression of facies is the result of a succession of a depositional environments that are laterally juxtaposed to each other. ·
Granite and bronze
· Stone in rizal monument?
Adobe from bulacan
· Stone used in Intramuros wall?
Baguio(wildcat cu mine)
· Stratigraphically controlled conglomerate-hosted replacement gold where?
orange
· Streak of realgar?
Bed loads
· Stream load consisting of silt- and clay-sized materials. ·
Kames
· Streams and lakes forming on top of or on the sides of stagnant ice may deposit stratified sediment on top of the glacier ·
Meandering streams
· Streams that transport much of their load in suspension that generally moves in sweeping bends. ·
Transparency
· Sufficient information, clear # unambiguous presentation of data, not misleading to the readers of the public report. ·
Love wave
· Surface seismic waves that cause horizontal shifting of the earth during an earthquake. ·
true
· T/F A foreign-owned/-controlled corporation may be granted a mineral processing permit..
True
· T/F. based on the Mining act of 1995 "Minerals" does not include energy materials such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, radioactive materials, and geothermal energy?
Relative dating
· Technique where events are placed in their proper sequence or order without knowing their age in years. ·
Einstein's equation
· Tells that X-ray's energy is inversely proportional to their wavelength ·
600-800 deg C
· Temp of rhyolitic magmas?
1000-1200 deg C
· Temp. of formation of basic rocks?
Graben
· Term used for down-dropped blocks ·
Sulfides
· Tetrahedrite-tennantite series is found in what deposit?
South America, Africa, india, Australia, Antarctica
· The 5 present day lands that consisted gondwana (southern part of pangaea) ·
Transcurrent fault
· The Philippine fault zone is an example of? [a. right-lateral strike-slip fault b. normal fault c. transform fault d. transcurrent fault] ·
Metamorphic complex
· The basement of Masbate island is
Strike
· The bearing of a horizontal line contained within an inclined plane. ·
Conical
· The best map projection you can use for mid-latitudes with an east-west orientation is ·
Azimuthal
· The best map projection you can use for polar or circular regions is ·
Ms 7.2
· The bohol October 2014 earthquake has a magnitude of ·
Atlantic ocean
· The breakup of Pangaea started with the western Africa separating from south America. What was the product of this separation? ·
Stage
· The chronostratigraphic equivalent of age ·
Caledonian mountains
· The collision of northern Europe (Norway) with greenland produced: ·
Ural Mountains
· The collision of northern asia (Siberia) & Europe produced: ·
Isostasy
· The concept that earth's crust is "floating" in gravitational balance upon the material of the mantle. ·
Exemption from payment of tariff duties and compensating tax on importation of machinery/equipment/spare parts/materials required for the coal operations
· The current coal operating contract (COC) system gives the following incentives to contractors, except? A. Exemption from all taxes b. Exemption from payment of tariff duties and compensating tax on importation of machinery/equipment/spare parts/materials required for the coal operations c. Entry of alien technical personnel d. Recovery of operating expenses
Lake Baikal
· The deepest lake in the world ·
mudflow
· The deposit likely to develop from sub-aqueous mass movement a) mudflow b) turbidite c) delta d) lahar e) debris flow
strike
· The direction of the line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane with a bedding or fault plane. a) dip b) plunge c) axis d) pitch e) strike
Rodinia
· The earliest supercontinent ·
23
· The earth is tilted by how many degrees? ·
deposition
· The earth materials wasted by erosion subsequently undergo (a) lithification (b) weathering (c) compaction (d) deposition (e) metamorphism
Apollo 8
· The earthrise was taken by ·
Phanerozoic
· The eon where we belong.
miocene
· The epoch next to oligocene (younger)
Bamban formation
· The equivalent of Guadalupe formation in central Luzon?
Southern stretch of the east pacific rise
· The fastest-spreading sections of the earth's mid-ocean ridge system. ·
Tungsten
· The filament in incandescent bulb i9s composed of what?
Thermosphere
· The following are responsible for maintaining our atmosphere except: [a. outercore b. gravity c. magnetosphere d. thermosphere] ·
Pleistocene
· The following epoch to tertiary period except [a. Miocene b. Oligocene c. Pleistocene d. paleocene] ·
Period
· The geochronologic equivalent of system ·
B horizon
· The horizon that last to developed in a mature soil
fold axis
· The intersection of the axial plane with the fold crest a) fold axis b) fold summit c) strike d) fold plane e) plunge
gabbro
· The intrusive equivalent of basalt. a) rhyolite b) gabbro c) granite d) diorite e) andesite
The hornless rhinoceros
· The largest land mammal to have existed ·
Pycnocline
· The layer of ocean water between about 300 meters (980 feet) and 1000 meters (3300 feet), where there is a rapid change of density with depth, is called what? ·
Thermocline
· The layer of ocean water between about 300 meters (980 feet) and 1000 meters (3300 feet), where there is a rapid change of temperature with depth, is called the what? ·
Allitization
· The loss of silica and concentration of sesquioxides in the soil, with the information of gibbsite, and with or without the formation of laterite; more or less synonymous with soluviation, ferallitization, laterization, and latosolization ·
magma
· The mantle consists of: (a) lava (b) asthenosphere (c) basalt (d) peridotite (e) magma
elastic limit
· The maximum amount of stress a material can withstand before it deforms permanently a) plastic limit b) elastic limit c) permanent stress d) shear limit d) stress limit
Lafayette
· The mining company involved in the cyanide spill in rapu-rapu ·
Morrison formation
· The most fertile lagerstatten source of dinosaur fossils in north America ·
Heat
· The most important factor driving metamporphism. [a. chemically active fluids b. heat c. pressure d. composition]
Sandstone reservoir
· The most important type of reservoir rock in petroleum system ·
Gravity
· The most suitable geophysical survey for exploration of kimberlite deposits is ·
Thrust fault
· The north bohol fault is an example of what type of fault? ·
Washington
· The oldest mineral is found in [a. jack hills b. Washington c. Tokyo d. philippines] ·
Puerto rico trench & south sandwich trench
· The only Two trenches found in the atlantic: ·
Vadose zone
· The part of earth between the land surface and the top of the phreatic zone, the position at which the groundwater is at atmospheric pressure. ·
paleogene
· The period next to cretaceous (younger) ·
aphelion
· The point on its orbit when the Earth is farthest from the sun?
faunal succession
· The principle that fossils succeed one another in definite order so that rocks containing identical fossils are identical in age is: (a) superposition (b) faunal succession (c) paleontology (d) relative time scale (e) faunal superposition
Cutoff
· The river may erode through the narrow neck of land forming a channel segment called ·
footwall
· The rock mass beneath an inclined fault a) hanging wall b) wallrock c) footwall d) bench e) under wall
1:25,000
· The scale of a formation in a map to be considered as formation ·
Subduction
· The sideways and downward movement of a lithosphere edge into the mantle beneath another lithosphere ·
Polar cell
· The smallest and weakest cell in the wind system. ·
Carcross desert
· The smallest desert in the world ·
Bed
· The smallest formal lithospheric graphic unit of sedimentary rock. ·
trellis
· The stream pattern that characterizes the headwaters of streams is a) radial b) rectangular c) trellis d) dendritic e) meandering
Cartography
· The study and practice that deals with the construction of maps, the science behind maps and its use. ·
Sclerochronology
· The study of physical and chemical variations in the accretionary hard tissues of invertebrates and coralline red algae, and the temporal context in which they formed. ·
Taphonomy
· The study of the history of an organism from its death to its discovery within a rock or sediment. ·
Continental shelf
· The submerge extension of the continental crust ·
travertine
· The terraced deposit of carbonate at the floor of caves consist of a) geode b) travertine c) stalagmite d) sinkhole e) gravel
False
Trellis type of drainage pattern would be found in Mt. Mayon. This statement is: a. True b. False c. no conclusion can be drawn
High latitude
· The thermocline is absent in lower or high latitude? ·
Wave period
· The time it takes for a full wave to pass a fixed position. ·
Mass wasting
· The transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity. ·
shear metamorphism
· The transformation of rocks involving grinding, pulverizing and recrystallization associated with fault movements. a) stress metamorphism b) transcurrent faulting c) shear metamorphism d) brecciation e) crushing
Surf
· The turbulent water created by breaking waves. ·
Basal sliding
· The type of glacial movement where meltwater at base of glacier reduces friction by lubricating the surface and allowing the glacier to slide across its bed. Polar glaciers are usually frozen to their bed and are thus too cold for this mechanism to occur ·
Internal Flow (creep)
· The type of glacial movement which results from deformation of the ice crystal structure - the crystals slide over each other like deck of cards. This type of movement is the only type that occurs in polar glaciers, but it also occurs in temperate glaciers. ·
Hypocenter
· The underground focus point of an earthquake ·
13.7 BYA
· The universe began when?
HMS Challenger
· The vessel that made the first systematic bathymetric measurements of the ocean ·
springs
· The water table discharges naturally at the surface in the form of a) geysers b) artesian water c) percolation d) aquifer e) springs
Beach face
· The wet sloping surface that extends from the berm to the shoreline. ·
Africa
· The world's largest desert is seen in what continent? ·
Nebular theory
· Theory that explains the formation of solar system. ·
Trade winds
· These are easterlies from 0 to 30 degrees in earth's latitude. ·
Blowouts
· These are the commonest landforms produced by wind erosion
Stromatolites
· These microbial mats serves as the evidence for the advent of photosynthesis: ·
Greenland and Antarctica
· These two ice sheets constitute 95% of all ·
XRD
· This analytical technique is used to identify crystalline compounds ·
Himalayan orogeny
· This caused the closing of tethys sea ·
Darcy's law
· This describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium ·
James Cameron (titanic/avatar)
· This film director made news in march of 2012 as the first person in 50 years to take a deep diving submersible to the bottom of the challenger deep
Push-up ranges
· This geomorphic feature was formed in a left-lateral strike slip motion fault with right step over. a. sag pond b. push-up ranges c. rhomb-chasm d. graben ·
Hawaiíi and Yellowstone
Two examples of regions of hotspot volcanic activity are: A. Hawaiíi and the Cascades B. Hawaiíi and Iceland C. Iceland and the Galapagos Islands D. Iceland and Yellowstone E. Hawaiíi and Yellowstone
(1) regional metamorphism and (2) contact or thermal metamorphism.
Two types of metamorphism are
Taconic orogeny
· This happened between 450 and 500 million years ago when the marginal sea between the crustal fragment and north American began to close. ·
Diastrophism
· This includes the process of earth's crust deformation like folding and faulting. [a. diastem b. diastrophism c. hiatus d. deformation] ·
Tempestite deposits
· This is a collective term used for deposits that are generated by storms
Regolith
· This is a layer of rocks and/or minerals produced by weathering of parent rock ·
Southern hemisphere (northern Hemi is land hemisphere)
· This is also called the water hemisphere ·
Scleronchronology
· This is an experimental method based upon counting annual growth bands in corals and molluscs. ·
Mesosphere
· This is considered to be the coldest layer of the earth's layer of the earth's atmosphere with a temp of about ~85 to ~90 deg C.
Mt mauna loa
· This is considered to be the highest feature on earth ·
Vredefort crater
· This is considered to be the largest impact crater. ·
Australia
· This is the continent without any active volcanoes ·
Kola superdeep borehole
· This is the deepest drillhole made in human history ·
Laguna lake
· This is the largest lake in the Philippines ·
70%
· This is the maximum allowable percentage of matrix to be classified as conglomerate. ·
model
· This is the physical, visual, or mathematical simulation of scientific data that has limited evidence and needs further investigation.
Quarrying
· This is the process of removing blocks from the channel bed through river current ·
Runoff
· This is the process where precipitation flows over the surface of the earth ·
Geomorphology
· This is the science dealing with landforms and their development ·
Mt. Apo
· This is the tallest mountain in the Philippines ·
Mohorovicic discontinuity
· This marks the boundary of the crust and mantle. ·
kriging
· This method is an elegant class of inverse-distance weighting ·
Erodibility
· This refers to susceptibility of a soil to erosion. ·
Elastic rebound theory
· This theory states that as rocks on opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force and shift, they accumulate energy and slowly deform until their internal strength is exceeded. ·
Airy's hypothesis
· This theory supposes that the thicker parts of the crust sink deeper into the substratum, while the thinner parts are buoyed up by it. ·
Elastic deformation
· This type of deformation is recoverable when the stress applied is lifted [a. plastic deformation b. elastic deformation c. Maxwell behavior d. ductile deformation]
UTC (Coor. Universal Time)
· Time standard based on International Atomic Time (TAI) ?
vector file
· Triangular irregular network is a ·
Hanging valleys
· Tributary glaciers that are left standing above the main glacial trough. ·
Karst
· Type of topography ng chocolate hills?
Rain shadow deserts
· Types of desert forming in middle latitude. ·
Batteries
· Use of Pb?
Galvanizer, steel, alloy, paints
· Use of Zn?
oil-drilling
· Use of barite? a. porcelain B. oil-drilling c. metallurgy d. gemstone
Ore of Sb
· Use of tetrahehedrite?
alabaster
· Used in vases and gemstone? A. alabaster b. opal c. corundum
6 (Plinian/UltraPlinian)
· VEI of Mt. Pinatubo?
Fjord
· Valley glaciers that extend to the coastline carving a valley on it?
Silurian
· Vascular plants first appearance ·
Groundwater
· Water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices of rock ·
Turbulent flows
· Water movement characterized by an erratic fashion in the form of horizontal and vertical swirling motions. ·
9%
· Water when freezes or turns into ice expands to how many percent by volume? ·
Pater Noster Lake
· Water-filled depressions created by glacial movement through plucking.
Increases
· Wave height ___ as water depth decreases?
Kuroko
· What VMS deposit is associated with Pb?
Litharge
· What are the basic flux and a source of lead used in fire assay?
Subduction at manila trench
· What caused eruption of Mt. Pinatubo?
Kaolinite
· What clay is used for porcelains?
Red
· What color is the Bergeyen marble found in Mindanao?
BP Transoceania
· What company is involved in Gulf of Mexico oil spill?
Marcopper mining corp
· What company is involved in the disaster that contaminated the boac river? ·
Cuprite
· What copper ore has the highest percentage of Cu when pure?
Porphyry Cu
· What deposit is related with potassic zone?
Urkontinen
· What did Wegener call the supercontinent Pangaea?
Holotype
· What do you call the first strato type?
Chromium
· What element is added for stainless steel? a. Iron B. Chromium c. Nickel d. Carbon
XRD
· What geochemical equipment is used for clays? A. XRD b. XRF c. AAS d. ICP-MS
Zinc Oxide
· What is a Cinese white paint?
Tonalite with oligoclase
· What is a Trondhjemite?
Steel, Mn Fe and silica
· What is a spiegeleisen?
Opal glass, palawan
· What is an opalite? Where is it found?
23.5 degrees
· What is earth's obliquity? ·
Cambrian-Ord
· What is the age of graptolites? a. Cambrian-Ord B. Ord-Silurian c.sil-Devonian d. Devonian-Carboniferous
4.54Ga
· What is the age of the earth? ·
180-200Ma
· What is the age of the oldest oceanic crust? ·
4.03Ga
· What is the age of the oldest rock on earth? ·
Pleistocene
· What is the age of the stegodon?
5000m
· What is the approximate elevation of the snowline? ·
Granodiorite
· What is the average composition of the continental crust? ·
Basalt
· What is the average composition of the oceanic crust? ·
Canis Major Dwarf
· What is the closest galaxy in our solar system? a. Andromeda B. Canis Major Dwarf c. Sagittarius d. Milky Way
red
· What is the color of plagioclase when stained with HF?
5.51g/cc
· What is the density of earth? ·
2.7g/cc
· What is the density of the continental crust? ·
Sumatra
· What is the epicenter of the 2004 earthquake which caused tsunamis?
Sichuan, china
· What is the epicenter of the 7.8 earthquake that occurred in May 2008?
1.62 m/s2
· What is the gravitational pull of the moon? ·
ketsana
· What is the international name of Ondoy which severly hit Metro Manila?
PD 265
· What is the law prohibiting extraction of sand in beaches?
Saturn
· What is the least dense planet in our solar system? ·
Gshelia, coral
· What is the oldest fossil in the Phils?
Dolerite
· What is the other term for diabase?
34%
· What is the percentage of Copper in chalcopyrite?
Brunhes
· What is the present magnetic position today? A. Brunhes b. Matayama c. Gauss d.Gilbert
3300-3400Km
· What is the radius of mars? ·
Subituminous C
· What is the rank of Semirara coal?
GMT (Greenwich mean time)
· What is used as global time?
National Integrated Protected areas System (NIPAS) under Republic Act No. 7586
· What law states that mining is prohibited in watershed areas which is a problem now in Tampakan?
RA 9072
· What law stopped the extraction of guano from caves?
Bessemer
· What mine is found in Norte where uraninite is mined?
Apatite, Crandallite, Strengite, Variscite
· What phosphate minerals are found in Phils?
Mars
· What planet has geomorphologic features as in earth?
Venus
· What planet is ½ the size as earth?
Uranus
· What planet rotates at its sides?
Boac River
· What river is polluted in the MarCopper incident?
Troctolite/ olivine gabbro
· What rocks are assoc. with refrectory cr?
Dec. 2004
· What ruling of the Supreme court allows 100% ownership of mine companies?
Limestone reservoir
· What type of reservoir is present in the Palawan petroleum system? ·
Hydrogen sulfide
· What was the very first source of hydrogen of the very first photosynthesizing bacteria, the cyanobacteria/green algae? ·
Gymnosperms have naked seeds; angiosperms are flowerings plants with covered seeds
· What's the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms? ·
Eukaryotes carry nuclei; prokaryotes don't
· What's the main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? ·
510M sq. Km
· What's the total area of earth ·
Nitrogen, oxygen, argon
· Whats the composition of the air we breathe?
Their mode of reproduction
· Whats the difference between marsupial and placental mammals? ·
cryogenian
· When did GSSA used instead of GSSP?
Eocene (55.8-33.9 mya)
· When did India collide with Eurasia?
june 12, 1991
· When did Mt. Pinatubo erupt?
Mesozoic
· When did Pangaea breakup?
July 2008
· When id the highest price of oil at $147/barrel?
2006
· When is Pluto demoted as planetoid?
Paleocene (65.5 -55.8 mya)
· When is the Alpine Orogeny?
Carboniferous (359.2-299.0 mya)
· When is the Appalachian orogeny?
1976
· When is the Bataan nuclear first built?
April 20, 2010
· When is the oil spill in Gulf of Mexico?
Neap
· When is the tide minimum?
Radar altimeter
· When mapping the seafloor from space one needs a: ·
San Ildefonso, bulacan
· Where in Luzon there is dolomitic limestone?
Indonesia
· Where in SEA is the second largest producer of tin?
Acoje, Zambales.ophioilite
· Where is Magmatic Nickel sulfide deposits formed in the Philippines?
Rapu-rapu, LaFayette mine
· Where is Red Metal in Philippines?
Canatuan TVI, gossanous gold
· Where is gossans found in Phils?
Puerto Princesa, Palawan
· Where is mercury mined in the phils.?
Mansalay, Mindoro
· Where is the ammonite found in the Phils.?
Cabanatuan, Iloilo
· Where is the elephas sp. Found?
Nonoc 1974
· Where is the first nickel refinery plant?
Humus deposits
· Where is there a concentration of chromite?
Ellesmere Island in northern Canada
· Where is true magnetic north?
Larap, Cam. Norte
· Where is uranium in Philippines?
conglomerate
· Which among these rock types would be most porous? a) conglomerate b) shale c) greywacke d) siltstone e) quartz sandstone
5 peso
· Which coin in PH is a nickel brass?
25 cents
· Which coin in the philippines is composed of brass?
1 peso
· Which copper in PH is composed of Cupro-Nickel ?
Indonesia
· Which country has the most active volcanoes ·
Isometric
· Which crystal system has no birefringence?
temperate
· Which has deeper CCD? In tropical or temperate regions?
Cosmic rays
· Which has the highest energy in the ff: gamma rays/ microwave / long radio waves / cosmic rays ·
basalt
· Which igneous rock is fine-grained? a) ultramafic rock b) diorite c) gabbro d) basalt e) granite
durain
· Which is a coal lithotype? A. durain b. liptite c. durite d. clarite
troy oz
· Which is larger troy oz. or av. Oz?
Neptunite
· Which is not a uranium ore? a.autunite B.Neptunite c.carnotite d.saleeite
Guano
· Which is the most important organic source of P and N?
Gabbro
· Which of the ff rock types had the greatest density [a. tonalite b. gabbro c. diorite d. granite]
ii & iv
· Which of the ff statements is/are true? i.gangue can be classified as waste and vice versa ii. Cut-off grade dictates the identification of ore and protore iii. Ore deposit is always part of ore resource and ore resource always has an economic ore body. iv. Mineral deposit is a concentration of ore but not necessarily profitable ·
Red sea
· Which of the following bodies of water is currently opening? [a. south china sea b. red sea c. Mediterranean sea d. Adriatic sea]
Mediterranean sea
· Which of the following bodies of water is involved in the messinian salinity crisis? [a. south china sea b. pacific ocean c. red sea d. Mediterranean sea]
Australia
· Which of the following continents does not have glacier? [a. Africa b. north America c. asia d. australia] ·
Isotopic compostion
· Which of the following does not affect the rate of weathering? Time/weather/isotopic Composition/Surface area
Composite ooids
· Which of the following does not indicate low energy environment? [a. abundant peloids b. superficial ooids c. composite ooids d. abundant mud] ·
Sudden occurrence of earthquake
· Which of the following events most likely affects your gravity survey a. sudden occurrence of earthquake b. migration of animals c. sudden rain d. abrupt change in wind direction ·
Kazakhstania
· Which of the following is not part of Gondwanaland? a. sri lanka b. kazakhstania c. india d. antarctica ·
South America
· Which of the following is not part of laurasia? a. baltica b. Siberia c. south china d. south america ·
1mm
· Which of the following measurements of thickness is not considered as bed? [a. 1000mm b. 10cm c. 1mm d. 1cm] ·
Silurian
· Which of the following period is the oldest? [a.carboniferous b. Silurian c. paleogene d. neogene] ·
Neogene
· Which of the following period is the youngest? [a.carboniferous b. Silurian c. paleogene d. neogene] ·
Eratosthenes
· Who estimated the Earth's circumference?
Reid
· Who measured the displacement of fault in San Andreas?
Sedgwick
· Who named Ordovician? a. Sedgwick b.Murchison C. Lapworth d. Lyell
Georges cuvier
· Who proposed catastrophism? ·
Shreve
· Who proposed stream magnitude? a.Horton, b. Strahler, C.Shreve
Kant and Laplace
· Who proposed the Nebular Hypothersis?
The moon spins about its axis in synchronization with its orbital period around the Earth.
· Why do we see only one side of the moon?
Ukraine
· World's leading producer of Mn?
Higher
· X-rays have a smaller wavelength than visible light, thus they have ______energy ·
Call and secure your relatives
· You're inside your house when an earthquake occurs, which of the ff is the least likely thing to do? a. do not panic b. hide under strong tables c.call and secure your relatives d. hide at the door frame ·
Gelisols
· Young soils with little profile development that occur in regions with permafrost. ·
Nearshore
· Zone where waves steepen and break, and then re-form in their passage to the beach, where they break for the last time and surge up to the zone. ·
oscillatory zoning
· Zoning on volcanic rocks?
kamafugite
· _______ is an ultra potassic volcanic rock occurred in oceanic and/or continental settings, especially in continental rift? a. komatiite b. lamproite c. melilite D. kamafugite
lamprophyre
· _________ultrapotassic mafic igneous rocks which have primary mineralogy consisting of amphibole or biotite, and with feldspar in the groundmass? a. komatiite B. lamprophyre c. tholeite d. boninite
komatiite
· ______are ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rocks. ? A. komatiite b. lamproite c. melilite d. kamafugite
lamproite
· ____are ultrapotassic mantle-derived volcanic and subvolcanic rocks? a. komatiite B. lamproite c. melilite d. kamafugite
Ammonia
· a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odour.?
Erratics
· a glacially deposited rock or fragment that now rests on a surface made of different rock. Often found many kilometers from their source, and by mapping the distribution pattern of erratics geologists can often determine the flow directions of the ice that carried them to their present locations. ·
Shear stress
· a type of stress where force acts parallel to the cross section of the rock or material. ·
carboniferous
· age of Massive coal beds?
Phyllic alteration
· alteration assemblage consisting of sericite + quartz + pyrite ·
Fire clay
· ano ang refractory clay? A. ball clay b. kaolin clay c. bentonite D. Fire clay
Rapu-Rapu schist
· ano ang underlying rock sa rapu-rapu? a. Casiguran Peridotite B. Rapu-Rapu schist c. Lobo Granite d. Vista Alegre dacite porphyry
Liquefaction
· anong cause ng destruction sa dagupan nung 1990 earthquake? A. Liquefaction b. Tsunami c. Subsidence d. Landslide
Sulfide deposits
· anong deposit ang may pinaka maraming acid mine water?
AAS
· anong geochem used in determining concentration of heavy minerals in streams? a. XRD b.AAS c.XRD D.ICP-MS
7.8
· anong intensity ng 1990 earthquake sa epicenter nito?
RA 4209
· anong law ang nag-govern sa practice ng geology?
Gypsum
· anong mineral ang may pangalan na desert rose at selenite A. Gypsum b. talc c. quartz d. calcite
Ag
· anong mineral ang nakukuha sa Acanthite? A. Ag b. Cu c. Au d. Mo
Greenockite
· anong mineral source ng cadmium? A. Greenockite b. Stibnite c. Sphalerite d. Stishovite
Ternary
· anong period ang sa dating gts ang wala na sa gts09? a.Quarternary B. Ternary c. Neogene d. none
trellis
· anong stream pattern assoc with flat lying plane? A. Dendritic b. trellis c. parallel d. deranged
Dendritic
· anong stream pattern assoc with slate bedrock? a. Dendritic B. trellis c.radial d. parallel
radial
· anong stream pattern assoc with volcanoes? a. Dendritic b. trellis C. radial d.deranged
Overturned fold
· anong structure assoc in which the older bed is overlying the younger bed?
Drainage divide
· anong tawag sa ridge na nagseparate sa 2 basin?
threshold/cutoff value
· anong tawag sa upper limit ng background/base value? A. threshold/cutoff value b. base value c. anomalus value d. noise
Philippine Trench
· anong trench-arc system associated with mayon volcano? a. manila trench b. cotabato trench a. negros-sulu trench D. Philippine Trench
esker
· are long sinuous ridges of sediment deposited by streams than ran under or within a glacier ·
Phils. is too youg, mostly formed in tertiary.
· bakit di applicable sa pinas ang tertiary time scale sa Europe?
Closed, accumulation since lower pressure
· bakit kapag nag-drilling for oil, sa crest ng anticline hinahanap?
Volcanic ash
· bakit madalas gamitin ang bentonite as marker beds?
Intense precipitation at low pressure, cold temp
· bakit sa Kilimanjaro may ice caps?
planimeter
· before computers, what is used in enlarging maps.
yes if mappable at 1:50:000
· can a mélange be mapped as a formation?
AsS
· chem. formula of realgar?
barchans
· crescent shaped sand dunes in which the tips are pointing downwind? a. parabolic B. barchans c. longitudinal d. tangential
parabolic
· crescent shaped sand dunes in which the tips are pointing upwind? A. parabolic b. barchans c. longitudinal d. tangential
triclinic
· crystal system ng plagioclase? A. triclinic b. isometric c. Monoclinic d. hexagonal
roche mountomées
· elongated hills carved into bedrock by plucking and abrasion are called ·
cyanide
· environmental issue kung bakit nasara ang Lafayette?
gravity
· force na dahilan ng oblate spheroid shape ng earth? a. gravity B. moon c, SUN d. cosmic microwave background
B2
· gas na di emit ng volcanoes? a. water vapor b. HCl C. B2 d. HF
peridot
· gem variety ng olivine? A. peridot b. aventurine c. emerald d. Sapphire
AAS-quantity
· geochemical apparatus used in which the minerals are subjected to radioactivity?
12.8797° N, 121.7740° E
· geographic coordinates ng pinas?
seismic
· geophysics used in determining layers in the earth's crust? a. gravity B.seismic c. magnetic d. resistivity
Gamma=1 nT
· greek letter used in the units of magnetic?
5,730 years
· half life ng carbon14? A. 5,730 b. 10, 730 c. 15, 730 d. 20,730
Iron
· in Gossans, what deposit are found?
slate-phyllite-schist-gneiss
· increasing metamorphic grades ng shale?
boninite
· is a mafic extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica, formed in fore-arc environments, typically during the early stages of subduction. a. komatiite b. lamprophyre c. tholeite D. boninite
EIS
· is the document which aims to identify, predict, interpret, and communicate information regarding changes in environmental quality associated with a proposed project and which examines the range of alternatives for the objectives of the proposal and their impact on the environment. A. EIS b. ECC c. CP d. EP
tumbaga
· it is an alloy of gold and copper ·
German silver
· it is an alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc.
Proterozoic
· kailan nabuo ang iron formation sa lake superior?
Jurassic
· kailan nag-start mag-break ang pangea? · a.permian b.triassic C. Jurassic d. cretaceous
Proterozoic-Huronian and Eocene
· kailan pa naganap ang ice age, other than Pleistocene?
0%
· kapag nawala ang 1 sa 5 factors sa formation of petroleum, ilang % na lang ang chance na makakahanap ng petroleum? a. 80% b. 50% C. 0% d. cannot be determined
mylonite
· met rock formed sa faults?
surface mining
· mining method used in mining alluvial deposits?
illite
· most common clay in sedimentary rocks? · · a. kaolinite b. montmorillonite c. halloysite D. illite
Cassiterite
· one Source of Sn?
chalcedony
· opaline claystone composed largely of opal-CT? a. a.flint b.jasper c.chalcedony D.porcellanite
NW-SE
· opening direction sa south china sea?
Po. Cu (pyrite, pyrrhotite,chalco, hema)
· ore body in which self potential can be used?
Olivine websterite
· rock name for 50% olivine, 25% cpx and 20% opx?
quartz monzonite
· rock name for plutonic rock with 6% quartz, equal amounts of kfelds and plag?
sandstone
· rockname for sed with grain size 2-1/16mm? a. mudstone b. siltstone C. sandstone d. conglomerate
Camarines norte
· saan located ang rapu-rapu? a. Camarines norte b. Cam Sur C. Albay d. Catanduuanes
SEC
· saang government agency enlisted ang mga exploration at mining companies?
Baguio
· san ang epicenter ng 1990 earthquake? a. Manila b. Baguio C. Digdig d. Benguet
Bricks and foundry sand
· san ginagamit ang refractory chromite?
Palawan, Zambales, Mindoro
· san nakakakita ng malaking exposure ng ophiolites?
Rapu-rapu
· san nakakita ng beshi type sa pinas? A. Barlo, Pangasinan b. Bagacay Samar c. Boyongan, Samar D. Rapu-rapu
Mindoro
· san sa sa pinas makakita ng ammonites? A. Mindoro b. Palawan c. Cebu d. Batanes
Paleozoic era
· the largest mass extinction known in geologic time happened during _____ and evidence for these are the Siberian traps ·
Connate waters
· this is one of the components of ore-bearing fluids associated with diagenesis and is rich in Na, Cl, Ca, Mg, HCO3, and even Sr-Ba-N ·
Water table
· this marks the boundary of limonite zone and saprolite zone ·
70,000
· what age can carbon date? a. 50, 000 B. 70,000 c. 100,000 d. 1 my
Side-looking airborne radar
· what does SLAR mean? A. Side-looking airborne radar b. Satellite light air radar c. Stationary Light active Reactor d. Si-La Active Reagent
dome
· what landform: all the beds are dipping away from a central point? a. basin b. ranges c. beach D. dome
Epithermal gold
· what type of deposit is Diwalwal, davao del note?
Cam Sur- Eocene, rizal (flysch-like)-Cret., Davao (Eocene)
· where are the Flysch deposit in the Philippines?
along Boac River
· where did marcopper store/dispose mine tailings? A. along Boac River b. silt ponds c. into the sea d. top of ridge
Polilio quezon, Davao del Norte (Plio-Pleistocene)
· where is the Molasse deposit in the philippines?
alligator lake, Laguna
· where is the maar in the phils.?
sediment production
• Zone where most sediment is derived • Located in the headwater region of a river system • Sediment generated by - Bedrock broken into smaller pieces - Bank erosion - Scouring of the channel bed
Standards which are prepared by competent, reputable institutions, companies and analysed by a large number of reputable laboratories
What are CRMs? (Certified Reference Materials)
Uplift on floodplains
What are stream terraces associated with? A) Uplift on floodplains; B) Uplift on plateau; C) Subsidence on plateau; D) Subsidence on floodplains
Ross + ronne-flichner
What are the largest ice shelves there is?
It is part of the river, so we should expect it to be inundated
What best describes Davao River floodplain like Mandug, Ma-a, Jade Valley Subdivision, etc.? A) It is not part of the river; B) It is inundated (flooded) only when man interferes with nature; C) It is part of the river, so we should expect it to be inundated; D) It is a safe place to build for 99 years after a 100 year flood
Longshore current
What coastal mechanism causes the transport of near-shore sand and gravel deposits in the direction parallel to the shoreline? A) Beach drift; B) Longshore current; C) Wave refraction; D) None of the above
philippines
What country is the largest producer of nickel?
Cagayan ridge
What do you call the ridge that separates the two subbasins of Sulu Sea?
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
What does ASTER mean?
All of the above
What erosion factors will result to landform development? A) Structure - the orientation of underlying rock, its type and its resistance to weathering and erosion B) Process - the particular geologic agent that creates landform C) Time - changes occur progressively in millions of years D) A & C only E) All of the above
A large block of dense ice that can move due to its weight
What exactly are glaciers? a. Mass wasting event prominent in cold areas b. A large block of dense ice that can move due to its weight c. A block of ice that is permanently immobile d. A block of ice immediately resulting from freezing of pre-existing water bodies e. A big cluster of deposits in cold areas such as tills and moraines
Features found in the rocks were produced by the same processes which are producing these features today
What fundamental assumption is made by geologists when they interpret the geological record found in the rocks? a. The temperature of the earth was higher when it was formed b. The composition of the atmosphere has not changed significantly with time c. Most geologic processes taking place today did not operate in the past d. Catastrophic events (such as deluge) happen from time to time e. Features found in the rocks were produced by the same processes which are producing these features today
Features found in the rocks were produced by the same processes that operated in the past.
What fundamental assumption is made by geologists when they interpret the geological record noted in rocks? a. Most geologic processes taking place today operated at rates different from those of the past. b. Features found in the rocks were produced by the same processes that operated in the past. c. Uniformity in the type and rate of processes d. b and c e. none of the above
the laws of nature has not changed with time
What fundamental assumption is made by geologists when they interpret the rock record? a. the earth was formed through the accumulation of cold dust b. the earth's atmosphere has changed negligibly since its formation c. radioactive decay is statistically random process d. the laws of nature has not changed with time e. Evolution is a very slow process
Move towards the center
What happens to the color bands in quadrants 1 and 3 as the mica plate is slowly inserted over a uniaxial positive figure? a. Move towards the center b. Move outward to the edge of the field c. Turns into yellow d. Turns into blue
Plate Tectonic theory
What idea is a synthesis of Continental Drift and Sea-floor Spreading? a. Dust-Cloud hypothesis b. Nebular theory c. Plate Tectonic theory d. Theory of Evolution e. Diastrophism
Altered grounds with cold gas eruptions
What is Kaipohan?
Turbulent flow will be favored
What is a result of a decrease in the kinetic energy of a stream? a. Down-cutting will decrease b. Turbulent flow will be favored c. Suspended particles will increased d. Dissolved load will increase
volcanic tuff
What is an adobe?
When the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea
What is hydraulic action? A) When the waves compress the cliff and force air out of a crack causing it to break; B) When the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea; C) When the waves hurl rocks and pebbles at the cliffside; D) None of these
Tectonic uplift
What is stream rejuvenation caused by? A) Sea level rise; B) Tectonic uplift; C) Sea level drop; D) Increase deposition
Cu3AsS4 (enargite/luzonite)
What is the chemical formula of enargite?
none of the above
What is the common denominator of all the causes of extinction in geologic history? a. Flood basalt eruption b. Marine regression c. Climatic cooling d. Bolide impact e. None of the above
Debris flow
What is the correct term for a mass movement that involves a laminar-flowing slurry of boulders and cobbles along with some fine "soil"? A) Debris flow; B) Earth slide; C) Earth slump; D) Rock flow
O, Si, Al, Fe
What is the four most abundant elements in the earth's crust?
convection currents
What is the most popular hypothesis as to the cause of movement of crustal plates? a. gravity b. density c. radioactive decay d. volcanism and earthquakes e. convection currents
Eyjafjallajökull
What is the name of the volcano in Iceland that had an explosive eruption last April 2010 and paralyzed air transportation in Europe?
475 °C
What is the surface temperature of Venus?
2250km
What is the thickness of the outer core?
Left-Lateral Strike-slip fault
What kind of fault shook Eastern Visayas last July 6, 2017?
nickel
What metal is primarily produced after processing in a high pressure acid leach processing plant?
Garnet - Uvarovite
What mineral is being sold as Zamabales jade?
gypsum
What mineral is ground together with cement clinker to produce finished cement (Portland Cement) which helps retard the setting time of cement?
submergence of island
What phenomenon do atolls most probably indicate? a. increase in sea level b. uplift of islands c. submergence of island d. folding of rocks e. subsidence
All sediments carried in a river
What sediments are moved only by floods or other very high flows in Davao River? A) All sediments carried in a river; B) Suspended load; C) Tractive (bed) load; D) Dissolved load
fault-line scarp
What structure is found in an inactive fault? A. tringular facets B.fault-line scarp C. slickenslide
besshi
What type of VMS deposit is found in Rapu-rapu island?
Radiation-effect method
What type of geochronological technique is dependent on the effects of physical interactions with atoms in a crystal?
monzonite porphyrhy
What type of host rock is the Dinkidi deposit? (OceanaGold, Bornite)
Debris flow
What type of process devastated southern Leyte mountain side? A) Volcanic eruption; B) Water flooding; C) Creep; D) Debris flow
Magmatic
What type of volcanic eruption that is driven by the compression of gas within magma? A) Magmatic; B) Phreatomagmatic; C) Phreatic; D) None of these
6
What was the VEI of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7
eocene
When did the 1st ancestors of horses occur?
Waves converge from two different directions on the landward side of a near-shore island
When do tombolos form? A) High discharge from estuaries prevents offshore sediment deposition; B) Waves converge from two different directions on the landward side of a near-shore island; C) Low discharge from estuaries encourages offshore sediment deposition; D) Erosion wears away the bottom of a tall island, leaving it as an isolated pinnacle
Magmatic eruption
When gas is released under decompression, it will cause: A) Magmatic eruption; B) Phreatomagmatic eruption; C) Phreatic eruption; D) None of these
20% (or less)
When ice bergs float atop the water surface, how many percentage of its body is protruding?
oolites
When present all the following except for one can be strongly indicative of top and bottom of a sedimentary bed. Which is the exception? a. graded bedding b. cross stratification c. mudcracks d. ripple marks e. oolites
yellow
When stained with sodium cobaltinitrite to distinguish feldspars, potash feldspar will give off a _______ color.
mangatarem, pangasinan
Where is the only deposit of zeolite in the Philippines located?
From 43 Ma, the Indian and Australian plate move at the rates of 95 and 107 mm/yr respectively, northwards into the Eurasian Plate
Which among the following is incorrect? * the Indo-Autralian Plate is composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Since 43 Ma, the mid-oceanic ridge separating the two continental masses has become inactive From 43 Ma, the Indian and Australian plate move at the rates of 95 and 107 mm/yr respectively, northwards into the Eurasian Plate around 150 Ma, the two continental masses India and Australia were separated, giving way to the creation of the Indian Ocean
subducts under the Eurasian Plate along the Nankai-Ryukyu Trench
Which among the following is incorrect? The Pacific Plate... subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate on the east side of New Zealand is entirely composed of oceanic lithosphere created about 150 Ma. subducts under the Eurasian Plate along the Nankai-Ryukyu Trench subduct under the Philippine Sea Plate under the Bonin-Marianas-Yap Trench System
Cuernos de Negros
Which among the following is not an active volcano according to PHIVOLCS? * Cuernos de Negros Bud Dajo Ragang Smith
oligoclase
Which among the following mineral is most stable at low-temperature condition? a. bytownite b. anorthite c. andesine d. oligoclase e. labradorite
Island Arc;
Which belt of volcanic landforms is formed by oceanic plates collision? A) Island Arc; B) Fore-arc; C) Volcanic arc; D) Back-arc
Makiling
Which does not belong to the group? a. Makiling b. Canlaon c. Bulusan d. Pinatubo e. Didicas
andesite
Which does not belong to the group? a. anorthite b. labradorite c.andesite d. albite e. bytwonite
schist
Which does not belong to the group? a. contact metamorphism b. marble c. heat d. schist e. igneous body
continental shelf
Which does not belong to the group? a. delta b. beach c. lagoon d. continental shelf e. estuary
volcanic bombs
Which does not belong to the group? a. global warming b. ashfall c. volcanic bombs d. pyroclastic flows e. lahar
replacement
Which does not belong to the group? a. hydrolysis b. hydration c. oxidation d. ion exchange e. replacement
organic activity
Which does not belong to the group? a. intergranular pore waters b. heat c. pressure d. hydrothermal fluids e. organic activity
fluvial
Which does not belong to the group? a. lake b. paludal c. swamp d. lacustrine e. fluvial
mantle convection
Which does not belong to the group? a. magma mixing b. liquid immiscibility c. magmatic assimilation d. fractional crystallization e. mantle convection
hinterland
Which does not belong to the group? a. mid-oceanic zone b. subduction zone c. hotspots d. hinterland
albite
Which does not belong to the group? a. pyroxene b. olivine c. amphibole d. albite e. biotite
saltation
Which does not belong to the group? a. replacement b. compaction c. bioturbation d. cementation e.saltation
lacolith
Which does not belong to the group? a. stock b. batholith c. dike d. volcanic pipe e. lacolith
andesite
Which does not belong to the group? 1. a. granite b. sial c. sima d. basalt e. andesite
d. Mt. Kilauea
Which does not belong to the group? a. Mt. Pinatubo b. Mt. Mayon c. Mt. St. Helens d. Mt. Kilauea
swamps
Which environment of deposition is best suggested by the presence of the following features in locality: siltstone, shale, coal, lamina bedding, plant fossils? a. tidal flats b. lagoons c. swamps d. alluvial fan e. beach or bar
Mesozoic
Which era is sometimes called the "age of dinosaurs"? a. Pleistocene b. Cenozoic c. Cretaceous d. Mesozoic e. none of the above
Precambrian
Which era of geologic time spans about 88% of Earth's history? a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic e. none of the above
ozone
Which gas in the earth's atmosphere is largely responsible for blocking ultraviolet radiation from the sun? a. carbon dioxide b. oxygen c. water d. nitrogen e. ozone
electromagnetic
Which geophysical method used the AFMAG system?
gravity anomaly
Which is a bouger anomaly? a. Magnetic anomaly b. Gravity anomaly c. Radiometric anomaly d. Electromagnetic anomaly
Incised Meanders
Which is a characteristic of a rejuvenated stream? A) Steep V-shaped valleys; B) Incised Meanders; C) Broad meanders and oxbow lakes; D) Lack of dissolved load
Broad meanders and oxbow lakes
Which is a characteristic of an old age stream? A) Steep V-shaped valleys; B) Incised meanders; C) Broad meanders and oxbow lakes; D) Lack of dissolved load
Loose deposits behave like sand boils when violently shaken by earthquake;
Which is a characteristic of liquefaction? A) Tsunami caused by undersea faulting; B) Loose deposits behave like sand boils when violently shaken by earthquake; C) Down slope movement of earth materials; D) One block movement relative to the other
Atolls
Which is built by organisms? Atolls Levees Benches Kettles.
Clay
Which is difficult for streams to erode and transport? A) Silt; B) Clay; C) Sand; D) Boulders
silicification
Which is not a diagenetic process? a.compaction b.replacement c.cementation d.silicification
All these describe the mechanisms of volcanic eruptions
Which is not one of the main mechanisms of volcanic eruptions? A) Phreatomagmatic; B) Magmatic; C) All these describe the mechanisms of volcanic eruptions; D) Phreatic
Continental Crust
Which is not the mechanism of Plate Tectonics to form landform? A) Heat-driven convection current; B) Continental Crust; C) Collision zone; D) Divergent zone
Rigid and brittle Earth's surface
Which is not the mechanism or fundamental processes of Plate Tectonics? A) Tectonic plates separates at divergent zone B) Tectonic plates collide at convergent zone C) Heat-driven convection current at MOR D) Rigid and brittle Earth's surface
Gravity
Which is the primary cause of landslide without the influence of water, ice, air and earthquake? A) Creep; B) Gravity; C) Ground instability; D) Fall
A tropical cyclone (hurricane)
Which kind of event is most likely to produce extreme floods of large Davao drainage basin in southern Mindanao? A) A thunderstorm; B) A snow storm; C) A tropical cyclone (hurricane); D) Snow melt
None of the above
Which kind of vein is produced when the new precipitating material has the same composition as the wall of the vein and nucleates from the center of the vein? a. En echelon b. Syntaxial c. Antiaxial d. None of the above
Stratovolcano
Which kind of volcano that shows inter-layering of lava flows and pyroclastic materials due to high viscosity? A) Shield volcano; B) Stratovolcano; C) Caldera volcano; D) Cinder cones
Equilibrium theory
Which landform development theory following this description? In this process, changes in the rate of uplift cause compensational changes in the rate of erosion, or vice versa is: A) Theory of crustal change and slope development; B) Geomorphic cycle; C) Equilibrium theory; D) All of these describe landform
Theory of crustal change and slope development
Which landform development theory following this description? In this process, slopes retreat headward but still retain some initial surfaces is: A) Equilibrium theory; B) Theory of crustal change and slope development; C) Geomorphic cycle; D) All of them describe landform processes
Geomorphic cycle
Which landform development theory following this description? The sequence of terrain evolution is as follows: a flat surface is uplifted, incised by fluvial erosion, and then denuded once again to a flat surface is: A) Geomorphic cycle; B) Equilibrium theory; C) Theory of crustal change and slope development; D) All of them describe landform development
mesosphere
Which layer of the atmosphere is the least explored due to inability to be reached by the highest research balloons nor the lowest orbiting satellites? a. Troposphere b. Stratosphere c. Mesosphere d. Thermosphere e. Exosphere
Clay;
Which material is most easily transported, once eroded? A) Clay; B) Silt, C) Fine sand; D) Coarse Sand
Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, South America
Which modern continents were derived from Gondwanaland?
Earth
Which of the eight planets in our solar system is the densest?
water
Which of the following agents play a major role in the erosional processes in deserts? a. Wind b. Water c. Gravity d. Both a and b
sand
Which of the following aquifers would be a best candidate for cleansing groundwater by passing through it without halting groundwater flow? a. Highly fractured crystalline rock b. Coarse Gravel rock c. Sand d. Clay e. Cavernous limestone
A and C only
Which of the following are considered fossils? a. Oldest Homo sapiens sapiens remains b. Remains of victims of Mt. Vesuvius eruption c. Tabon man remains d. A and C only e. All of the above can be considered
Vertical shafts
Which of the following are more suitable for underground mining of ore bodies situated at great depths? a) Horizontal shafts c) Inclined shafts b) Vertical shafts d) None of the above
a short segment of canyon formed where a stream flows across a ridge
Which of the following best describes a "water gap"? A) The narrow strip of land separating two meander loops; B) A low sag between adjoining segments of a natural levee; C) A short segment of canyon formed where a stream flows across a ridge; D) A vertical-walled canyon resulting from very rapid stream down-cutting of a valley
paleontology
Which of the following branches of geology sets itself apart in terms of categorization according to the major branches of geology? a. Geomorphology b. Mineralogy c. Volcanology d. Geobiology e. Paleontology
C. (1) plutonic (2) phaneritic
Which of the following combinations of (1) igneous rock type, and (2) rock texture, are correct? A. (1) volcanic (2) phaneritic B. (1) volcanic (2) coarse grained C. (1) plutonic (2) phaneritic D. (1) plutonic (2) aphanitic E. (1) plutonic (2) pyroclastic
bornite
Which of the following copper-bearing minerals gives a purple color under the mineragraphic microscope? a. Covellite b. Cubanite c. Bornite d. Chalcocite
It occurs only in youthful terrains
Which of the following describes landscape evolution? a. It occurs only in youthful terrains b. It is cue to catastrophies c. It occurs as a result of climatic changes d. It occurs continuously in response to natural processes e. It occurs with uniform intensity
Presence of porphyroblasts
Which of the following does NOT suggest strain effects as a result of deformation? a. Bending of twin lamellae b. Marginal granulation c. Undulatory extinction in quartz d. Presence of porphyroblasts
orthoclase
Which of the following does not belong to the group? a. Albite b. Labradorite c. Orthoclase d. Anorthite
none of the above
Which of the following does not provide crucial information in interpreting the environment of deposition of a particular outcrop? a. type of lithology b. internal structures c. fossil types d. rock texture e. none of the above
glacial
Which of the following environments will generally produce a texturally immature sediment? a. Beach b. Shallow marine c. Desert d. Glacial
Plinian
Which of the following eruption is also known as Vesuvian Type of eruption a. Strombolian b. Vulcanian c. Pelean d. Plinian
compressional
Which of the following forces or movements is the most common one in the planet Earth? a. Compressional b. Extensional c. Shearing d. All are equally common in this planet.
sphericity
Which of the following grain parameters is said to be the least useful parameter in sediment petrology? a. Grain Size b. Roundness c. Sorting d. Sphericity e. Length of Short, Intermediate, and Long Axes
Camarines Norte (Larap)
Which of the following has a skarn deposit? a. Ilocos Sur b. La Union c. Aparri d. Camarines Norte
Anthracite
Which of the following has the least electrical resistivity a) Diamond b) Sulphur c) Clay d) Anthracite
antidunes
Which of the following have the greatest velocity? - Flat Bed - Ripples - Dunes - Antidunes
Destruction by fast-moving lava
Which of the following hazards is probably NOT associated with shield volcano? A) Destruction by fast-moving lava; B) Pyroclastic flows; C) Eruption column; D) Mudflows; E) Collapse of a volcanic dome
Psilomelane
Which of the following is NOT a Ni mineral? a. Millerite b. Pentlandite c. Psilomelane d. Smaltite
Rhodonite
Which of the following is NOT a carbonate a. Ankerite b. Siderite c. Rhodonite d. Smithsonite
red sea
Which of the following is NOT a closing ocean basin? a) Black sea b) Red sea c) Caspian sea d) Mediterranean sea
integrity
Which of the following is NOT a main principle of the PMRC code? a. Integrity b. Materiality c. Competence d. Transparency
Mineral utilization agreement
Which of the following is NOT a mode of mineral agreement under the Philippine Mining Act of 1995?
Epidote (Sorosilicate)
Which of the following is NOT a nesosilicate? a. Epidote b. Olivine c. Pyrope d. Kyanite
titanite
Which of the following is NOT a polymorph of TiO2? a. Titanite b. Anatase c. Brookite d. Rutile
Cassiterite
Which of the following is NOT a silicate? a.) Beryl b. Cassiterite c. Jadeite d. Chrysocolla
strontianite
Which of the following is NOT a sulphate? a. Anglesite b. Strontianite c. Celestite d. Alunite
bedded guano
Which of the following is NOT a type of guano? a. Fresh guano b. Bedded guano c. Phosphatic soil d. Phosphatized guano
moonstone
Which of the following is NOT a variety of quartz? a. Cairngorm stone b. Tiger's eye c. Moonstone d. Rock crystal
basement
Which of the following is NOT an essential in forming hydrocarbon deposits? a. Seal b. Reservoir c. Basement d. Source
Jimmy Carter
Which of the following is NOT carved in Mt. Rushmore in Black Hills of South Dakota? George Washington Jimmy Carter Thomas Jefferson Theodore Roosevelt
They are large mountains with steep slopes
Which of the following is NOT true about shield volcanoes in the landscape? A) They are large mountains with steep slopes; B) They can construct some of the world's largest volcanoes; C) They can be large or small; D) All of the above; E) A & B only
At Busang, half of the core was assayed and half was kept for record
Which of the following is NOT true about the Bre-ex scandal of 1997? a. A Filipino geologist named Michael de Guzman was directly involved in the fraud b. The gold grains reported were more consistent with an alluvial derivation than from a bedrock source c. At Busang, half of the core was assayed and half was kept for record d. The scandal resulted to the development of the JORC Code
Gypsum twins are related by a two fold
Which of the following is NOT true about twinning a. Contact twins are joined along planes and do not penetrate one another b. Twinned crystals are always related by a symmetry operation c. Carlsbad twins are repeated penetration twins d. Gypsum twins are related by a two fold
Rotary drilling
Which of the following is a common method used for sampling of placer deposits a) Churn drilling c) Augur drilling b) Jet drilling d) Rotary drilling
All of these
Which of the following is a type of sediment carried by streams? A) Bed load; B) Suspended Load; C) Dissolved load; D) All of these
Kilauea
Which of the following is an example of nested "pit" caldera, formed by the withdrawal of magma beneath due to flank eruptions or lava lake flows? a. Yellowstone b. Mt. Toba c. Taal d. Kilauea
Longwall mining
Which of the following is an underground mining method using artificially supported openings? a) Open stoping c) Room and pillar mining b) Shrinkage opening d) Longwall mining
Earthquake waves
Which of the following is currently the most effective way of determining what the interior of the earth is like? Through the studies of a. X-ray b. Heat flow from the earth c. Drill cores d. Volcanoes e. Earthquake waves
A & B
Which of the following is false about P-waves? a. Stronger than S-waves b. Stronger than both Rayleigh and Love waves c. Faster than S-waves d. Can travel to solid and liquid e. A & B
A geologist, having knowledge of the unethical practice of another geologist, shall professionally associate with the latter without participating in the foregoing unethical practices
Which of the following is false? a. A geologist, who finds that his obligations to his employer are in conflict with his professional obligations or ethics, shall immediately give to his employer written notice to terminate his employment, unless the conflict is resolved b. A geologist, having knowledge of the unethical practice of another geologist, shall professionally associate with the latter without participating in the foregoing unethical practices c. Honesty, integrity, loyalty, fairness, impartially, candor and fidelity shall be ingrained in the practice of every geologist d. A geologist shall protect the interest of his employer or client, with due regard to public welfare and his professional honor
hornfels
Which of the following is formed from contact metamorphism a. Schist b. Mylonites c. Phyllite d. Hornfels
After quartering the flattened cone of sediments, opposite quarters are combined to form a sub-sample and a duplicate
Which of the following is generally true about "coning and quartering" sediment samples? a. Sediment samples are divided into four parts before coning b. Coning is made before quartering because the coarser sediments pile up at the apex while the fine sediments roll down evenly on all sides c. After quartering the flattened cone of sediments, opposite quarters are combined to form a sub-sample and a duplicate d. The cone of sediments made by pouring scoopfuls of the sample on the spot is directly divided into four parts for quartering
A hill capped by volcanic rocks
Which of the following is least likely to be a volcano? A) A vent where magma and other volcanic material is erupted; B) A hill with a crater formed at the site of an eruption; C) A hill capped by volcanic rocks; D) A fissure that erupts hot, molten lava; E) Mountain that erupts only volcanic ash
formation of stylolites
Which of the following is not a diagenetic process? a. bioturbation b. formation of stylolites c. cementation d. formation of concretions in chert e. none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following is not a factor influencing the degree of weathering? a. topography b. climate c. lithology d. all of the above e. none of the above
estuary
Which of the following is not a feature of tide-dominated delta: a. marsh b. mud flats c. estuary d. bird's foot delta morphology e. none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following is not a physical weathering process? a. frost wedging b. unloading c. action of roots on a material d. hammering of rocks by geologists e. none of the above
reunion
Which of the following is not an active hotspot? a. Azores b. Galapagos c. Iceland d. Reunion
none of the above
Which of the following is not an attribute of a basaltic magma: a. crystallize at 1000-1200o C. b. highly viscous c. relatively high density d. may be a parental magma e. none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following is not considered a magmatic differentiation process: a. liquid immiscibility b. fractional crystallization c. magma mixing d. magmatic assimilation e. none of the above
Sites of subducting oceanic plates;
Which of the following is not true about "mid-ocean ridges"? A) Sites of subducting oceanic plates; B) Very tall mountain chains; C) Where young crust is added to the edges of spreading plates; D) Sites for submarine eruptions of lava
Southwest Luzon Uplands
Which of the following is part of the Philippine stratigraphic groupings? Southwest Luzon Basin Southwest Luzon Arc Southwest Luzon Block Southwest Luzon Uplands
Well-sorted sandstone
Which of the following is the best aquifer? a. Well-sorted sandstone b. Matrix-supported conglomerate c. Fresh quartz diorite d. Carbonaceous shale
fire assay
Which of the following is the best method to determine gold content in ore? a. XRD b. XRF c. Fire Assay d. AAS
Galena
Which of the following is the most feebly magnetic among the following? a) Quartz b) Rutile c) Magnesite d) Galena
Debris flows have less fluid content than hyperconcentrated flows.
Which of the following is true a. Debris flows have less fluid content than hyperconcentrated flows. b. Debris flows are slower than earthflows. c. Liquefaction is a type of debris flow. d. Lahar is a type of earthflow. e. None of the above.
It is the world's tallest mountain measured above sea level.
Which of the following is true about Mount Everest? a. It is the world's tallest mountain measured above sea level. b. It is the world's tallest mountain measured from its base. c. Its summit is the farthest point on the surface from the Earth's center. d. A and B are true. e. A, B, and C are all true
Are one of the most dangerous mass movement events;
Which of the following is true about debris flows? A) Are never very big; B) Only take place after desert storms; C) Are one of the most dangerous mass movement events; D) Particles are clearly layered by size
Warm, moist air can't rise enough on one side of orogenic barrier to cross the other side so precipitation will be manifested on that side only.
Which of the following is true about the rainshadow effect? a. Warm, moist air can't rise enough on one side of orogenic barrier to cross the other side so precipitation will be manifested on that side only. b. Cold, moist air can't rise enough on one side of orogenic barrier to cross the other side so precipitation will be manifested on that side only. c. Warm, dry air can't rise enough on one side of orogenic barrier to cross the other side so precipitation will be manifested on that side only. d. Cold, dry air can't rise enough on one side of orogenic barrier to cross the other side so precipitation will be manifested on that side only. e. None of the above
ACD is shallower than CCD
Which of the following is true regarding the trend between Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD) and Aragonite Compensation Depth (ACD)? ACD and CCD significantly vary. ACD is shallower than CCD ACD is deeper than CCD ACD is almost always equal to CCD
ACD is shallower than CCD
Which of the following is true regarding the trend between Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD) and Aragonite Compensation Depth (ACD)? a. ACD is shallower than CCD b. ACD is deeper than CCD c. ACD is almost always equal to CCD d. ACD and CCD significantly vary. e. There is no such thing as ACD.
amphibole, biotite, K-feldspar, muscovite
Which of the following list of minerals is in the correct order according to Bowens Reaction Series? A. Na-plagioclase, Ca-plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz B. amphibole, biotite, K-feldspar, muscovite C. olivine, quartz, muscovite, amphibole D. olivine, pyroxene, K-feldspar, Ca-plagioclase E. none of the above
Silica, sodium oxide, calcium oxide
Which of the following lists the major components of common industrial glass? a. Silica, sodium oxide, calcium oxide b. Lime, iron oxide, lead oxide c. Lime, calcium oxide, lead oxide d. Silica, iron oxide, calcium oxide
isopach
Which of the following map will most readily give information on thickness of sedimentary strata? a. structure contour b. geologic c. isopach d. isograd e. topographic
silver
Which of the following metal is the best electrical conductor? Copper Gold Platinum Silver
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Which of the following methods used in exploration geochemistry does NOT allow multielement analysis? a. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry b. X-ray Fluorescence c. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy d. Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
b and c
Which of the following minerals is most stable during weathering? a. olivine b. calcite c. quartz d. aluminum hydroxides e. b and c
saturn
Which of the following planets has the least density? a). Earth b) Mars c) Saturn d) Venus
jupiter
Which of the following possess both stellar and planetary characteristics? a) Jupiter b) Venus c) Saturn d) Pluto
Fluorite
Which of the following possesses octahedral cleavage? a. Galena b. Calcite c. Garnet d. Fluorite
Geological Actualism
Which of the following principles is/are being held as assumption/s in modern geology? a. James Hutton's Uniformitarianism b. Charles Lyell's Gradualism c. Geological Actualism d. A & B e. None of the above
Carbon
Which of the following radioactive elements has the shortest half-life? a. Uranium b. Carbon c. Potassium d. Rubidium
{hkl}
Which of the following represents a form? a. {hkl} b. [hkl] c. <hkl> d. (hkl) - millers index
A wet, steep slope of unconsolidated material
Which of the following situations is most likely to undergo mass wasting? A) A dry, steep slope of unconsolidated material; B) A wet, steep slope of unconsolidated material; C) A wet, moderate slope of unconsolidated material; D) A dry, moderate slope of unconsolidated material
When the stage is lowered, becke lines always move toward the crystal or liquid with the greater index of refraction
Which of the following statements is true? a. If nmineral > nliquid, light rays are refracted and diverge after passing through the grain b. If nmineral < nliquid, light rays are reflected and diverge after passing through the grain c. When the stage is lowered, becke lines always move toward the crystal or liquid with the greater index of refraction d. When the stage is moved up, becke lines always move toward the crystal or liquid with the greater index of refraction
High viscosity and dissolved gas
Which of the following statements tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano? A) Low silica content and low viscosity; B) Low viscosity and low dissolved gas content; C) High viscosity and low dissolved gas content; D) High viscosity and dissolved gas
Subsidence > eustatic fall
Which of the following will result to a relative sea level fall? a. Tectonic uplift > eustatic rise b. Subsidence > eustatic fall c. Tectonic uplift < eustatic fall d. All of the above
Phreatic;
Which of the main types of eruption that often show no magmatic release except the superheating of steam via contact with magma? A) Magmatic; B) Phreatomagmatic; C) Phreatic; D) All describe the type of volcanic eruption
Mercury
Which of the planets is not geologically active? * Earth Venus Mars Mercury
Open-ocean convection
Which of these does not describe the formation of dolomite? * Kohout convection Meteoric-marine mixing model Open-ocean convection Evaporation model
increase in stomach capacity
Which one of the following does NOT characterize the early development and specialization of the primitive mammals? a. increase in size b. increase in stomach capacity c. increase in brain capacity d. specialization of limbs e. specialization of teeth
Precambrian
Which one of the following represents the greatest expanse of geological time? a. Mesozoic b. Cenozoic c. Precambrian d. Paleozoic
Early reconnaissance exploration
Which part of the mine life involves the highest risk? a. Early reconnaissance exploration b. Exploration drilling c. Mine development d. Mining
mine development
Which part of the mine life is the most expensive? a. Early reconnaissance exploration b. Exploration drilling c. Mine development d. Mining
Devonian
Which period is known as the "age of fishes"? a. Jurassic b. Mississippian c. Permian d. Pennsylvanian e. Devonian
Trenching
Which sampling method is resorted to when the exposure of outcrops are scarce? a) Bulk sampling c) Trenching b) Drilling d) Well-logging
Rounded fragments, abundant quartz, good sorting
Which sets of characteristics describe the most mature sandstone among the group? a. Angular fragments, abundant mica, poor sorting b. Rounded fragments, abundant feldspar, good sorting c. Angular fragments, abundant quartz, some silt d. Rounded fragments, abundant quartz, poor sorting e. Rounded fragments, abundant quartz, good sorting
Endogenic
Which sources of energy that generates earthquakes? A) Endogenic; B) Exogenic; C) Both endogenic and exogenic; D) None of the above
Consolidated clay-sized particles require less stream velocity for erosion than unconsolidated ones
Which statement is false? a. the rate of ground water movement is proportional to the hydraulic gradient b. The distribution of sizes of particles in soil affects its porosity c. The erosive power of streams is greatest during flooding d. The stream velocity is dependent on the slope e. Consolidated clay-sized particles require less stream velocity for erosion than unconsolidated ones
All of these
Which step is used to reduce sheet erosion on farms? A) Contour plowing; B) Strip planting; C) Terracing; D) All of these
Landscape
Which term refers to broad features of the entire natural scenery including mountains, valleys, etc.? A) Structure B) Landscape C) Geomorphology D) Landform
anaerobic
Which type of bacteria thrives in environments that lack free oxygen? a. aerobic b. placental c. anaerobic d. foraminifera e. photosynthetic
Strato-volanoes
Which volcanic landforms generally will have the steepest slopes? A) Flood basalts; B) Shield Volcanoes; C) Strato-volanoes; D) Basalt volcano like Mt. Mayon
saprolite
Which zone host the highest grade of nickel? a. Bedrock b. Saprolite c. Limonite d. Overburden
James Hutton
Who is the "Father of Modern Geology"? a. Nicolas Steno b. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon c. Alfred Lothar Wegener d. William Smith e. James Hutton
evidences are indirect
Why are geologists uncertain about the processes going on in the interior of the earth a. evidences are indirect b. S-waves do not penetrate the crust c. Most earthquakes originate on the mantle d. Only a few holes have been drilled into the crust e. P-waves travel through much of the mantle
The newly created lithosphere at ridges is hot and therefore occupies more volume and is less dense than cooler rocks;
Why are oceanic ridges(landforms) elevated? A) The newly created lithosphere at ridges is hot and therefore occupies more volume and is less dense than cooler rocks; B) Oceanic ridges are elevated as new magma cools and becomes more dense; C) Oceanic ridges become elevated as old crust is destroyed at subduction zones; D) The newly created lithosphere at ridges is cold and therefore occupies less volume and is more dense than hotter rocks
They are hotter, and less dense, than surrounding mantle rock
Why do rocks in a mantle plume rise like Hot spot volcanoes? A) They are hotter, and less dense, than surrounding mantle rock; B) Air from the core inflates them; C) They are composed of molten iron from the core; D) Earth's rotation flings them upward
Felsic
________ rocks (e.g., granite and rhyolite) are composed mostly of the light-colored silicate minerals potassium feldspar and quartz
Magmatic differentiation
_________ changes the composition of magma and causes more than one rock type to form from a common parent magma
Protoplanets
_________ means "planets in the making." a. Jovian b. Asteroids c. Terrestrial d. Protoplanets e. none of the above
MPSA
__________ is an agreement where the government grats to the contractor the exclusive right to conduct mining operations within a contract area and shares in the gross output. The contractor shall provide the financing, technology, management and personnel necessary for the implementation of this agreement
Igneous
___________ rocks are classified by their texture and mineral composition. The rate of cooling of magma greatly influences the size of mineral crystals in igneous rock and thus its texture. The four basic igneous rock textures are (1) fine-grained, (2) coarse-grained, (3) porphyritic, and (4) glassy.
Brachiopods
____________ are among the most widespread Paleozoic fossils. a. Stromatolites b. Birds c. Dinosaurs d. Salamanders e. Brachiopods
Detrital sediments
_______________ originate as solid particles derived from weathering and are transported.
Charnockites
_________________ an orthopyroxene - bearing suite of rocks of generally granitic composition, also occur with the TTG association.
Detrital sedimentary
______________________ rocks, which are classified by particle size, contain a variety of mineral and rock fragments, with clay minerals and quartz the chief constituents.
Chemical sediments
_________________________ are soluble materials produced largely by chemical weathering that are precipitated by either inorganic or biological processes.
Chemical sedimentary
____________________________rocks often contain the products of biological processes or mineral crystals that form as water evaporates and minerals precipitate.
delta
________is a depositional feature formed when streams deposit their load as they enter a body of water as lake or sea. a. levee b. lagoon c. floodplain d. delta e. point bar
lacolith
______is a concordant pluton that has domes up strata into which it is intruded. a. phacolith b. lopolith c. lacolith d. sill
oxbow lake
a crescent-shaped lake (often temporary) that is formed when a meander of a river is cut off from the main channel
alluvium
a deposit of clay, silt, sand, and gravel left by flowing streams in a river valley or delta, typically producing fertile soil.
EIS
a document that states the environmental implication of a development project
ECC
a document that states the project follows the guidelines custom to the environment
carbonization
a fossilization method where the remains become a carbon film
auger drill
a helical drill that is used for shallow sampling methods
blowout
a hollowed out region caused by the process of deflation
geysers
a hot spring in which water intermittently boils, sending a tall column of water and steam into the air.
plate
a large mobile slab of rock that is part of the earth's surface. it may be made up entirely of sea floor, or both continental and seafloor
fjord
a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs, as in Norway and Iceland, typically formed by submergence of a glaciated valley.
asthenosphere
a major zone within the upper mantle where temperature and pressure are at just the right balance so that part of the material melts. it is as much as 200km thick.
competence
a measure of the stream's ability to transport particles based on size rather than quantity
caverns
a naturally formed underground chamber or series of chambers most commonly produced by solution activity in limestone
backswamp
a poorly drained area on a floodplain that results when natural levees are present
trellis pattern
a system of streams in which nearly parallel tributaries occupy valleys cut in folded strata
Mature
a well-developed soil profile indicates that environmental conditions have been relatively stable over an extended time span. Soils that fit this description can be considered as __________ soils.
polymorphism
ability of a specific chemical substance to crystallize with more than one type of structure. ex. diamond and graphite, pyrite and marcasite
30%
about how much percentage does does dry climates cover earth's land surface
none of the three (undisturbed)
after deposition with attendant metamorphism The principle of superposition is valid in beds that are a. faulted b. overturned c. normally deposited e. none of the three (undisturbed)
oligocene
age of opening of S. China Sea -
heat, pressure, chemically active fluids
agents of metamorphism
diamond and graphite
an example of Two polymorphs of carbon are
Metaluminous rocks
are igneous rocks that have a molar proportion of aluminium oxide lower than the combination of calcium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide.
Peraluminous rocks
are igneous rocks that have a molecular proportion of aluminium oxide higher than the combination of sodium oxide, potassium oxide and calcium oxide.
Lamprophyres
are magnesium-rich, volatile-rich, porphyritic rocks containing mafic phenocrysts such as biotite, phlogopite, amphibole, clinopyroxene and melilite.
Lamproites
are potassium-rich, peralkaline rocks containing minerals such as leucite, sanidine, phlogopite, richterite, diopside and olivine. these are enriched in Barium, lanthanum, and zirconium.
Drumlins
are streamlined asymmetrical hills composed of till
Large igneous provinces [LIP]
are the greatest manifestations of intraplate magmatism. They encompass > 106km3 in the form of flood basalts.
komatiites
are ultrabasic volcanic rocks found exclusively in archean greenstone belts
OCEAN ISLANDS
are volcanic landforms that rise upward above sea level.
SEAMOUNTS
are volcanically produced peaks below sea level.
expelled from within
arth's primitive atmosphere evolved from gases ____________. a.produced by radioactive decay b. collected from the nebula c. escaping from water d. from the sun e. expelled from within
gneiss
banded metamorphic rock that contains mostly elongated and granular, as opposed to platy, minerals. composed of quartz, potassium feldspar and sodium felspar. light and dark bands.
Glacial erratics
boulders lying free above the till and are of different composition than till
Flood-control dams
built to store floodwater and then let it out slowly
core
central mass of about 7000km in diameter; density increases with depth but averages about 10.78 g/cm3; constitutes only 16% of earth's volume but accounts for 32% of earth's mass; mostly composed of iron.
slurry
collective term for tailings, which are suspended solid particles with water
saturation of the material with water oversteepening of slopes removal of anchoring vegetation ground vibrations from earthquakes
common factors that trigger mass wasting processes
oceanic crust
composed of dark, dense volcanic rocks (basalt) with densities much greater than that of granite; more Fe-rich than the continental crust and thinner, ranging from 3-10km in thickness; young and relatively undeformed by folding.
star dunes
confined largely to parts of the Sahara and Arabian Deserts, these are isolated hills of sand that exhibit a complex form where there are three or four sharp-crested ridges diverge from a central high point
topsoil
consists of soil horizons O & A.
point bar
depositional landform which sits in the inner bank of a meander
nebular theory
describes the formation of the solar system. The planets and Sun began forming about 5 billion years ago from a large cloud of dust and gases. As the cloud contracted, it began to rotate and assume a disk shape. Material that was gravitationally pulled toward the center became the protosun. Within the rotating disk, small centers, called planetesimals, swept up more and more of the cloud's debris. Because of their high temperatures and weak gravitational fields, the inner planets were unable to accumulate and retain many of the lighter components. Because of the very cold temperatures existing far from the Sun, the large outer planets consist of huge amounts of lighter materials. These gaseous substances account for the comparatively large sizes and low densities of the outer planets
Dendritic pattern
drainage pattern resembling the branches of a tree. The pattern forms where the underlying material is relatively uniform
Transverse dunes
dunes form a series of long ridges that are separated by troughs and oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind.
Therapsida
during the triassic, the first mammals to evolve were from a group of reptiles called ____________
law of constancy of interfacial angles
each mineral has a characteristic crystal form. Although the size and shape may vary, similar pairs of crystal faces always meet at the same angle
rainfall intensity and duration, topography, and surface conditions
factors that influence flooding
flood plain deposits
'Natural levee' is an example of a) Point-bar deposits b) Channel-fill deposits c) Flood plain deposits d) Flood basin deposits
Opalescence
- results from the regular arrangement of inclusions in the mineral
GEODE
- rock cavity lined by a mineral mater but not wholly filled
PISOLITIC
- rounded masses about size of peas.
Global ridge sytem
- the longest topographic feature on Earth's surface, exceeding 70,000 kilometers (43,000 miles) in length
Andesite
- the most common alkaline rock forming at convergent margins and by far the most common calc-alkaline volcanic rock forming at convergent margins.
Rock flour
- the pulverized rock produced by glacial gristmill
Terminal end moraine
- the very first end moraine to form that marks the farthest advance of the glacier
Fracture
- the way a mineral breaks when it does not yield along cleavage or parting
Gems
- those minerals which have ornamental value, and which possess the qualities of beauty, durability, rarity, fashionability and portability.
DACITE
- volcanic rock intermediate between andesite and rhyolite.
sediment deposition zone
-Lower portions of the source area, closer to the outlet -Lower channel slopes, no hillslopes -Substantial accumulation of sediment on floodplains and deltas
concoidal fracture
-breaks with smooth, but uneven or rounded edges -typical of quartz or glassy rocks
Precambrian
. Most ____________ rocks are devoid of fossils, which hinders correlation of rocks. a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic e. Mesozoic and Cenozoic
loamy soils
. Soils in which sand, clay and humus are found more or less in equal proportions are called a) Loamy soils b) Regolith c) Pedocal d) Pedalfe
Cambrian
. The ____________ period is sometimes called the "golden age of trilobites." a. Cambrian b. Silurian c. Pennsylvanian d. Devonian e. Triassic
nebular
. The theory for the origin of the solar system is known as the ____________ hypothesis. a. Big Bang b. nebular c. terrestrial d. solar
oxygen
. Which of the following gases was NOT part of Earth's original atmosphere? a. water vapor b. carbon dioxide c. nitrogen d. oxygen e. both a. and c.
a and b
. Which of the following is likely to be an end product of the weathering of a typical granite? a. kaolinite b. quartz c. gypsum d. a and b e. all of the above
Peneplain
.A gently rolling land surface of low elevation resulting from a long period of denudation is called: A) Flood plain; B) Peneplain; C) Alluvial fan; D) Alluvial terrace
lines of equal thickness
.An isopach map shows a.lines of equal thickness b.lines of equal elevation c.lines of equal dip d.lines of equal slope
William Nicol
1828 - ________, a Scotsman, invented a polarizing device that permitted the systematic study of the behavior of light in crystalline substances. The device is known today as the polarizing microscope.
absolute age
2) The numerical age of rocks derived from radiometric dating is called: (a) relative age (b) stratigraphic age (c) absolute age (d) lithologic age (e) differential age
Sandy Clay Loam
30% clay, 10% silt, and 60% sand.
clay loam
35% clay, 30% silt, and 35% sand.
silty clay loam
35% clay, 55% silt, and 10% sand.
semirara
40% of the Philippines mineable coal reserve can be found in:
conglomerate
46) Which rock type has the largest surface area available to weathering? a) conglomerate b) siltstone c) sandstone d) arkose e) graywacke
oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium
8 rock forming minerals:
glossopteris (aka seed fern)
; This plant, identified by its tongue-shaped leaves and seeds that were too large to be carried by the wind, was known to be widely dispersed among Africa, Australia, India, and South America
Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation
A Pre-Cambrian Iron Formation formed during the Archean era and is associated with ultramafic-mafic volcanic rocks, mudrocks greywacke indicating formation in marine environments.
Zoning
A characteristic feature of many hydrothermal deposits is the occurrence of a regular pattern of distribution of metals and minerals in space: a) Zoning b) Paragenetic sequence c) Laminae d) Bedding
Varves
A characteristic of stratification and bedding that is alternating light and dark- colored laminations which reflect changes in season : a) Flute cast b) Varves c) Sole mark d) Ripplemark
soil
A combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air; that portion of the regolith that supports plant growth.
longitudinal profile
A cross section of a stream channel along its descending course from the head to the mouth.
resistant and non-resistant rock
A dendritic pattern exhibited by a fluvial system in an area likely suggests the presence of: a. resistant and non-resistant rock b. rocks of equal resistance to weathering c. volcanic centers d. a and c e. b and c
Calcium ions
A drainage basin is underlain by a sandstone cemented by calcium carbonate and underlain by a shale. What might one find in solution in waters of the stream that drains this basin? A) Calcium ions; B) Mud; C) Sand; D) Sandstone boulders
rectangular pattern
A drainage pattern characterized by numerous right angle bends that develops on jointed or fractured bedrock.
Barchan
A dune having crescentic ground plan, with convex side facing the wind is called a.Barchan b.Seifs c.transverse d.Parabolic e.None of the above
steps
A fault-related microstructure which is a result from small fractures that develop at a high angle to the direction of slip and also represent cavities where fluids can accumulate such as quartz and calcite
adit
A horizontal entry into an ore body is called a) Adit b) Shaft c) Bench d) Pit
artificial levees
A method of direct flood control that must be protected against erosion by the river
PLUMOSE
A mineral aggregate composed of scales or lamellae is described as: ________ - fine scales with divergent or featherlike structure.
Agglomeration
A preliminary process before heap leaching to reduce the fines and increase the porosity and permeability of the stacked material a.Agglomeration b.Sintering c.Briqqueting d.Preliminary agitation
oxbow formation
A process whereby a stream takes a new route , by diverting its flow across point bars a. neck cut-off b. chute cut-off c. oxbow formation d. overtopping e. none of the above
turbidity
A relatively dense water (due to suspended sediments) which moves along the bottom of a body of standing water is a/an _________ current a. drift b. tidal c. rip d. turbidity
lagoon
A semi-isolated body of water situated behind an offshore bar a. swamp b. lagoon c. crevasse splay d. oxbow lake e. none of the above
insequent
A stream that is uncontrolled by the associated rock structure or surface features and wanders irregularly across a region or low relief is called a.Subsequent b.resequent c.consequent d.insequent e.none of the above
consequent stream
A stream which drain in a direction that of the original regional slope of the land
consequent
A stream whose flow is controlled by the initial slope of the land is called a.insequent b.subsequent c.obsequent d.resequent e.consequent
flash floods
A sudden, violent flood that occurs within a few hours, or even minutes, of a storm.
Landform;
A term that refers to a particular Earth's feature in the area or areas of land surface that have relatively homogeneous morphometric properties are called: A) Landform; B) Structure: C) Landscapes; D) Geomorphology
The last glacial maximum
About 18,000 years ago, glacial ice covered greenland, Antarctica, most of north America, Europe and Siberia. What is the name of this date in history?
quartz and feldspar
About 75% of the Earthís crust is made up of the two minerals
550 million years ago
Abundant fossil evidence did not appear in the geologic record until about ________. a. 5 billion years ago b. 6 million years ago c. 550 million years ago d. 300 million years ago e . 3 billion years ago
Late Neogene hypabyssal intrusions and volcanism
According to Zanoria and others (1984), 90% of all auriferous deposits in the Philippines are associated with?
Onyx
Agate where the bands are straight, parallel and consistent in size.
Triassic
Age of Cycads
Eocene
Age of zambales range?
none of the above
Airy's theory of isostasy assumes that the lithospheric blocks are of: a. similar density and lie at different levels on the asthenosphere b. different densities and lie at different levels on the asthenosphere c. similar density and lie at similar levels on the asthenosphere d. different densities and lie at similar levels on the asthenosphere e. none of the above
Runruno
Alkali epithermal deposit can be found in: a. Lepanto b. Baguio c. Balabag d. Runruno
enargite (sulfosalt)
All of the following are Cu sulphides EXCEPT? a. Chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 b. Bornite - Cu5FeS4 c. Enargite - Cu3AsS4 d. Covellite - CuS
debrites
All of the following deposits exhibit normal grading EXCEPT: a. Turbidites b. Tempestites c. Debrites d. None of the above
Stockworks
An interlacing network of ore-bearing veinlets is called a.Stockworks b.Vein c.Massive sulphide d.Lode e.manto
hot spots
An observer orbiting above the Earth would notice that this (these) is (are) not moving a. Ocean floor b. Segments of Oceanic Ridges c. Hot Spots d. A & C e. B & C
geysers
An opening that contains water and steam which are being discharged intermittently out of pressurization : a. Fumaroles b. Solfataras c. Geysers d. Hot springs e. A & B
disconformity
An unconformity which the rocks are parallel to one another on either side of the erosion surface a. angular conformity c. non-conformity b. Para conformity d. disconformity
spheroidal weathering
Any weathering process that tends to produce a spherical shape from an initially blocky shape
500 million
Approximately how many people in the world live on or near an active volcano? A. 500 thousand B. 1 million C. 50 million D. 500 million E. 1 billion
Andesitic magma
Are magmas that erupt in areas above the subduction zones: a) Andesitic magma b) Granitic magma c) Basaltic magma d) Dacitic magma
First decreases then increases
As one moves from Tropical zones towards the Polar regions, the concentration of limestone
none of the above
As the solar system began forming, the first materials to condense into small particles were ____________ and nickel. a. oxygen b. silicon c. nitrogen d. carbon e. none of the above
Mercury and Earth
As they formed, due to their high temperatures and comparatively weak gravitational fields, which planets were unable to retain appreciable amounts of hydrogen, helium, and ammonia? a. Jupiter and Neptune b. Mercury and Earth c. Uranus and Pluto d. Jupiter and Uranus e. Neptune and Uranus
Pillow basalts
Basaltic lavas at rift zones and/or at the ocean bottom are likely to form: A) Aa; B) Pahoehoe; C) Pillow basalts; D) Ignimbrites
4.5 billion years old (4.6B)
Based on radiometric dating of rocks, the Earth is at least: a. 1.6 billion years old b. 3.4 billion years old c. 2 billion years old d. 4.5 billion years old e. None of the above
Catanduanes
Batalay Diorite composed of andesites and dacites is found in what locality?
Nonoc Island
Bauxite deposit in the Philippines can be found (mine) in the following EXCEPT a. Nonoc Island b. Bucas grande c. Mainland Samar d. Batag Island
s-waves & p-waves
Body waves are waves that travel to the earth's interior. Which of the following is a body wave?
cirques
Bowl shaped depressions that occur at the heads of mountain glaciers are called: a. arête b. cirques c. hanging valley d. horns e. none of the above
Where sediment load exceeds the stream's ability to transport sediment
Braided streams occur: A) Where sediment load exceeds the stream's ability to transport sediment; B) Where sediment load is less than the stream's ability to transport sediment; C) On all streams; D) On all meandering streams
pillow lava
Bulbous lava that flowed and solidified underwater a) pillow lava b) volcanic bomb c) aa lava d) pahoehoe lava e) bulbous lava
none
Calcite is stained with what color using the Feigl solution? a. Purple b. Black c. Red d. None
Continental shelf
Carbonate compensation depth (CCD) is located in: a) Continental shelf b) Continental slope c) Continental rise d) Abyssal plain
A & B
Cataclasis involves a. Brittle deformation only b. Ductile deformation only c. Crystal plastic deformation only d. A and B
detrital
Common ________ sedimentary rocks include shale (the most common sedimentary rock), sandstone, and conglomerate
oolitic
Composed of spherical, concentrically layered, sand-sized (<2mm) grain aggregates
cognate
Contemporaneous veins are a.conjugate b.parallel c.cross-cutting d.cognate
barrier reef
Continuous or broken circle of coral reef and low coral islands surrounding a central lagoon is called: a. barrier reef b. fringing reef c. atoll d. carbonate build-up e. none of the above
Isogal
Contour lines of equal gravity is called a.Isotherm b.Isopach c.Isocline d.Isogal e.Isohyet
30degreeN - 30degreeS
Coral reefs are generally found in the latitudinal extensions of a) 20oN - 20oS b) 30oN - 30oS c) 60oN - 60oS d) 45oN - 45oS
old because of a well-developed Benioff Zone
Cotabato Trench is... * young because of a poorly-developed Benioff Zone old because of a well-developed Benioff Zone young because it continues into the Moluccas Sea old because of a left-lateral strike slip fault cutting across Zamboanga Peninsula linking it to the Negros Trench
geosynclinical accumulation
Crustal rocks that undergo vertical subsidence or elevation change without buckling or fracturing are products of: a. organic processes b. epeirogeny c. regional metamorphism d. geosynclinical accumulation e. mountain building
Chalcedony
Cryptocrystalline quartz and moganite mixture. The term is generally only used for white or lightly colored material. Otherwise more specific names are used.
monoclinic
Crystal system where a, b, and c are not equal; alpha and gamma are 90, beta is not 90
geyser
Cuexcomate, Mexico, known as the "World's Smallest Volcano", is not actually a volcano. What is it then? a. Kipuka b. Plug dome c. Geyser d. Solfatara
3.35
Density of the moon (in g/cu.cm.)
point bar
Deposits laid down at the inner bend of a meander are called _______deposits: a. point bar b. lagoon c. oxbow d. delta e. none of the above
during deposition
Diagenesis takes place in a sediment a. during deposition b. long after the deposition c. after deposition with attendant metamorphism
All directions
Diamond drilling can be used to bore holes in a) Horizontal direction only b) Vertical direction only c) Horizontal and vertical directions d) All directions
drawdown
Difference between the water level in a pumped well and the original water-table level
Mesozoic
Dinosaurs are dominant during the a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic e. Permian
stylolite joint
Discontinuities that result from a deformation mechanism called "pressure-solution". a. fracture fault b. layering bed c. stylolite joint d. fault e. massive jointing
change in temperature
Discontinuous with major internal layers of the earth are marked by the discontinuities in the following except change in velocity of P-waves change in velocity of S-waves change in densities change in P/S waves velocity ratio change in temperature
1980s
Diwalwal gold rush started in what decade?
Precambrian
Due to a virtual absence of land plants and certain animals, fossil fuels are notably absent in ____________ rocks. a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic e. Paleozoic and Mesozoic
western
During the Cenozoic, plate interactions gave rise to many events of mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes in ____________ North America. a. western b. central c. eastern d. southern e. northern
Silurian
During the ____________ Period, large evaporite deposits of rock salt and gypsum formed in North America. a. Cambrian b. Silurian c. Pennsylvanian d. Jurassic e. Tertiary
Taconic
During the early Paleozoic Era, the ___________ orogeny affected eastern North America from the present-day central Appalachians to Newfoundland.
Gondwanaland
During the early Paleozoic era, the current continents of South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, India, and perhaps China comprised the vast southern continent of ____________. a. Europe b. Laurasia c. Gondwanaland d. Antindia e. Pangaea
Laurasia
During the late Paleozoic, the presentday North America, Europe, western Asia, Siberia, and perhaps China formed the northern continent of ____________. a. Gondwanaland b. Laurasia c. Greenland d. Africa
97.2%
Earth's ocean water percentage
deep focus earthquakes
Earthquakes whose depth of focus ranges between 300-700 km are known as a) Shallow focus earthquakes b) Intermediate focus earthquakes c) Deep focus earthquakes d) Normal earthquakes
Evapotranspiration
Evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration from plants. Correlates with species richness.
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
physical weathering
Exfoliation is a form of a) Physical weathering b) Chemical weathering c) Biochemical weathering d) Mass wasting
alluvial fans
Fan-shaped deposits of sediments dropped by streams flowing out of mountains
all of the above
Felsic rocks a) are generally high in silica b) usually contain K and Na minerals c) tend to be light in color d) results from extensive differentiation e) all of the above
Tiger's Eye
Fibrous gold to red-brown colored quartz, exhibiting chatoyancy.
triassic
First appearance of Scleractinian Corals
true
Fissure flows and formation of flood basalts in divergent oceanic plate boundaries generally involve quiescent volcanic activity. This statement is: a. True b. False c. Neither true or false
cueastas
Flat-topped hills or small mountains formed by stream action are called a) Mesas b) Buttes c) Cuestas d) Stream terraces
guyots
Flat-topped seamounts are known as
limestone
Floatstone is a type of what mineral?
Infiltration
Flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface.
plastic
Folds in rocks is a result of_____________ behavior a. elastic b. plastic c. brittle d. abnormal
20 hrs, 7 min, 14 sec
For an epicentral distance of 4000 km, the travel time of a P-wave is 7 min, 00 seconds. If a P-wave arrives at a seismograph station at 20 hrs, 14 min, 14 sec, what time did it leave the focus? a. 20 hrs, 14 min, 14 sec b. 20 hrs, 7 min, 14 sec c. 20 hrs, 21 min, 14 sec d. 20 hrs, 7 min, 7 sec e. 20 hrs, 7 min, 00 sec
mineral makeup and degree of jointing
Frequently, rocks exposed at Earth's surface do not weather at the same rate. This differential weathering of rocks is influenced by such factors as: _____________________
Global Standard Section and Po
GSSP stands for? int
Mg-Ni rich serpentine minerals
Garnierite occurs as ubiquitious green coating along cracks and fractures in the saprolite. What is garnierite?
the rate that temperature increases with increasing depth inside the earth
Geothermal gradient is defined as: A. the rate that temperature increases with increasing depth inside the earth B. the rate that pressure increases with increasing depth inside the earth C. the rate that pressure increases with increasing temperature D. the ratio of temperature underneath the oceans to that underneath the continents E. none of the above
The density of rocks below the crust is greater than 2.8 g/cm3
Given the fact that the average density of the earth is 5.52 g/cm3 and that the average density of the crust is 2.8 g/cm3, which of the following statements is correct? a. The earth has a core and mantle b. The core of the earth is an iron-nickel alloy c. The density of rocks below the crust is greater than 2.8 g/cm3 d. The earth has a lithosphere and asthenosphere e. The density of the core is less than 5.52 g/cm3
Soil analysis
Gold prospecting in both geophysical and geochemical methods is most effectively done by a) Electromagnetic surveys c) Seismic profiling b) Remote sensing d) Soil analysis
Lower, Higher
Gravel has generally a ____ porosity and a _____ permeability compared to other smaller grain sizes a. Lower, higher b. Lower, lower c. Higher, higher d. Higher, Lower e. Can be higher and lower, depending on the nature of parent rock
coral
Gshelia sp, the oldest fossil in the Philippines, is actually a: a. Foraminiferan b. Coccolithophore c. Coral d. Ammonite e. Still unknown
Hard pellets of ice
Hail is a type of precipitation that consists of a) Ice crystals of delicate, feathery structure b) Hard pallets of ice c) Droplets of water deposited on objects near the ground d) Minute crystals of ice deposited on a cold surface
Zone of wastage
Here there is a net loss to the glacier as all the snow from the previous winter melts.
chemical weathering changes the bulk composition of rocks; physical weathering does not
How do effects of physical weathering differ most fundamentally from those of chemical weathering? a. chemical weathering changes the bulk composition of rocks; physical weathering does not b. chemical weathering reduces the size of rocks; physical weathering does not c. chemical weathering reduces the size of the mineral grains; physical weathering does not d. a and b e. none of the above
1000
How many years it takes for the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt to complete its cycle? a. 100 b. 1 000 c. 10 000 d. 100 000 e. 1 000 000
0.65%
How much of the earth's water is usable fresh water?
After being fully consumed by the Sun
How will the Earth die? a. After being fully consumed by the Sun b. After collapsing after expansion of the Earth's mantle c. After losing its gravitational balance after the Sun's complete death d. After losing all of its own heat energy and sources e. After imploding due to intense thermodynamically driven chemical reactions within the planet
virac island
If Palawan microcontinent is held constant, which among the Philippine areas move the fastest based on GPS measurements of GEODYSSEA? Zamboanga Virac Island Samar-Leyte Negros Island
(1) oxides. (2) sulfides. (3) sulfates
If cations bond with oxygen, they form (1) _________, if they bond with sulfur they form (2) ________ and if they bond with both oxygen and sulfur they form (3) __________.
Advances
If ice (accumulation) exceeds (wastage), the glacial front _________ until the two factors balance.
plunging
If the fold axis has a dip, the anticline or syncline is considered? a. plunging b. inclined c. hanging d. striking e. dipping
purple
In Meigen test, after the addition of Co nitrate solution, aragonite turns to:
ionic bonding
In ____________________, one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, giving the atoms a net positive or negative charge. The resulting electrically charged atoms are called ions. Ionic compounds consist of oppositely charged ions assembled in a regular, crystalline structure that allows for the maximum attraction of ions, given their sizes
Radio detection and ranging
In remote sensing. Radar stands for
1.55
Index of refraction of Canada Balsam, a material used to determine relative index and relief of minerals in petrographic studies
Laterite
Is characterized by high content of alumina and/or ferric oxide due to extreme type of weathering common in tropical climates: a) Lamprophyre b) Limonite c) Laterite d) Lithophile
Cherts
It forms from the recrystalized skeletons of animals: a) Carbonates b) Cherts c) Fossiliferrous limestone d) Micrite
Agusan - Davao Basin
It is a N-S trending sedimentary basin, traversed longitudinally by the Philippine Fault, sitting upon a basement of ophiolitic and metamorphic rocks, pre-Oligocene arcs and Eocene limestones. It is considered to have the thickest sedimentary fill.
Colluvium deposit
It is a collective term which refers to the deposits accumulated at the foot slope during mass wasting
dreikanter
It is a doubly pointed ventifact, having three curved faces intersecting in three sharp edges, resembling the shape of a Brazil nut.
sequence
It is a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata, bounded at the top and base byunconformities and correlative conformities
normal fault
It is a type of fault where the minimum stress is horizontal
devonian
It is considered as the "Age of the Fishes"
Mindoro/Aglubang Fault System
It is the fault system located offshore between Batangas peninsula and Mindoro Island, following a northwest-southeast direction. It is strike-slip in nature, but turns into transpressional as it cuts through the southern tip of the Manila accretionary prism. What fault system is this?
West Philippine Basin
It is the largest basin in the Philippine Sea Plate, occupying about 50% of the plate's area. *
accuracy
It is the measure of the closeness of an analysis to the true value
Bacuit Formation
It is the oldest lithological formation in the Philippines, described to be a sequence of shales, sandstones, conglomerate and limestone which are distinctively folded and is currently shifting to an E-W direction. It is Early to Middle Permian in age. * Bacuit Formation Mansalay Formation Calumpang Formation Espina Formation
nearshore
It is the part of the coastal zone found between the low tide level and the line where waves break at low tide.
shore
It is the part of the coastal zone found between the lowest tide level and the highest elevation affected by storm waves.
urals
It resulted from collision of Africa and Europe
feldspathoid
Lapis lazuli is what type of silicate mineral?
Malaspina
Largest piedmont glacier
fold and thrust faults
Lateral compression of crustal rocks tends to produce: a. fault-block mountains b. fold and thrust faults c. joints and normal faults d. unconformities e. igneous intrusions
Nicolas Steno
Law of constancy of interfacial angle states that the angles between two corresponding faces on the crystals of any solid chemical or mineral species are constant and are characteristic of the species. Who proposed this law?
hydrolysis
Limestone weathering typically involves this type of chemical weathering process: a. oxidation b. carbonatization c. hydration d. hydrolysis e. c and d
spit
Long ridge of sand deposited by longshore current and drift, and attached to the mainland a. tombolo b. offshore bar c. spit d. tidal inlet e. none of the above
Laumonite, analcime, albite - zeolite facies
Low grade metamorphism is characterized by which mineral assemblage?
Old landscapes
Low relief and well-developed meanders are typical of: A) Youthful landscapes; B) Rejuvenated Landscapes; C) Old landscapes; D) Glacial landscapes
anatexis
Lower crustal melting is also referred to as: a. ophiolite b. anatexis c. fractional crystallization d. decompression e. none of the above
Flood basalts
Mafic eruptions from a large fissure will produce: A) Strato-volcanoes; B) Shield volcanoes; C) Plug cones; D) Flood basalts
A is hotter than B
Magma A contains olivine and Ca-rich plagioclase while magma B contains feldspar and quartz a) A is hotter than B b) B is hotter than A c) B and A have approximately the same temperature d) a temperature relationship is not present
Cenozoic
Mammals became the dominant land animals during the ____________ era. a. Pleistocene b. Cenozoic c. Cretaceous d. Mesozoic
In streams where sediment load exceeds the stream's ability to transport sediment
Meandering occurs: A) On most streams; B) In streams where sediment load exceeds the stream's ability to transport sediment; C) Only in the laboratory simulation of stream; D) On few streams
False
Mechanical weathering involves both disintegration and decomposition. This statement is: a. True b. False c. No conclusion can be drawn.
cross laminations
Migration of ripples forms: a. cross laminations b. graded bedding c. flute casts d. concretions e. none of the above
Equatorial gradient
Milankovitch theory is based on 3 cyclical alterations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. This is not one of the cycles: - The shape of Earth's orbit, known as ECCENTRICITY - The angle Earth's axis is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane, known as OBLIQUITY - The earth's orbital tilt range known as EQUATORIAL GRADIENT - The direction Earth's axis of rotation is pointed, known as PRECESSION
mica schist
Mindoro jade deposit of occidental Mindoro is a:
olivine
Mineral of higher temperature of formation than pyroxene according to the Bowen's reaction series: a. amphibole b. quartz c. olivine d. mica e. Na-plagioclase
bataan
Mt. Pinatubo is located on the border of 3 provinces. Which of the provinces is not included on the tripoint? a. Bataan b. Pampanga c. Tarlac d. Zambales
Porphyroblast
New minerals that grow, in a solid state, from the chemicals that are in the surrounding minerals are called: a) Phenocryst b) Porphyry c) Porphyroblast d) Quartzite
transform fault
Nonconstructive, nondestructive lithospheric plate boundaries coincide with a. trenches b. mid-oceanic ridges c. transform fault d. abyssal plains e. volcano earthquake belts
till
Nonsorted glacial drift deposited directly from ice is called: a. till b. moraine c. fjord d. arête e. none of the above
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization created at the Baghdad conference on September 10-14, 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. What does OPEC mean?
creep
Of the following downslope movements, which is generally slowest? a. landslides b. slump c. mudflow d. creep e. rockfall
50-degree clockwise rotation with respect to hotspots
On 43 Ma, the Pacific Plate had undergone a major kinematic organization characterized to be
Jasper
Opaque cryptocrystalline quartz, typically red to brown
cumulate gabbro
Ophiolite sequence. What is found underlying the sheeted dikes?
Morphogenesis
Origin of landforms i.e. the processes responsible for their genesis is: A) Morphometry; B) Morphogenesis; C) Morphography; D) Morphochronology
exfoliation
Originally unjointed rocks such as granitoid rocks experiencing compression parallel to their length producesa thin, curved, generally convex upwards shells paralleling the topography
carbonic acid
Oxygen in water can oxidize some materials, while carbon dioxide dissolved in water forms
Philippine Mineral Reporting Code
PMRC procides the minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines on the public reporting for all deposit types EXCEPT petroleum & gas to the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE). PMRC stands for?
MAMMILARY
Parallel or radiating groups of individual crystals, are described as: ________ large rounded masses resembling mammae, formed by radiating individuals.
GLOBULAR
Parallel or radiating groups of individual crystals, are described as: ________ radiating individuals forming spherical or hemispherical groups.
STELLATED
Parallel or radiating groups of individual crystals, are described as: _______________if it is radiating individuals forming starlike or circular group
Soil formation
Pedogenesis is: a) Rock formation b) Mineral formation c) Soil formation d) Mountain formation
sheet erosion
Peeling off thin layers of soil from the land surface; accomplished primarily by wind and water
freshwaters
Pennate diatoms imply that the paleoenvironment setting could be in a. Deep marine waters b. Shallow marine waters c. Freshwaters d. A and B e. B and C
From provincial governor
Permit needed for gemstones extraction?
FSE
Porphyry Intrusion of the Lepanto epithermal deposit a. Aroroy b. FSE c. Victoria d. Sto.Tomas II
different densities and lie at similar levels on the asthenosphere
Pratt's theory of isostasy assumes that the lithospheric blocks are of: a. similar density and lie at different levels on the asthenosphere b. different densities and lie at different levels on the asthenosphere c. similar density and lie at similar levels on the asthenosphere d. different densities and lie at similar levels on the asthenosphere e. none of the above
3 million years
Quaternary is approximately how many years?
lead
Radioactive disintegration of thorium forms a. lead b. argon c. strontium d. carbon
uraninite
Radiometric method can be used to directly locate a.graphite b.uraninite c.massive sulphides d.porphyry copper e.coal
natural levees
Raised banks, formed by the accumulation of deposits of coarser sediment
v, iii, i, ii, iv
Rank the following hominid genus based on dated time of evolution (from oldest to youngest) i. Ardipithecus ii. Australopithecus iii. Orrorin iv. Paranthropus v. Sahelanthropus a. v, iii, i, ii, iv b. iii, v, ii, I, iv c. iv, v, iii, iv, i d. i, iii, v, ii, iv e. iv, i, iii, ii, v
erosion
Refer to various ways by which the mobile agencies obtain and remove rock debris.
tight
Refers to folds whose interlimb angle is between 10 to 90 degrees
competence
Refers to the biggest size of grain that a stream can move
parameters
Refers to the intersection of crystal planes to the crystal axes
avulsion
Refers to the sudden change in the course of a river leading to a section of abandoned channel, a section of new channel, and a segment of higher land (part of the floodplain) between them
Zambales (coto block)
Refractory chromite can be found in: a. Zambales b. Davao Oriental c. Dinagat Island d. Eastern Samar
Pull-apart basin
Rhombochasm is related to: a. Pull-apart basin b. Transverse ridges c. Positive flower structure d. Negative flower structure
angle of inclination
Richard, a BS geology student, wants to measure the height of an outcrop. He only has a pocket transit. What do you call the angle that is, at least, needed for Richard to compute the height trigonometrically? a. Angle of incidence b. Angle of observation c. Angle of inference d. Angle of inclination e. Angle of declination
2.7 g/cm3, older; 3.0 g/cm3, younger and denser
Rocks of the continental crust have an average density of about ___ g/cm3 and are ____ compared to rocks of the oceanic crust that have an average density of ___ g/cm3 and are ____. * 0/1
salt crystal growth
Sea spray or salty groundwater penetrates crevices and pore spaces in rocks As the water evaporates, salt crystals form and enlarge the crevices
Angular unconformity
Sedimentary rocks A, B and C are inclined beds, overlain by a horizontal rock layer D and intruded by an igneous rock E. What kind of unconformity is present between A and D?
load and flame structures
Sedimentary structure that is the result of the settling of sandstone into shale a.ball and pillow structures b.load and flame structures c.sole marks d.liquefaction
gneissicity
Separation of metamorphic rocks into light and dark layers a) differentiation b) crystal settling c) schistosity d) gneissicity e) foliation
eustasy
Sequence Stratigraphy is all about accommodation. Accommodation is defined as the space available for sedimentation. All of the following factors can affect accommodation EXCEPT: a. Tectonics b. Sedimentation Rate c. Ravinement d. Eustasy
Whitsunday volcanic province; Chon Aike Province
Siliceous Large igneous Provinces occur notably in the ______________________________________ of eastern Australia, the ________________________ of South America and Yellowstone
700/1200
Silicic/Felsic magma cools at ___ degrees celcius whilse basic magma cools at ____degrees celcius.
Horizontal igneous intrusive
Sill is a a) Horizontal igneous intrusive b) Vertical igneous intrusive c) Concave igneous pluton d) None of the above
Solifluction
Slow, downslope flow of water-saturated materials common to permafrost areas.
earthflow
Slow-moving downslope movement of water-saturated, clay-rich sediment, most characteristic of humid regions
Terranes
Small fragments of crust that are too buoyant to be subducted, but instead emplaced are likely to become: A) Magmatic Arcs; B) Cratons; C) Bolides; D) Terranes
horizons
Soil-forming processes operate from the surface downward and produce zones or layers in the soil called ____________. From the surface downward the horizons are designated as O, A, E, B, and C, respectively.
hydrothermal solutions
Some of the most important accumulations of metallic mineral resources are produced by igneous and metamorphic processes. Vein deposits (deposits in fractures or bedding planes) and disseminated deposits (deposits distributed throughout the entire rock mass) are produced from __________________—hot, metal-rich fluids associated with cooling magma bodies.
resistate
Stable minerals in sedimentary rocks are also called
bulacan
Star southern cloud can be found in:
discordant plutons
Stocks, batholiths and dikes are varieties of: a. concordant plutons b. discordant plutons c. mantle plumes d. volcanic rocks e. none of the above
Composite cones
Stratovolcanoes are also called: A) Composite cones; B) Cinder cones; C) Shield volcanoes; D) Spatter cones
composite volcano
Tall conical volcanoes built up by many layers of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash
Contact metasomatic gold (Skarn)
Thanksgiving mine of benguet exploration is a/an a. Low sulfidation epithermal gold b. Intermediate sulfidation epithermal gold c. Porphyry copper gold d. Contact metasomatic gold (Skarn)
S-waves travel through much of the earth's interior
That much of the earth is solid is based on that a. the earth is an oblate spheroid b. volcanism outpours huge volumes of lava c. S-waves travel through much of the earth's interior d. The core is metallic e. P-waves propagate through out the earth
it does not transmit S-waves
That the outer core behaving like a liquid is based on that a. it does not transmit S-waves b. it is the source of internal heat of the earth c. it is the source of the magma d. it transmit both S and P waves e. the earth's temperature increases with depth
1950
The "Before Present", abbreviated as BP, is seen together with some dates in both geology and archaeology. BP is measured from a. The current year rounded down to tens digit b. 1940 c. 1950 d. 1960 e. 1970
There is a chemical reaction between the common rock-forming minerals and the melt in a closed system
The Bowen's Reaction Series is named as such because a. There is a chemical reaction between the common rock-forming minerals themselves in a closed system b. There is a chemical reaction between the common rock-forming minerals and the melt in a closed system c. The reactivity of the common rock-forming minerals is reflected by their corresponding stable temperatures d. All of the above e. None of the above
fractional crystallization
The Bowen's Reaction series explains the production of various types of magma from a single magma by ___________________: a. liquid immiscibility b. fractional crystallization c. magma mixing d. magmatic assimilation e. none of the above
gymnosperms
The _______________ were the dominant trees of the Mesozoic Era.
Permeability
The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores.
30%
The albedo of the whole Earth is
koppen
The classification used to report climate patterns around the world: a. Smith b. Koppen c. Chamberlain d. Kanagawa e. Rapanui
Yellowstone volcano;
The example of a volcano having mega-collossal supervolcanic eruption is: A) Mt. Tambora; B) Mt. Pinatubo; C) Yellowstone volcano; D) Mt St. Helens
silica
The exoskeleton of sponges is made up of a) Silica b) Calcite c) Aragonite d)Calcium phosphate
a and b
The explosivity of a volcano depends on: a. silica content b. gas content c. conical shape d. a and b a. b and c
1/16
The half-life of the decay process U-237 to P-6207 is 713 million years. What fraction of U-237 remains after 2852 million years? a. 1/16 b. 1/8 c. ¼ d. ½ e. 1/5
Ultimate base level
The mean sea level projected beneath the land is called a. Local base level b. temporary base level c. Mean sea level d. Ultimate base level e. None of the above
frost wedging
The mechanical breakup of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks and crevices
a and b
The melting or removal of thick glaciers would lead to _________ of the lithosphere. a. isostatic rebound b. isostatic adjustment c. sudden upheaval d. a and b e. none of the above
continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and oceanic (midocean) ridges.
The ocean floor is divided into three major topographic units:
basalt
The oceanic crust consist chiefly of a. andesite b. granite c. diorite d. basalt
Convergent oceanic-oceanic plate margins;
The plate tectonic paradigm indicates that andesite volcanoes in island arcs develop at: A) Convergent oceanic-oceanic plate margins; B) Divergent oceanic-oceanic plate margins; C) Convergent continental-continental plate margins; D) Divergent continental-continental plate margins
(1) particle size (2) mineral makeup (3) climatic factors
The rate at which rock weathers depends on such factors as
are changing constantly
The shape of the land around us a. have always been that way b. will always remain that way c. are changing constantly d. are changing at a constant rate e. are unchanging
one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms
The silica tetrahedron consists of
Triclinic
The three axes are all equal in length and intersect at three different angles
the zone of fracture
The uppermost 50 meters (165 feet) of a glacier is appropriately referred to as
boudins
These are segmented layers that form from extension and deformation of rigid tabular pre-existing layers amidst less competent surroundings. These pre-existing layers, which may be but need sedimentary layering, begins to break up to form chunks showing flow in between them.
1410
Thickness of the outer core as measured in miles:
Sub-bituminous
This coal generally has a lower sulphur content than other types, which makes it attractive for use because of its cleaner burning: a) Anthracite b) Bituminous c) Sub-bituminous d) Lignite
Deviatoric stress
This component of stress tensor is responsible for the actual distortion of the object. a. Mean stress b. Deviatoric stress c. Spherical stress d. All of the above can be responsible for such.
asterism
This phenomenon, common in rubies and sapphires, is the result of scattering of light from inclusions of rutile arranged in three crystallographic directions.
Orogenic
This processes refers to the deformation of the Earth's crust, and more especially to folding and faulting
Meghalayan; Northgrippian
Today belong's in the ________ stage; the stage before it was the ________ * Greenlandian; Meghalayan Northgrippian; Meghalayan Meghalayan; Northgrippian Meghalayan; Greenlandian
pelagic sediments
Top layer sa ophiolite sequence?
marine
Type II kerogen is generally formed in what setting?
yunyang
Typhoon Diding, was a major typhoon that struck the Philippines at the time of the colossal eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. What is the international name of Typhoon Diding?
Loess
Unconsolidated, unstratified aggregation of small, angular mineral fragments, usually buff in color: a) Deflation lag deposits b) Dunes c) Loess d) Desert
St. Paul Formation
Under what lithological formation in the Philippines does the world-famous Puerto Princesa Subterranean River belong?
sandblasting
Ventifacts are formed by: a. deflation b. sandblasting c. traction d. a and b e. none of the above
Lahars
Volcanic eruptions can produce catastrophic mudflows known as: A) Debris avalanche; B) Lahars; C) Debris flow; D) Expansive clay
(1) shield volcanoes (2) stratovolcanoes
Volcanoes with shallow slopes that form from runny lava are (1) _________ whereas volcanoes with steep slopes that form from viscous lava are (2) ___________. A. (1) shield volcanoes (2) cinder cones B. (1) shield volcanoes (2) stratovolcanoes C. (1) stratovolcanoes (2) shield volcanoes D. (1) explosive (2) nonexplosive E. (1) fissure eruptions (2) shield volcanoes
High sulfidation epithermal
Vuggy Quartz is associated with what type of deposit?
Juvenile water
Water that is formed at the time of consolidation of magma is termed a) Connate water c) Meteoric water b) Vadose water d) Juvenile water
secondary enrichment
Weathering creates mineral deposits by concentrating metals into economically valuable deposits. The process, called ___________________, is accomplished by either (1) removing undesirable materials and leaving the desired elements enriched in the upper zones of the soil or (2) removing and carrying the desirable elements to lower soil zones where they are redeposited and thus become more concentrated.
Dallol volcano
What is the only non oceanic volcano on Earth below sea level?
40,000 years
What is the period of the change in the earth's obliquity?
The type of rock and the structure of that rock
What is the primary reason for the difference of the drainage patterns from one basin to another (e.g., "dendritic v. Trellis)? A) The type of rock and the structure of that rock; B) The size of the main stream channel; C) The scale of the main stream channel. The larger, the more rectangular, etc.; D) The slope of the hillside and the amount of rainfall
Puerto Princesa City
What is the second largest city in the Philippines in terms of landmass?
dark brown
What is the streak of chromite?
Destroyed
When the pores in sediment become filled with water, the cohesion among particles are [enhanced or destroyed]?
july 1990
When was the 7.8 magnitude earthquake along the Digdig segment of the Philippine Fault that devastated cities in Luzon such as Baguio City
late Triassic
When was the first appearance of mammals?
Tectonically active areas
Where are erosion rates high? A) Areas of low relief; B) Tectonically active areas; C) All subduction zones; D) the craton
rugged, geologically young mountains
Where do the most rapid mass-wasting events occur?
intersertal
Where glass occupies the interstices between plagioclase laths
paludal
Which environment of deposition is best suggested by the following feature: shale, siltstone, coal, plant fossils, laminated units? a. tidal flats b. lagoon c. alluvial fan d. aeolian e. paludal
XRD
Which of the following equipment is used to identify clay minerals? a. XRF b. AAS c. XRD d. PIMA
Explosive
Which one is not a type of volcanic eruption in terms of activity? A) Magmatic; B) Explosive; C) Effusive; D) All describe the types of volcanic eruptions
Mediterranean belt
Which one of the following is one of Earth's main volcanic belts?
Wind cannot carry large sized sediments
Why is that wind erosion is insignificant compared to running water? Wind cannot carry large sized sediments Wind only occurs periodically Wind carries low volumes of sediments Water can carry more volume of sediments
All of the above are reasons why urbanization might increase catastrophes
Why would urbanizing a location increase that location's potential for catastrophe? A) People might be forced to live in low lying or unstable lands susceptible to slides or floods; B) Urbanization would interfere with the drainage of the land making it more likely to flood, slide or subside; C) Native plants would be removed increasing erosion of land; D) Higher population density would cause damage to become greater; E) All of the above are reasons why urbanization might increase catastrophes
loess
Wind-deposited, unconsolidated, usually unstratified deposits are called: a. dunes b. loess c. till d. deflation lag deposits e. none of the above
C horizon
Within a mature soil profile, _______ is the horizon composed of slightly broken-up bedrock.: a. A horizon b. B horizon c. C horizon d. E horizon e. R horizon
1.36 billion cubic kilometers (326 m cu miles)
World's total supply of water
B horizon (subsoil)
Zone of accumulation of metals and nutrients
Soil
____ is a combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air—that portion of the regolith (the layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering) that supports the growth of plants.
Mafic
______ rocks (e.g., basalt) contain abundant pyroxene and calciumrich plagioclase feldspar
foliation
a fundamental characteristic of regionally metamorphosed rocks, although they may occur in sed and ign rx
oil trap
a geologic environment that allows for economically significant amounts of oil and gas to accumulate underground
divide
a ridge of land that separates one watershed from another
Tillite
a sedimentary rock formed when glacial till becomes lithified
Mesosaurus
a small aquatic freshwater reptile whose fossil remains are limited to black shales of the Permian period (about 260 million years ago) in eastern South America and southwestern Africa.
increases proportionately to the square of its velocity
a stream's competence ______________________
OCEANIC PLATEOUS
are broad, flat topped areas that result from massive outpourings of lava flowing laterally from source veins
Paleolakes
are evaporated and dried out pluvial lakes
Mount Kenya & mount kilimajaro
direct mountainous effects of the east African rift
parent material, time, climate, plants and animals, topography
factors controlling soils
slaty
foliation texture when rock splits easily along nearly flat and parallel planes indicating microscopic platy minerals pushed into alignment.
schistose
foliation texture when visible platy or needle-shaped minerals have grown essentially parallel to a plane due to differential stress.
placentals
following the reptilian extinctions at the close of the Mesozoic, two groups of mammals, the marsupials and __________, evolved. a. eukaryotes b. cephalopods c. trilobites d. placentals e. stromatolites
differential stress
forces that generate mountains and are unequal in different directions
4 cm/day
how fast does groundwater move?
De Re Metallica
in 1556 - Publication of ___________________ by the German physician, Georgius Agricola was made. Gives account on mining practices and first factual account of mineral. The book was translated into English from the Latin in 1912 by former Pres. of the United States, Herbert Hoover, and his wife, Lou Henry Hoover.
Barchanoid dunes
intermediate form between isolated barchans and extensive waves of transverse dunes.
pillow lava
lava flows under cold water
cassiterite
ore mineral of tin
ilmenite and rutile
ore mineral of titanium
wolframite and scheelite
ore mineral of tungsten
Sedimentary rocks
radiometric dating is least useful for what type of rocks?
foliation
refers t anyy planer arrangement of mineral grains or structural fearures within a rock
leaching
removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards
loam soils
roughly 40 - 40 - 20 sand, silt, clay ideal for agriculture due to sand's drainage and porosity, clay's nutrient retention and silt keeping the other two together
mica schist
schist composed primarily of muscovite and biotite
slope orientation
slopes facing away from the sun tend to be cooler, moister and have more vegetation
radioactivity
some isotopes are unstable and disintegrate naturall through a process called _______________
schist
strongly foliated rocks formed by regional metamorphism. They are platy and can be readily split into thin flakes or slabs.
streak
the color of a mineral's powder
western deep levels gold mine in africa
the deepest mine in the world
magnetic declination
the difference between the magnetic north and the true north
weathering
the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the surface
jurassic
the first mammals appeared when?
carboniferous
the first seed plants appeared when?
erosion
the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind, or ice.
Sahelanthropus
the oldest hominid fossils
combination of warm temperature and abundant moisture
the optimal environment for chemical weathering:
gradient
the slope of a channel expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance
settling velocity
the speed at which a particle falls through a still fluid
angle of repose
the steepest angle at which loose material remains stationary without sliding downslope
bushveld complex
the world's largest igneous intrusion
pathfinder elements
these are elements that occurs closely with other elements indicating their occurence
A horizon
topsoil together with O horizon. This zone is of largely mineral matter.
potential ground water contamination & induced seismicity (Because some of these chemicals may be toxic, and there are concerns about fracking fluids leaking into aquifers that supply communities with freshwater. The injection fluid also includes sand, so when fractures open in the shale, the sand grains can keep the fractures propped open and permit the gas to continue to flow.)
what are the risks of fracking?
Ordovician-Devonian (488.3-359.2 mya)
when was Caledonian orogeny?
carrangeot
who invented the contact goniometer?
angular conformity
ype of unconformity where rock on either side of the hiatus have relationship to one another, suggesting folding, tilting, or faulting and erosion of the underlying layers, before deposition of subsequent strata takes place. a.angular conformity c. nonconformity b.paraconformity d. disconformity
149,597,871 kilometres
· 1 AU is equivalent to?
Rigel
· A blue supergiant that is the brightest star in the constellation orion. [a. rigel b. Betelgeuse c. triton d. ganymede] ·
Disconformity
· A break in a sedimentary sequence, which does not involve a difference of inclination between the strata on each side of the break. ·
Alluvial channel
· A channel that form in sediments that were previously deposited in the valley ·
Mesozoic
· Age of reptiles
L. Miocene to early Pliocene
· Age of the formation of luzonite?
L. Oligocene to Miocene
· Age of the limestone in underground river?
L. Miocene
· Age of the porphyry copper deposits of mankayan?
Eocene
· Age of zambales ophiolite?
Nekton
· All animals capable of moving independently of ocean currents are classified as: ·
Au/Ag + Hg
· Amalgam is composed of?
Ag + hg
· Amalgam used for dentistry?
Au+Hg
· Amalgam used for extraction of gold?
Ferric iron
· Amethyst purple color is due to?
Jurassic
· Ammonites is an index fossil of the Philippines of what period? ·
Coriolis effect
· An effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experience a force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. ·
Spit
· An elongated ridge of sand that projects from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay. ·
Galaxy
· An enormous collection of heavenly bodies held together by gravitational attraction. ·
25 years
· An exploration permit is valid for how many years? a. 1 B.2 c .5 d. 25
Zone 2
· In what zone are the met and ref Cr concentrated? q
Red ochre
· Red earthy variety of hematite?
Thanatocoenosis
· Refers to all the embedded fossils at a single death assemblage ·
Fetch
· Refers to the distance that wind has travelled across the open water. ·
1-3%
· Sulfur limit in coals?
Gymnosperms
· These are non-flowering plants ·
True
· True or false: the alps, along with Cape cod, and Yosemite valley were sculpted by now vanished glacial ice.
S-type
· Type of magmatic fluid that is enriched by Sn-W-Be-U-Li ·
St. Paul Limestone
· What is the limestone in the underground river?
$10 M (500 million pesos)
· What is the minimum investment for FTAA? a. $10 M b. $25M C.$50M d. $100M
marine terraces
· What is the most compelling evidence for a shoreline undergoing uplift? a) cliff b) marine terraces c) stack d) atoll e) fringing reef
Left-lateral
· What is the movement of the fault that causes the 7.0 earthquake in Haiti last January 2010?
Methuselah star
· What is the name of the oldest star? ·
June 16, 1965
· When is the Geology profession Law formed?
March 24, 1996
· When is the Marcopper spill?
1986
· When is the chenobyl disaster?
Summer solstice (June 21)
· When is the longest day?
Chevron fold
· When the two limbs of a fold are essentially parallel to each other and thus, approx. parallel to the axial plane. ·
Basin/ dome na eroded
· When to form annular?
Kapalong Fm. Bukidnon and Davao
· Where is the molasse stage in the Philippines?
Tres heramana, Antipolo
· Where is the stegodon found in the Philippines?
Makayan benguet
· Where is the type locality of luzonite?
dissolved load
· Which one will not affect stream velocity? a) discharge b) valley width c) stream gradient d) dissolved load e) meander curvature
Venus
· Which planet has a retrograde rotation?
Hertzsprung-Russell
· Who classified stars based on its magnitude?
Pettijohn
· Who classifies limestone and dolomite?
Charles lyell
· Who proposed the law of inclusion ·
Black Thunder Mine in Northeast Wyoming
· World's largest coal mine currently?
Olympic dam, australia
· World's largest resource of uranium?
Australia
· World's leading producer of Al?
Reverse
· if the Drill strata is repeated, what kind of fault is there?
0.000001
· ilang meters ang 1micron?
65.5 mya
· ilang years ang tertiary? A. 65.5 mya b. 55.6 mya c. 45 mya d. 33.9 mya
Long run out debris flows
· what are Sturzstroms?
Minimata disease
· what disease is the product of Mercury poisoning?
Carmen - Porphyry Copper
· what is the ore Body in atlas, Cebu?
RENIFORM
-Parallel or radiating groups of individual crystals, are described as: ________ radiating individuals terminating in round kidney-shaped masses.
Geothite
Bauxite is a mixture of the following mineral EXCEPT; a. Diaspore b. Gibbsite c. Geothite d. Boehmite
Pegmatite
Be, Li, Cs, Rb, B, U, Th, and rare earths are associated with what type of deposit?
depositional
Bedforms are what kind of sedimentary structures?