DC Bio chapter 4 and 5
Which stage of cellular respiration uses O2?
electron transport chain
When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is in the form of heat as the car is driven. Which of the following best describes this in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?
energy can be changed from one form to another
The concentration of calcium in a cell is 3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 1%. How would the cell obtain more calcium?
active transport
which of these words does not belong with the rest as it relates to concentration gradient
active transport
A protein kinase activating many other protein kinases is an example of _____?
amplification
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
Which of these acts as a second messenger?
cyclic AMP
molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a transport protein in
facilitated diffusion
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
fimbriae
which of the following molecules is broken down, in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell
glucose
Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.
glucose ... enzymes
which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis
select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
______ is a form of kinetic energy that is manifested in the random motions of atoms and molecules.
heat
in cellular respiration, most energy is released as transferred to ATP when ______.
high-energy electrons "fall" to lower energy levels
In this animation, which of the following, when activated by a signal transduction pathway, moved from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of a cell?
transcription factor
_____ catalyzes the production of _____, which then opens an ion channel that releases _____ into the cell's cytoplasm.
Phospholipase C ... IP3 .... Ca2+
active transport by the sodium-potassium pump follows this cycle
1. Three Na+ ions from the cytosol bind to the pump. 2. The binding of Na+ stimulates the phosphorylation of the pump protein by ATP. 3. Phosphorylation causes a conformational change in the pump that moves the three Na+ ions against their concentration gradient and releases them outside the cell. 4. The release of the Na+ ions permits two K+ ions from outside the cell to bind to the pump, and the phosphate group is released. 5. Release of the phosphate group causes another conformational change in the pump. 6. The conformational change in the pump moves the two K+ ions against their concentration gradient and releases them into the cytosol.
approximately what wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll a, the pigment that participates directly in the light reactions?
435 nm
Which wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll b?
455 nm
which of the following statements correctly describe(s) the driving forces for diffusion of NA+ and K+ ions through their respective channels? Select all that apply.
A,D,E
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?
ATP
Pickles are often preserved in a 20-30% salt solution called brine. How does this method prevent contamination by microorganisms?
Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water.
How do we derive energy from fats?
Breakdown products from fatty acids bypass glycolysis and feed directly into the citric acid cycle.
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
Which of the following is an example of osmosis?
Cells of our kidneys reabsorb water to prevent it from all leaving through our urine.
A red blood cell is places into each of the following solutions. Indicate whether crenation, hemolysis, or neither will occur.
Crenation: A,D,E Hemolysis: B,C
what role does a transcription factor play in a signal transduction pathway?
D: By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.
A breeder wants to set up a program to produce zebrafish with long fins. Having long fins is a dominant trait compared to the short fin wild type. Before she can market her zebrafish, she needs to perform a test cross on the long-finned fish she plans to use as a breeder. How can she tell whether her fish are homozygous or heterozygous for the long-finned trait?
Do several test crosses between the long-finned fish and the short-finned fish; if the offspring are always long finned, the long-finned parent is probably homozygous.
Why do metabolic pathways require tens to hundreds of different enzymes?
Each enzyme has a specific substrate and produces a specific product.
If only chlorophyll a were involved in the light reactions, would blue light (wavelength about 490 nm) be effective in driving photosynthesis?
The graph indicates that chlorophyll a absorbs very little blue light, so we can predict that blue light would not be effective.
In the set-up shown in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe what would be observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed?
The level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes in the tube than the beaker.
Which of the following is best associated with a couple reaction?
The metabolic reaction requires energy from ATP
which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability?
The polarity of membrane phospholipids
An action spectrum plots the rate of photosynthesis at various wavelengths of visible light, and it shows that blue light with a wavelength of about 490 nm is effective in driving photosynthesis. Based on this information and the absorption spectra shown at left, what role may chlorophyll b and carotenoids play in photosynthesis?
These pigments are able to absorb more wavelengths of light (and thus more energy) than chlorophyll a alone can absorb. As part of light-harvesting complexes in photosystems, they broaden the range of light that can be used in the light reactions.
You obtain the pigments called carotenoids in your diet when you eat carrots. Why do carotenoids appear yellow and orange?
They absorb blue/green light and reflect yellow and red wavelengths of light.
which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
which statement describes glycolysis?
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
simple diffusion of molecules occurs
in nonliving systems as well as living systems.
Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.
in the cytoplasm
Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.
into ... membranous vesicles
thyroid hormones bind to _______ receptors.
intracellular
energy of activation
is the energy required for molecules to react with each other.
