DD

private roads and driveways

When entering or crossing a road, a street, or a highway from a private road, alley, or driveway, and the intersection is not controlled by signs or signals, you must yield the right-of-way to all approaching vehicles and pedestrians.

statistically most dangerous driving hazard is ___

fog

_______ is what brings your vehicle to a stop

friction

traction is affected by

friction vehicle weight centrifugal force tire condition hydroplaning

If you are caught littering (1st offense), you may:

get a class C misdemeanor be fined up to $500

infant seats should always be

rear facing

you should first ________ if your accelerator gets stuck

shift to neutral

highway hypnosis and how to fight it

"Highway hypnosis" is a condition of drowsiness and unawareness that overcomes drivers, particularly on long, dull journeys. It can be caused by the steady sounds of the engine, the wind or the tires on the road. All drivers should be aware of its danger and of the methods for fighting it: Stop often. Even if you are feeling well you should stop at least every two (2) hours or every 100 miles. Get out of your car and walk around. Allow your muscles to relax. Do not drive more than eight (8) hours per day. Keep shifting your eyes. Look at different objects: near and far, left and right. Read the road signs as you approach them. Check your rearview mirror.

Whenever you cross or enter traffic from a full stop, you need a large enough gap (from cars approaching in either direction) to get up to the speed of the other vehicles. You need a gap that is:

- about half a block on city streets -about a full block on the high way

At highway speeds of 50 to 55 mph you need a ____ gap in oncoming traffic to pass safely

10 to 12

Unless otherwise indicated, the speed limit in business or residential areas is:

30 mph

stop lights: red

A RED light means STOP. In Texas, a right turn can be made against a red light, but only after you stop and yield to pedestrians and vehicles in your path. DO NOT turn if the intersection is marked with a sign that reads "NO TURN ON RED.

right turn

Begin your turn from the lane nearest the right-hand curb. End the turn in the lane nearest the right-hand curb. Do not swing wide into another lane of traffic. Remember! If you enter the turn too fast, centrifugal force will act to pull you into the lane to your left. You may start a right turn from a lane other than the far right lane only when street signs or pavement markings indicate that such a turn is legal.

bicycle lanes

Bicycles share the road with you. Sometimes they must share the through traffic lanes, but occasionally they are given special lanes: A bicycle lane is indicated by a solid white line and a sign on either side of a street. Don't enter a bike lane unless you are making a right turn at a corner or other entrance, such as a driveway. Watch for bicycles before entering a bicycle lane. You may park in a bicycle lane unless a sign says "NO PARKING." Pedestrians are not allowed in a bicycle lane when there are sidewalks. Drivers of motorized bicycles should use bike lanes carefully to avoid collisions with bicycle riders.

lanes for turning - left turn

Get close to the center divider line or into the left turn lane (if there is one). When turning left, don't turn too soon and "cut the corner."

stop lights: traffic sign blackout

If all traffic signal lights are not working, you must stop at the intersection and then proceed when you know that other turning and approaching vehicles, bicycles, or pedestrians will also be stopping. An intersection with a blacked-out traffic signal is the same as an intersection controlled by STOP signs in all directions.

improved shoulders

Improved shoulders may also be used to overtake and pass a vehicle that is slowing or stopped on the main traveled portion of the highway, either because the vehicle is disabled or it is preparing to make a left turn. You can drive on an improved shoulder to allow other vehicles to pass, unless regulatory signs prohibit you from doing so. Improved shoulders can also be used to accelerate or decelerate when making a right turn. You can use the shoulder anytime it is necessary to avoid a collision. Whenever you move onto a highway shoulder, look in your mirror and then glance over your shoulder to make sure that someone isn't passing you on the right.

remember to

In general, drinking is the same: 1 beer = 1 glass of wine = 1 shot of liquor. Drinking alcohol, even 1 drink, may alter behavior, slow reflexes, and cloud judgment. If you drink, drink moderately. Eating while you drink may slow the absorption of alcohol into your body, but it does not reduce the overall intake of alcohol. After just one drink, wait for one full hour to drive. Never drink and drive. If you've been drinking, let someone else drive.

railroad crossings

In a collision with a train, you are 40 times more likely to be killed than if you were in a collision with another car. In 2008, 222 people were killed in motor vehicles collisions with trains at highway-rail crossings, and over 400 people died after being hit by trains. Certain safety precautions can prevent these incidents: Always expect a train; trains may run any time, day or night. Approach the crossing as you would approach any intersection, being prepared to yield to the train. Never drive around lowered gates; it's illegal and deadly. Observe and obey flashing light signals. Never race a train to a crossing; if you tie, you lose. Don't drive onto a crossing unless there is room to get off the other side; you may get "boxed in" by traffic. Watch for a second train when crossing multiple tracks. If your vehicle stalls on a crossing, get out immediately and call the police for assistance. Don't walk, run, cycle or ride ATVs on the railroad track or right of way; this is trespassing and it's dangerous. Cross tracks only at designated crossing. Stay off bridges and out of tunnels. Almost half of all crashes at railroad crossings occur at crossings that are not equipped with automatic gates and flashing lights to warn motorists when a train is approaching. Highway-rail crossing deaths are almost completely avoidable, that is what makes them so tragic. Most of them occur simply because motorists choose to ignore warning signs, signals, or safety gates. Many people believe that they will be able to hear the oncoming train, or it will be able to stop in time. In truth, a train traveling at 50 mph will take a mile and a half to come to a complete stop. Rules for Crossing Safely: When walking or bicycling, stop well away from the tracks. Observe any grade crossing warning devices that are present, such as flashing red lights, bells or gates and determine whether or not they have been activated to indicate the approach of a train. If the warning devices are not on, still look in both directions for an approaching train. Listen for the sound or whistle of an approaching train. If a train is coming, WAIT until it passes before crossing the tracks. Watch for more than one train - you may not notice a second train coming from the opposite direction on an adjacent track, or one approaching behind the first train, because of the noise from the first train. Once you are sure it is safe, cross without delay; use the smooth grade crossing surface and watch where you step so you don't stumble or fall. Signs warn you that you are approaching railroad tracks. Look and listen in both directions for approaching trains. Be ready to stop, if necessary. You should expect a train on a track at any time, day or night. Never stop on a railroad track. Usually by the time a train sees you, it will be too late for it to stop. When traffic is heavy, wait off the tracks until you are sure you can drive over them without stopping. Watch for vehicles that must stop before crossing the tracks, such as buses, school buses, and large trucks transporting hazardous loads. Flashing red lights at a railroad crossing mean STOP! Stop at least 15 feet (but not more than 50 feet) from the tracks when: A clearly visible railroad signal warns of the approach of a train. A crossing gate is lowered or a human flagman warns of the approach or passage of a railroad train. You (the driver) are required to stop by law, a rule adopted under a statute, or an official traffic-control device or a traffic control signal. A railroad engine approaching within approximately 1,500 feet of the highway crossing emits a signal audible from the engine. An approaching railroad train is plainly visible and in hazardous proximity to the crossing. Never start across railroad tracks unless there is room for your vehicle to cross the tracks completely. Don't proceed until you can see clearly in both directions because there may be a second train coming from either direction. Do not go around or under any railroad gate that is lowered. Cross only when it is safe.

when merging with highway traffic:

do not stop unless absolutely necessary

At controlled intersections, traffic is controlled by:

signs or signals

A red arrow means ____ until the green signal or green arrow appears

stop

When you are driving on a single or two-lane road you must yield to

- vehicles traveling on a street or roadway divided by a median - vehicles traveling on a roadway with three or more lands

Before you pass, look ahead for road conditions and traffic that may cause other cars to move over into your lane. You might lose your space for passing because of:

-people or bikers near the road -a narrow bridge -a patch of ice, broken pavement, or something on the road

A driver who has had an alcoholic drink is how many times more likely to have a crash as a driver who has not had anything to drink?

1-10 times

Major driving errors

Failure to obey traffic laws. Failure to maintain your vehicle. Discourtesy to other drivers. Lack of driving knowledge. Bad judgment/poor decision making.

informative signs and signals

Informative signs and signals tell you what to do and when to do it. They come in a variety of shapes and colors. Familiarize yourself with the various shapes and colors here before we go on to discuss the most important signs.

sidewalks

Never drive on a sidewalk unless you are crossing a sidewalk to enter or leave a driveway or alley. Remember! Pedestrians have the right-of-way on sidewalks. You must stop for pedestrians before crossing a sidewalk.

left turn from a two way street into a one way street

Start the turn at the left-hand edge of the lane closest to the middle of the street. You may complete the turn in either lane of the cross street if it is safe to do so. You must use a left turn lane if there is one. A left turn from the next lane may be made if signs or arrows indicate that such a turn is legal.

symptoms of sleepiness

You have trouble keeping your eyes open and focused. You can't keep your head up. You daydream or have wandering, disconnected thoughts. You yawn frequently or rub your eyes repeatedly. You find yourself drifting from your lane or tailgating. You miss signs or drive past your exit. You drift off the road and hit the rumble strips.

recreational area signs

are generally brown

To pass safely, you must be able to see clearly ____ of a mile ahead

at least 1/3

always enter a highway

at or near the speed of traffic max speed is 75 on most highways

factors that influence driving performance

attitudes, habits, feelings, emotions alcohol and drugs physical condition knowledge of driving laws and procedures understanding the driving task

most drivers involved in fatal crashes are ____ years old

between 16 and 24

regulatory signs

black and white rectangles may include color red

An HOV lane is marked with a ____ painted on the pavement

diamond

medication can affect driving

f you are taking any medication that warns against driving, and you are stopped while driving, you may be charged with driving under the influence and face a jail sentence, fines, and suspension of your driver's license.

Any time you change lanes, enter a highway from an entrance lane or merge with traffic on another road, you need a gap of ____ seconds between oncoming vehicles. That gives both you and the car behind you a two-second following distance.

four Don't try to squeeze into a space that is too small. Leave yourself a big enough space for a safety cushion. Watch for vehicles around you. Use your mirrors and turn signals. Turn your head to look quickly to the side before changing lanes. Leave two seconds of space between you and the vehicle ahead. Make sure you can stop safely if you must. If you have to cross several lanes, take them one at a time. Filter slowly through traffic. If you stop to wait until all lanes are clear, you will tie up traffic and you may cause a crash.

5 important driving habits

left foot firmly on foot rest stay away from problems as you drive use brakes to slow down and change gears separately after braking keep good separation from other vehicles be able to stop in the distance you can see ahead

When you see a yield sign you should:

slow down and let traffic pass you before you enter the appropriate lane

rage, impatience, over-confidence lead to....

unsafe speed - number one cause of crash fatalities aggressive driving overly risky driving loss of control

never drive to the left of the yellow lines, except:

-when turning left at an intersection -when turning into a private road or driveway -when the right half of the road is closed or blocked -when driving in certain carpool lanes, enter and exit at designated places only

whenever you enter traffic, you must understand how much space you need to

1. merge with traffic 2. cross or enter traffic 3. pass other cars

At 55 mph, you travel over 800 feet in _____ seconds. So does an oncoming vehicle. This means that you need over 1600 feet (or about one-third of a mile) to pass safely. It is hard to judge the speed of oncoming vehicles. They don't seem to be coming as fast as they really are. A vehicle that is far enough away generally appears to be standing still. In fact, if you can really see an oncoming vehicle moving closer to you, it is probably too close for you to start to pass.

10 to 12

first time convicted of driving under influence

72 hours-6 months in jail may have to pay up to 2K may lose license for 90 days to 1 year must pay monthly supervisory fee of 20-40 possession of open container increases minimum term of confinement by 3 to 6 days

traffic signs: do not enter

A DO NOT ENTER sign indicates that the road or street ahead is for one-way traffic traveling in the opposite direction you are. You must not drive down a road or street marked with a DO NOT ENTER sign.

stop lights: flashing red

A FLASHING RED light means exactly the same as a stop sign. You must STOP before entering the crosswalk or intersection. After stopping, proceed with caution and observe the right-of-way rules.

stop lights: flashing yellow

A FLASHING YELLOW light warns you to be careful. Slow down and be especially alert.

stop lights: green arrow

A GREEN ARROW means GO. But before you go, you must yield to any vehicle, bicycle, or pedestrian still in the intersection. A green arrow pointing right or left allows you to make a "protected" turn; oncoming vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians are stopped by a red light as long as a green arrow is lighted.

To exit safely from the highway, you should:

Change lanes one at a time until you are in the proper lane for either a right hand or left hand exit from the highway. Don't get caught having to cross lanes too quickly or wildly. Give others plenty of warning by using your turn signal to let them know of your intention to exit. Adjust your car to the proper speed for exiting-not too fast (so you won't lose control) and not too slow (so the flow of traffic can still move freely).

factors that influence driving performance

Fatigue, illness, stress, and aging add difficulties to performing the driving task. However, there are signs to watch for and remedies to most situations. As a part of the natural process, aging causes our senses to diminish. As you age, adjust the way you drive accordingly. Be aware that if you are taking any medication that warns against driving, and you are stopped while driving, you may be charged with driving under the influence. Stress contributes to many automobile collisions and also can impair your ability to drive safely. Once you are on the road, you should be aware of your surroundings and anything that can affect your ability to drive safely.

special lanes

In high-density traffic areas, you may sometimes see an entire street, or a few traffic lanes on a street, marked with cones. The cones indicate that a lane or street is being used for something other than the normal purpose. For instance, to help relieve congestion at a sports or cultural event, entire streets may be changed from two-way streets to one-way streets until the traffic congestion is cleared.

signs and road markings

Many streets have signs to indicate that different turns are permissible. These signs indicate that: Cars in the left lane must turn left Cars in the right lane may go straight or turn right Cars in the left lane may turn left or go straight Cars in the center lane must go straight Cars in the right lane must turn right Similar markings are often painted on the road When a highway lane or a city street lane is about to come to an end, it may be marked by large broken lines painted on the pavement. If you are driving in a lane marked with broken lines, be prepared to exit the highway or the lane. Look for a sign that will help you make your next driving decision (i.e., merge right, right lane must exit, etc.).

highway access roads

On a one-way access or feeder road (frontage road), you must yield to drivers exiting the highway. Drivers on a two-way access road must yield to those exiting the highway as well as those entering the highway unless regulated by a traffic control device.

painted road markings

Painted road markings help you understand where it is legal to make turns and pass. You may cross a solid double yellow line to turn left, but NOT to pass. You may not pass over or make a left or U-turn across two sets of solid double yellow lines (also known as double double yellow lines). They stand for a solid wall. Cross only at plainly marked openings. Left turn center lanes are in the middle of some two-way streets. These lanes are marked on both sides by two painted lines -the inner line broken, the outer line solid. When a left turn center lane is available, you may use it to make a left turn only.

recent texas law about cell phone

Recent Texas law expands the current limitations on wireless communication device (cell phone) use in an active school crossing zone to include the property of a public elementary, middle, or junior high school for which a local authority has designated a school crossing zone. The use will only be restricted during the time a reduced speed limit is in effect for the school crossing zone. Further, it will not apply to vehicles that are stopped, or drivers using a hands-free device or making an emergency call.

right-of-way

Right-of-way rules help people drive safely. These rules go along with courtesy and common sense. Bicycle, moped riders, and pedestrians must follow these rules, too. Never insist on taking the right-of-way. If another driver does not yield to you when he or she should, forget it. Let the other driver go first. You will help prevent collisions and make driving more pleasant. However, do not always insist that others go ahead of you. If another vehicle expects you to take right-of-way, you may delay traffic by stopping or slowing unnecessarily while waiting for that other vehicle to go ahead of you.

left turn from a two way street

Start the turn at the left-hand edge of the lane closest to the middle of the street. You may turn into any lane that is safely open if you do not impede the flow of traffic.

turn at a t-intersection from a one-way street into a two-way street

Through traffic has the right-of-way. You may turn either right or left from the center lane. Watch for vehicles and bicycles inside your turn.

hills or curves

To pass safely, you must be able to see clearly at least one-third of a mile of the road ahead. Any time your view is blocked by a hill or a curve, you should assume that there is an oncoming car just out of sight. This means you should only pass if a hill or curve ahead is more than one-third of a mile away. You MUST NOT drive on the left side of a roadway, even to pass another vehicle, when you are approaching a curve or the top of the hill and you cannot clearly see the roadway ahead for at least one-third of a mile.

T intersection

When approaching the intersection of a through street from a street that ends at an intersection and the intersection is not controlled by signs or signals, you must first stop, then yield the right-of-way to the vehicles on the through street.

special speed limits: in business and residence districts

the speed limit is 30 mph unless signs show other limits

frame 10

The officer will test you for a variety of motor and mental skills, including your reflex speed and reaction ability.

flooded roadways

bc of Texas's climate and terrain, we have more than our share of problems with flooded roadways, especially at low water crossings

when it is raining you should use your:

low beam lights

looking ahead

*In order to avoid last minute moves, you should look down the road 10 to 15 seconds ahead of your vehicle.* A driver needs to look that far ahead to see hazards early. Constantly staring at the road just in front of your car is dangerous. If you look ahead, you will be able to see potential hazards that will affect your driving decisions. For example, you may be able to see a person getting into a car and preparing to enter traffic in the distance ahead of you. Otherwise, if you do not look ahead, you may not see the car pull out into traffic until you are too close to react. *In the city, 10 to 15 seconds is about one block.* When you drive in city traffic, you should look at least one block ahead. On the highway, 10 to 15 seconds is about a quarter of a mile.

seat belt myths #1

"I wear my seat belt on long trips, but you don't need them if you're just driving around town." Unfortunately, this is simply not true. Seventy-five percent of all traffic deaths occur within 25 miles of home. Even if you're driving at 40 mph or less, you could still die in an auto collision if you're not wearing your seat belt -- 80% of all traffic deaths occur in cars traveling less than 40 mph. Don't take chances. Buckle up every time you drive.

seatbelt myths #3

"I'm just going to the market. I don't need to put my child in a safety seat for such a short trip. Besides, it's too much of a hassle." The No. 1 preventable cause of death of children is automobile collisions. Studies show that eight out of every ten children who die in car crashes would have survived had they been properly placed in a federally-approved child safety seat. Crash-tested child car seats reduce injuries and save lives. An older child can be placed on a crash-tested "safety booster seat," properly fitted to a standard shoulder/lap belt. In a collision, a child can "fly" back and forth within the car, even at low speeds. Protect any small children in your car. Take time to buckle them up in safety belts or car seats. It's worth it, and the law requires that you do it.

seat belt myths #2

"I've heard of people being thrown clear of their car in a crash and walking away without a scratch." Your chances of surviving a collision are twenty-five times greater if you stay inside the car. Even if your car is hit from the side, a safety belt can keep you from being thrown out into the path of another car. About one in 200 people wearing a seat belt would have survived if they were thrown free, which makes the odds 200-to-one. The force of an impact can throw you 150 feet...15 car lengths! Seat belts also prevent you from hitting your head on the windshield, which could cause spinal damage.

if you're going 40 mph takes ___ to stop

252

if you're going 20 mph takes ___ to stop

63 feet

to be a good driver, you need to look carefully by:

- looking ahead - looking to the side - looking behind you

here are some driving and observational skills needed for everyday driving

--Assumptions - The fact that a large proportion of motor vehicle crashes occur within 25 miles of the driver's home brings to light the fact that familiarity breeds complacency, especially when we are comfortable with our surroundings. --Depth perception - You need good vision and an ability to accurately judge the speed and distance of approaching traffic and other roadway hazards. Knowing how fast your vehicle can negotiate tight corners on different types of roadways, and in varying weather conditions, minimizes your chances of crashing. --Experience - New drivers lack the ability to divide their attention between control and safety functions. New drivers have a tendency to underestimate reaction time and braking distance. --External distractions - Many rear-end and multi-car crashes occur when a rubber-necking driver becomes distracted by a roadway collision or rescue equipment in the opposite lane. A lapse of attention will remove concentration from the driving task. --High standard of alertness - Senses impaired by alcohol, anger, drugs (prescription or illegal), fatigue, or illness reduces alertness and results in poor driving judgment. --In-car distractions - Whenever you are driving a vehicle and your attention is not on the road, you're putting yourself, your passengers, other vehicles, and pedestrians in danger. --Vehicle characteristics - Looking away from the road ahead to find or operate controls in an unfamiliar vehicle while driving can seriously limit the reaction time available to avoid an unexpected roadway hazard. Take a minute to carefully note where all the important instruments and vehicle control systems are located prior to operating any unfamiliar vehicle. Make sure the rear and side view mirrors are properly adjusted, your seat and steering wheel settings are comfortable, and the climate control settings are appropriate for current conditions. --Visual capability - Uncorrected defective eyesight restricts the ability for drivers to make satisfactory distance judgments. Darkness and inclement weather can aggravate poor vision capabilities as well. Excellent reflexes and good driving skills are of little use if our eyesight is poor.

your driving motion is controlled by

-speed -braking -steering these 3 are affected by these natural laws -gravity -centrifugal force -inertia -kinetic energy

drivers should look ahead ____ blocks

1 or 2

follow these rules when you approach an intersection

1. Look Both Ways Look to the left first, since cars coming from the left are closer to you. Look to the right. Take one more look to the left before you pull out, just in case there is someone you didn't see the first time. 2. Don't Rely On Traffic Signals Some drivers do not obey traffic signals. At an intersection, look left and right, even if other traffic has a red light or a stop sign. A drunk or reckless driver may not stop. While entering an intersection, look left, right, and ahead for approaching traffic. 3. Make Sure You Have A Good View Make sure you can see before crossing an intersection. If your view of a cross street is blocked by a building or a row of parked cars, edge forward slowly until you can see.

you must turn your headlights on

1. any time you cannot see at least 1000 feet ahead 2. at night

To help avoid skidding on slippery surfaces, you should:

1. drive more slowly 2. avoid quick stops

General turning guidelines state you must:

1. give the proper turn signal at least 100 feet before you turn AND 2. finish the turn in the proper lane

the following factors also affect the force of impact in a collision

1. increased speed increases the force of impact 2. increased weight of a vehicle increases the force of impact 3. greater speed and weight reduce your ability to control your vehicle and maintain a safe distance

taken together, the natural laws effect

1. stopping distance 2. car control 3. force of impact

In 2012, alcohol-related crashes resulted in approximately _____ deaths in the U.S.

10,322

In order to avoid last moves, you should look down the road at least _____ ahead of your vehicle

10-15 seconds

At 30 mph it takes approximately _____ to react to something you see and make a complete stop

100 ft

Recent statistics show that among passengers older than four in the U. S. , safety belts saved some _____ thousand lives.

12

anyone ___ or younger should sit in the back seat

12

_______ inches of flowing water across a roadway can virtually float any kind of vehicle

12-18

Pedestrian fatalities account for approximately _____ of all traffic fatalities

14%

If you are a front seat passenger and are ____ years of age or older and do not wear a seatbelt, you may be given a ticket.

15

Of the fatalities among children age 14 and younger, ____ occurred in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes.

20%

It is against the law to follow within ____ of an emergency vehicle answering a call

500 ft

stop lights: green

A GREEN light means GO. But before you go, you must allow all vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians who are already in the intersection to move clear of the intersection. Then you are allowed to move ahead. Make a left turn only if you have enough space to complete the turn before any oncoming vehicle, bicycle, or pedestrian becomes a hazard. Do not enter an intersection, even when the light is green, unless there is enough space to pass completely through the intersection before the light turns red. If heavy traffic causes you to block traffic by stopping in the middle of an intersection, you are in violation of the law and may be cited.

stop lights: red arrow

A RED ARROW on a left turn means STOP until a green signal or a green arrow appears. You are not allowed to make a left turn against a red arrow unless you are at the intersection of two one-way streets and left turns are allowed. On a right turn, a RED ARROW should be treated like a normal traffic signal.

traffic signs: stop

A STOP sign means that you must make a full stop before entering a crosswalk or at a white stop line. When a crosswalk or stop line is not marked, stop at the corner. Check for traffic before crossing. Wait until it is safe before going forward. On divided highways, a STOP sign for crossing or turning vehicles is often placed on the island or dividing strip which separates the lanes of traffic moving in different directions. You must stop before turning across oncoming lanes of traffic if such a sign is present.

legal u-turns

A U-turn is a turn in which the driver turns around and heads back in the direction from which he or she originally came. Make a U-turn only from the far left lane on your side of the road and only where U-turns are permitted.

traffic signs: wrong way

A WRONG WAY sign may appear near a DO NOT ENTER sign. If you are headed straight for one or both of these signs, drive to the side and stop. You are going AGAINST traffic. When there is no oncoming traffic, turn around where permitted or back out and go back to the road on which you were previously traveling. (At night, if red road reflectors appear, you are traveling in the wrong direction.)

stop lights: yellow arrow

A YELLOW ARROW means the "protected" turning time period is ending. Be prepared to obey the next signal, which could be a green light, a red light, or a red arrow

stop lights: yellow

A YELLOW light warns you that the red signal is about to appear. When you see the yellow light, you should slow down and come to a stop at the stop line or crosswalk, if you can do so safely. If you can't stop, continue through the intersection. But be sure to look out for vehicles that may enter the intersection as the light changes.

collision traps

A collision trap is a situation in which you are not able to maintain an adequate space cushion around your vehicle. Collision traps can occur in front of you, behind you, and to your sides. Front - A tailgater behind you can cause a collision trap in front of you. If you try to move forward to give the tailgater more room, you end up shrinking the space cushion between you and the car in front of you. Instead of moving forward, it would be a better idea to slow down gradually (say, by taking your foot off of the gas pedal) and let the tailgater pass you when he/she can. Rear - A collision trap can occur to the rear of your vehicle, if you slow down to avoid tailgating a vehicle in front of you. Sides - A collision trap can occur to one or both sides of your vehicle. In all cases, try to communicate -- with your lights, horn, etc. -- to make sure that you can maintain your safety space cushion. Increase your distance from the car in front of you and leave yourself an "out." In the moments prior to a potential collision the most important thing to remember is: don't panic. By reacting properly and quickly you may be able to avoid collision situations. And to be prepared in case of a collision, it's also very important to know about your braking system. Does your car come with an anti-lock braking system? It makes a difference when determining how you should brake in an emergency. If you have anti-lock brakes: Brake hard and hold the brakes in. You will continue to be able to steer and control your vehicle. If you do not have anti-lock brakes: Do not brake hard and hold the brakes in. This will lock your wheels and send your car into a skid. Instead, to stop quickly, you should pump your brakes.

right-of-way and pedestrians

A pedestrian is a person on foot. People using a conveyance propelled by human power (inline skates, skateboards, etc.) other than a bicycle and people who are disabled and use self-propelled wheelchairs, tricycles, or quadricycles should be treated as pedestrians and should be given the same rights as any other pedestrian. Always stop for any pedestrian crossing at corners or other crosswalks. Do not pass a car from behind that has stopped at a crosswalk. A pedestrian you can't see may be crossing. You must stop for any person using a dog guide or a white cane with or without a red tip. They must be given the right-of-way at all times whether in or out of a crosswalk. Remember! Just because you make eye contact with a pedestrian doesn't mean that the pedestrian will yield the right-of-way to you.

frame 8

A police officer will look for signs that you are impaired and unable to drive safely. Are you confused? Are you having difficulty complying with the officer's requests? Does your breath smell of alcohol? Are your eyes unfocused? For these and many other reasons, an officer can and will ask you to step out of your car and take a number of field sobriety tests.

traffic signs: prohibition signs

A red circle with a red line through it always means NO. The picture inside the circle shows you what you cannot do. The sign may or may not include words as well. For example, in the picture at the right, the red circle with the red line through the "P" indicates "no parking" because the area is a fire lane.

some safe driving tips

Adjust your driving to the weather. You should slow down in rain or fog. Turn on your headlights during the day if it is hard to see. You must turn your lights on any time you can't see at least 1000 feet ahead. Don't look directly into oncoming headlights -- you may be blinded. Go slower than you would during normal conditions when you cannot see as far. You will have less time to stop if a hazard lies ahead. Slow down at the first sign of rain, drizzle, or snow on the road. Whenever visibility is poor or it rains, headlights are a good way to let other drivers know where you are. It's both helpful to other travelers and makes you a safer driver. Do not blind other drivers with your high beam headlights. When another driver makes a mistake, you need time to react. You can give yourself this time by keeping enough space between your vehicle and the vehicles around you. Be more aggressive in using your visual skills and identifying potential hazards. There are more hazards in the city, so be prepared to anticipate them. Know the condition of the road and be aware of your surroundings. Look ahead to identify potential hazards and observe warning signs.

right turn from a one-way street into a one-way street

After starting your turn from the far right lane, you may use any lane open to traffic, if safe to do so. Sometimes signs or pavement markings will let you turn right from a lane other than the far right lane.

psychological effects of alcohol

Alcohol's effect on a person depends in part on his or her body size. Alcohol affects a person's liver, heart, stomach, and brain. The effects on the brain are both short-term and long-term. Alcohol can also cause a person to become sleepy because it is a depressant. A given amount of alcohol does not affect everyone the same way. The charts below show how the BAC zones vary for people of varying weights, and the number of drinks and time periods involved for people of different weights to become impaired and then intoxicated in the eyes of the law. HOW TO USE THIS CHART: Find the column that includes your weight. You can quickly tell if you are at risk of being arrested from drinking a specific number of drinks in one hour. If your BAC level is in the "IMPAIRED" zone, your chances of having a collision are 5 times higher than if you had no drinks, and 25 times higher if your BAC level falls into the "LEGALLY" zone. Note: These charts are intended as guides and are not legal evidence of the actual blood alcohol concentration. Although it is possible for anyone to exceed the designated limits, the charts have been constructed so that fewer than 5 persons in 100 will exceed these limits when drinking the stated amounts on an empty stomach. Actual values can vary by body type, sex, health status, and other factors. REMEMBER: "One drink" is a 1-ounce shot of 80-proof liquor (even if it's mixed with non-alcoholic drinks), a 4-ounce glass of wine, or 8 ounces of 5.7% beer. If you have larger or stronger drinks, are tired, sick, upset, or have taken medicines or drugs you can be UNSAFE WITH FEWER DRINKS. Once you've had a drink, there is only one thing that will remove the alcohol from your system: time. Although eating food will slow the absorption of alcohol into your system, it in no way reduces the actual concentration in your body. And forget about coffee or a cold shower. They don't work either. Remember, wait at least one hour for every drink you've had before attempting to drive. It is a serious crime if any person gets hurt or killed because you were driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. You will be punished with fines, jail, and license suspension or revocation. You could also face a civil lawsuit that could result in a financial disaster for you. It is illegal to consume alcohol while operating a motor vehicle in a public place.

speed control

All drivers are required to obey posted maximum and minimum speed limits. These limits are designed to provide for the orderly flow of traffic under normal driving conditions. During periods of heavy traffic, inclement weather, low visibility, or other poor driving conditions, speed must be adjusted so that collisions will be avoided. When you speed: It's harder to react in time. It's harder to steer. It's harder to control your car. Your fuel efficiency is reduced. You increase wear and tear on your vehicle. The heavier your vehicle, the more distance it takes to stop. In fact, if you double the weight of your vehicle, it takes twice as long to stop: 2 x weight = distance x 2. With your speed, however, the relationship is exponential. For example, if you are traveling at a speed of 20 mph, it will take 63 feet for you to react and stop. If you double your speed to 40 mph, it will take 264 feet to stop your vehicle. That's almost 3 times the distance it takes at 20 mph. If you triple your speed to 60 mph, it will take 303 feet to stop your vehicle and that's more than 4 times the distance it takes to stop going 20 mph!

always remember these important habits

All drivers must have the ability to identify potential hazards and predict how other drivers will react. Drivers must constantly decide what safety measures should be taken and how safe driving procedures will be executed. To be a good driver, you need to monitor your surroundings carefully by: looking ahead, looking to both sides, and looking behind you. In order to avoid sudden last minute moves, you should look down the road 10 to 15 seconds ahead of your vehicle. A driver needs to look that far ahead to see hazards early. Always: Scan the roadside. Keep your eyes moving! Look near and far. Turn your head and check your blind spots before changing lanes. Watch for potential hazards. Be ready for changes in traffic conditions. Watch for signals from other drivers. Look to the sides to make sure no one is coming any time you come to a place where people may cross or enter your path. Check traffic behind you often. Make looking in your rearview mirror a habit whenever you brake. Make sure you are able to see and be seen. Your ability to react to changing driving situations is critical to being a safe driver. When another driver makes a mistake, you need time to react.

special speed limits: around children

Always drive more carefully near schools, playgrounds, and parks because children may suddenly dart into the street. School zones are generally marked by signs indicating a reduced speed within the school zone. The speed limit near schools is usually 15 mph or 20 mph (depending on the area). A general rule of thumb: the speed limit near a school is 15 mph lower than the regular posted speed limit on that road. Watch for bicycles and pedestrians near schools. Look for school safety patrols or school crossing guards and obey their directions. Look for stopped school buses. Be prepared for children crossing the street. Some school buses flash yellow lights when they are preparing to stop. This is a warning to you to prepare to stop. Flashing red lights on a school bus mean that you must stop until the children have safely boarded or disembarked from the bus and lights have stopped flashing. This is true for both traffic approaching and traffic following school buses.

passing

Always signal before passing. Don't pull out to pass unless you know you have enough space to return to your previous driving lane. Look ahead. Look behind. Is it safe to pass? Is it legal? Before you return to your previous driving lane, check to make sure that you aren't dangerously close to the vehicle you have passed. One way to do this is to look for the vehicle in the rear view mirror. If you can see both tires (or headlights if it's dark), you have enough room to return to your previous driving lane. Never anticipate that you will have enough time to pass more than one vehicle at a time. Never anticipate that other drivers will make room for you once you have passed a vehicle. Remember, it is illegal to exceed the speed limit to pass another vehicle.

At highway speeds of 50 to 55 mph, you need a 10 to 12 second gap in oncoming traffic to pass safely. At higher speeds, you will need a larger gap to pass. You must judge whether or not you have enough room to pass whenever you approach:

An oncoming car A hill or a curve An intersection A road obstruction

frame 16

And if all that's not bad enough, you might have to get used to much less attractive living quarters. You could spend up to 6 months in jail on your first conviction and up to 2-10 years on your third conviction. The time in jail would be hard enough, but what happens to your life afterward? You may not even have a job when you get out. And how would you explain to a potential new employer where you've been for the last few months?

looking to the sides

Any time you come to a place where people may cross or enter your path, you should look to the sides to make sure no one is coming. Always look to the sides at intersections, crosswalks, and railroad crossings. An intersection is any place where one line of traffic meets another. It includes: Cross streets and side streets. Highway entrances. Driveway and shopping center entrances, etc.

frame 14 - fines

Are you ready to shell out up to $2,000 in fines and up to 100 hours of time for community service? That, of course, is just for the first offense. Double that number for a second offense, triple for the third. In addition, on the second offense within five years, there is an automatic one-year license suspension, $4,000 fine, a minimum of 80 hours of community service and up to 200 hours, and a $25 supervisory fee.

right-of-way and other vehicles

At an intersection without STOP or YIELD signs, slow down and be ready to stop. Yield to vehicles already in the intersection or just entering it. Also yield to any vehicle on your right if it has reached the intersection at the same time as your vehicle. At a "T" intersection, vehicles on the through road have the right-of-way. When there are STOP signs at all corners, stop first; then yield to vehicles already in the intersection or just entering it. Also yield to any vehicle on your right if it has reached the intersection at the same time as your vehicle. When you turn left, give the right-of-way to any vehicles that are traveling on the same road as you, but are traveling in the opposite direction from you and are close enough to you to be dangerous. Turn only when you can see that it is safe. On divided highways, or highways with several lanes, watch out for vehicles traveling in any lane you must cross. Remember, drivers on single-lane highways should yield to drivers on multi-lane highways. Whenever you have parked off the road, before you enter the road again, you must yield to traffic.

paths of least resistance

At times, despite your best efforts, you can't avoid a collision. But even when this situation occurs, you should try to maintain as much control over your vehicle as possible so that you can look for and steer toward the path of least resistance. In other words, try to move your car in the direction that will cause and receive the least amount of damage possible. This may seem obvious, but many people panic and do nothing as a collision is occurring. The key is to stay in control of your car, even if the person driving the other car is not. Let's take an example. If you are headed for a head-on collision with another car, you should try to steer your car to the right to avoid a direct impact. If you can turn the head-on collision into a sideswipe, much of the energy of the collision will be diverted, reducing the damage. Any change in speed or direction may help. Let's say your car has entered a skid and you are heading for a telephone pole. If you can recover just enough to avoid the pole and hit the brush at the end of the roadway instead, both you and your car will appreciate the difference. Finally, even after an initial impact has occurred, the potential collision may not be over. What if the impact of hitting another car moves your vehicle into a lane of oncoming traffic? If you're alert and maintaining control of your car to the best of your abilities, you should try to steer away from this traffic and toward a safer area. You won't always be able to succeed in avoiding a collision, but remember not to give up. Maintain control of your car as long as you can and make smart choices about where to go to diminish the potential damage to you and others.

driving when its dark

Be very careful when you drive at night. Go slower than you would during normal conditions because you cannot see as far. You will have less time to stop if a hazard lies ahead. Make sure you can stop within the distance lighted by your headlights. The law says you must turn your headlights on 30 minutes before sunset and leave them on until 30 minutes after sunrise. You must turn your lights on any time you can't see at least 1000 feet ahead. Use your low beam headlights whenever it is raining. Remember, it is always illegal to drive with only your parking lights on. Use low beams in fog, snow, or heavy rain. Light from high beams will reflect back and cause glare. When leaving a brightly lit place, drive slowly until your eyes adjust to the darkness. When approaching a vehicle at night, always dim your headlights. If you do not dim your lights, you could cause the other driver to have a crash. If the vehicle is coming towards you, your vehicle could be involved as well. Also, if you dim your lights the other driver is likely to do so as well. If this does not happen, you should keep your lights on low beam anyway. If you do not, you are risking more than possibly blinding the other driver. You are endangering yourself as well. Because of decreased visibility, driving too fast is more dangerous after dark than during the day. You can only see as far ahead as your headlights carry. At high speeds this does not give you adequate time or distance to stop when you see something dangerous on the road ahead. It is a good idea to allow more following distance while driving at night in case you or the vehicle ahead of you must make a sudden stop. Highway speed limits are there for good reason; be sure to obey them even if you are familiar with the roadway. Highway speed limits are set for many reasons, but one of the most important is that they protect you from the unexpected. For instance, a deer may suddenly leap out on the road in front of you. There may be a collision ahead that has not yet been reported and your path may be blocked. Bad weather may have torn up or washed out the road or bridge ahead. Besides these situations, there are also times when you may be distracted while behind the wheel. In these cases, your chances of surviving a crash would be much better if you were driving at a lower, safer speed. Don't look directly into oncoming headlights. Look toward the right edge of your lane. Watch the oncoming car out of the corner of your eye. Do not try to "get back" at the other driver by keeping your bright lights on. If you do, both of you may be blinded. Drive as far to the right as possible if a vehicle with one light comes toward you. It could be a bicycle or motorcycle, but it could also be a "one-eyed" vehicle

general turning guidelines

Before discussing the various kinds of turns you can make and the particular precautions you should take before making a particular turn, here are the most important basic rules for making turns. If you follow these rules, your turns will usually be safe. Make up your mind to turn before you arrive at the turn. Look before you change lanes, checking your blind spots over your shoulder and in your mirror. Move into the proper lane as soon as possible. Give the proper turn signal at least 100 feet before you turn. Slow down to a safe speed. Check left, check right, and check left again. Make the turn correctly. Finish the turn in the proper lane.

left turn center lane

Before discussing the various kinds of turns you can make and the particular precautions you should take before making a particular turn, here are the most important basic rules for making turns. If you follow these rules, your turns will usually be safe. Make up your mind to turn before you arrive at the turn. Look before you change lanes, checking your blind spots over your shoulder and in your mirror. Move into the proper lane as soon as possible. Give the proper turn signal at least 100 feet before you turn. Slow down to a safe speed. Check left, check right, and check left again. Make the turn correctly. Finish the turn in the proper lane.

judging speed and distance

Being able to judge the speed and distance away from you of cars and objects around your vehicle is extremely important. Passing, turning, merging, and stopping all require the ability to judge the speed and distance of surrounding vehicles. At 55 mph, you travel over 800 feet in 10 to 12 seconds. So does an oncoming vehicle. This means that you need over 1600 feet (or about one-third of a mile) to pass safely. It is hard to judge the speed of oncoming vehicles one-third of a mile away. They seem to be approaching more slowly than they actually are. A vehicle that is far enough away generally appears to be standing still. In fact, if you can really see a vehicle moving closer to you, it is probably too close for you to start to pass. When another driver makes a mistake, you need time to react. You can give yourself this time by keeping enough space between your car and the vehicles around you. Keep a "space cushion" on all sides of your car. It will give you space to brake or maneuver if you need it. The two-second rule always applies.

frame 6

Being pulled over while under the influence of alcohol and drugs is just the beginning of a long, costly, and painful ordeal.

interacting with bicycles

Bicycle riders on public streets have the same rights and responsibilities as automobile drivers. Drivers of motor vehicles must treat bicycle riders the same as drivers of other motor vehicles. Bicyclists are not out of place on the roadway -- they are part of the traffic and share the road with other drivers. They must obey stop signs, traffic lights, and most other traffic laws and signs. Special care must be used near bicyclists because any collision with them will probably result in serious injury. This means that automobile drivers must leave safe passing room and must avoid sharp turns that threaten the safety of the bicyclist.

helmets and other protective equipment

By law, motorcyclists and their passengers are required to wear protective headgear that meets the safety standards adopted by the Texas Department of Public Safety. Motorcyclists are exempted from wearing helmets only if they are at least 21 years of age and: 1) have successfully completed a motorcycle operator training and safety course approved by the State; or 2) are covered by a health insurance plan that provides at least $10,000 in medical benefits for injuries resulting from a motorcycle collision. In addition to helmets, other protective clothing such as gloves, jackets, boots, and long pants can help reduce injury to a motorcyclist in case of a collision.

emergencies: carbon monoxide poisoning

Carbon monoxide poisoning can be deadly. Carbon monoxide is one of the byproducts given off by your vehicle's exhaust system as the engine burns gasoline. Carbon monoxide can get into your car in many ways: it can seep into your car if there are holes in the exhaust system; it can come from cars around you in traffic jams; it can build up when your engine is running in closed spaces such as a garage. Because carbon monoxide does not have an odor, it can be hard to detect. But there are symptoms to warn you: Sleepiness Dizziness Upset stomach If any of these occur, carbon monoxide poisoning could be the culprit. Get fresh air immediately. To avoid potential carbon monoxide poisoning you should: Avoid running the engine inside a garage. Keep your car properly ventilated. Keep plenty of distance between you and the car ahead of you when in traffic. Inspect your exhaust system for leaks regularly.

carpool lanes and controlled on-ramps

Carpools and buses are frequently given special lanes on roads. If you do carpool, you can use carpool lanes to move through traffic faster and more easily. Carpooling and bus riding are useful ways to save fuel and reduce the number of vehicles using highways during heavy commuter times. Some highways have special lanes for carpools. Using a CARPOOL or HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE (HOV) lane generally requires a minimum of 2 or 3 people in a vehicle, including the driver, but this depends on local regulation. Signs at on-ramps or along the highway tell you the minimum number of people required to be in a vehicle using the carpool or HOV lane and the days and hours that the requirement applies. The pavement of these lanes is marked with a diamond symbol and the words "HOV LANE." Do not cross over the double parallel solid lines to enter or exit any carpool lane except at a designated entry or exit point. Some highways may have a special lane for buses only, or for buses and carpools. This lane is also marked by the diamond symbol on the pavement.

Alcohol has the following psychological effects, all of which impair driving ability:

Causes depression. Enhances aggression. Impairs emotional control. Impairs concentration. Impairs memory.

centrifugal force

Centrifugal force is that force that pulls an object outward from the center of a curve. It comes into play when you drive around a curve, because it tends to pull you away from the inside edge. If you try to take a curve too fast, centrifugal force will try to pull you outward into the other lane, perhaps into oncoming traffic. When you approach a curve, you should try to make the turn tight, so that you will have a margin of safety to compensate for the pull of centrifugal force. It is important to slow down and not take the turn too fast.

how fast is traffic moving?

Collisions tend to happen when one driver is going faster or slower than the other vehicles on the road. If you are going faster than traffic, you must pass other cars. Each time you pass another car, you are increasing your chances of having a collision. The vehicle you are passing may change lanes suddenly. On a two-lane road, an oncoming car may appear suddenly. True, it may not be a big chance, but if you are passing one car after another, the chances begin to add up. Studies have shown that speeding only saves a few minutes in an hour's driving. Going slower than other cars or stopping suddenly can be just as bad as speeding. If you drive too slowly, you can cause other cars to bunch up behind you, increasing the likelihood of a rear-end collision. If many cars are pulling out to pass you, maybe you should increase your speed to the speed limit or move over into the right lane. When another driver makes a mistake, you need time to react. You can give yourself this time by keeping enough space between your car and the vehicles around you. Keep a space cushion on all sides of your car. It will give you space to brake or maneuver if you need it.

litter: common violations

Common Violations: Throwing litter out of a car or boat. Rolling junked cars into a river. Hauling trash for profit and dumping it in any place that is not a legal landfill. Letting someone else dump tires or any waste on your property, regardless of whether you gain financially from the activity. Pouring used motor oil or restaurant grease into storm drains or down manhole covers. Pouring motor oil on the ground.

crosswalks

Crosswalks are areas set aside for pedestrians to cross a street. If two streets with sidewalks cross "at about right angles," there may be a crosswalk for pedestrians. A crosswalk is usually marked by white lines painted on the pavement. But even if there are no lines on the pavement, a crosswalk still exists. The crosswalk is that part of the pavement where the sidewalk lines would extend across the street. Most crosswalks are at intersections. Sometimes they are in the middle of the block. Before turning a corner, watch for people who are about to cross the street. Remember! If you have a green light, the light is also green for them. Some crosswalks, especially in residential areas, are not marked. Pedestrians have the right-of-way in crosswalks. If you stop in the crosswalk, you put pedestrians in danger. Those pedestrians often have to go into the traffic lanes because you have violated their right-of-way.

don't mess with texas campaign

Don't Mess with Texas is the tough-talking litter prevention campaign sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation. The campaign reminds Texans to keep their trash in the car and off our roads. This campaign is all about spreading the dirty truth about this nasty habit. Since the campaign started in 1986, Don't Mess with Texas has been producing television, radio and billboard advertisements to educate Texans about the litter problem in the Lone Star State. Research shows that 96 percent of Texans know the Don't Mess with Texas slogan and litter on the roadways has been reduced by 72 percent since the campaign began.

organ donation

Driving emergencies that result in a tragic outcome could end up saving lives. You should know your options regarding organ donation and what effect this could have on many other lives. The number of people requiring a life-saving transplant continues to rise faster than the number of available donors. Each organ and tissue donor saves or improves the lives of as many as 50 people. Giving the "Gift of Life" may lighten the grief of the donor's own family. Many donor families say that knowing other lives have been saved helps them cope with their tragic loss. Since the 1960s extensive federal and state laws have been passed to regulate organ and tissue donation and transplantation. These regulations are designed to protect both donors and recipients and to assure the fair distribution of the limited supply of available organs. The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act of 1968 (UAGA) Establishes the legality of organ and tissue donor cards Revised in 1987 to define the rights and responsibilities of donors and recipients Establishes that anyone may become a donor The National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) Makes it illegal to buy or sell human organs or tissues intended for transplant. Establishes a national Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) to determine how organs should be allocated. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 (OBRA) One by-product of the Act is that it has made organ donor cards, including the driver's license check-off system used in many states, less meaningful, since many hospitals are no longer willing to rely just on the donor card or license as consent to procure the deceased's organs.

frame 13

During the field sobriety tests, you may be given a Breathalyzer test. If the officer does not have a portable testing unit with him, however, you will be given a Breathalyzer test once you arrive at the police station.

frame 22

Even if it's not possible or convenient to have a designated driver, you still have plenty of choices. Take a taxi. Many bars will even pay for the ride.

drinking alcohol and driving at any age is illegal

Even if you are old enough to purchase alcohol legally, you are not allowed to drive after drinking. Drinking and driving is illegal, no matter what your age. Alcohol-Related Crash Statistics In 2012, of the fatalities among children age 14 and younger, 20 percent occurred in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes. In 2012, all 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico had created by law a threshold making it illegal per se to drive with a BAC of .08 or higher.

kinetic energy

Every time you want to stop your car you must overcome a force known as kinetic energy. This energy is the energy developed by an object while it is in motion. In simple terms, the law of kinetic energy means that when you double your speed, the kinetic energy of your car quadruples. That means your braking distance is four times as great. The energy that has to be dissipated to stop a car, called kinetic energy, increases exponentially. So the difference between 30 and 35 mph is only a 16% increase in speed, but it is a 36% increase in kinetic energy, which is one of the key factors in stopping distance. Stopping distance is affected by a number of factors, including load, condition of the road surface, tires, brakes, driver skill and design and type of vehicle. It doesn't matter how good a car's engineering and brakes are, there is nothing they can do to contradict the laws of physics. This increase in speed will inevitably increase stopping distance.

basic facts about alcohol and traffic safety

Everybody has probably heard the old slogan, "alcohol and driving don't mix." This statement is painfully true. Of the 10