A signal molecule is also known as a(n) _____.
ligand
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nucleoid region
which of the following is highest in chemical energy?
one molecule of glucose
Which of the following molecules can cross the lipid bilayer of a membrane directly, without a transport protein or other mechanism? Select all that apply.
oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, lipids
A semipermeable membrane is places between the following solutions. Which solution will decrease in volume?
solution A
A semipermeable membrane is places between the following solutions. Which will increase in volume?
solution D
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, the solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to ________.
split water molecules and release oxygen in the form of O2 produce small, high-energy molecules that are used in the Calvin cycle to manufacture sugars
What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
stabilization of the phospholipids
A(n) _____ is an example of a signal molecule that can bind to an intracellular receptor and thereby cause a gene to be turned on or off.
steroid
The figure below represents a metabolic pathway, what happens is enzyme 2 is defective and nonfunctional?
substrate y would now be metabolized
cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of ________, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _______.
the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport
The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations results in more
the energy taken in as food is eventually converted into heat energy
what is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation?
Alcohol fermentation produces carbon dioxide, but lactic acid fermentation does not.
What property of dishwashing liquid (detergent) makes it useful to wash grease from pans?
Amphipathic nature
Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on whether they describe exocytosis, endocytosis, or both.
Exocytosis: A,B,C - secretes large molecules out of the plasma membrane, - increases the surface area of the plasma membrane, -requires fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane endocytosis: D,E - decreases the surface area of the plasma membrane, -forms vesicles from inwards folding of the plasma membrane both: F,G - transported substances never physically cross the plasma membrane - requires cellular energy
How can a lipid be distinguished from a sugar?
Lipids are mostly nonpolar.
Can you tell from these absorption spectra whether red light is effective in driving photosynthesis?
One cannot tell from this graph, but because chlorophyll a does absorb red light, we can predict that it would be effective in driving photosynthesis.
Why do plants have two photosystems?
One photosystem stores energy in the form of ATP and the other photosystem stores energy in the form of NADPH
Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on whether they describe exocytosis, endocytosis, or both.
Only channels: A,B Only carriers: C,D Both: E,F,G
Drag the labels onto the table to indicate when each statement is true. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Orange dye moves independently of purple dye. (always) Concentration gradients exist that drive diffusion of both dyes. (only before equilibrium is reached) There is a net movement of orange dye from side A to side B. (only before equilibrium is reached) Purple dye moves only from side B to side A. (never) There is no net movement of purple dye. (only at equilibrium)
which of the following particles could diffuse easily through a cell membrane?
Oxygen
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.
True or false? Osmosis is a type of diffusion.
True
True or false? The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group.
True
osmosis includes
both the diffusion of water and a semi-permeable membrane
What prevents a plant cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution?
cell wall
Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?
citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?
citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
Calcium ions that act as second messengers are stored in _____.
er
Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?
estrogen
In the 1640s, the Flemish chemist Jan Baptista van Helmont preformed the classic experiment paraphrased below : I filled a pot with 200 pounds of first that had been dried in an oven. Then I planted the stem of a willow tree and watered it with rainwater. At the beginning, the willow stem weighed 5 pounds. For 5 years, I watered the tree with either rainwater or distilled water whenever it needed. The pot was large, and planted in the ground. I covered the pot with an iron plate. This had many holes, which allowed water through but not dust. In this way, I could be assured that possible dust accumulation over these 5 years did not significantly add to the weight of the dirt. After 5 years, the tree weighed 169 pounds, and about 3 ounces. I did not take into account the weight of the leaves that fell each autumn. At length, I again dried the dirt, which weighed only 2 ounces less than the initial 200 pounds. I concluded that 164 pounds of wood, bark, and roots, arose out of water only. In what way was Van Helmont's conclusion incorrect?
he did not account for the role of atmospheric carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of ________.
phagocytosis
A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out blood cell, forming a vesicle around the red blood cell. This process is called
phagocytosis
cellular respiration requires fuel(glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _________.
photosynthesis
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
plasma membrane
The opposite of a turgid plant cell is a
plasmolyzed plant cell
two fundamental types of cells are known to exist in nature: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells (like the one shown in the Tour of an Animal cell animation). Both ........
prokaryotic: nucleoid Eukaryotic: lysosome, nucleolus, mitochondria Both: plasma membrane, flagella, ribosomes
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
protection
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes
A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a _____ binds to a receptor.
signal molecule
during the Calvin cycle, plants use energy from ATP and NADPH to drive _________.
the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide
NADH and FADH2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces ________ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and ________ ATP molecules(s) per FADH 2 molecule.
three.....two
Energy is conserved. This means that in any system, _____.
total energy input equals total energy output
Which of these is second of the three stages of cell signaling?
transduction
in electron transport, high energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to ______.
transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They can flow back out into the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochondria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.
What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?
two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules
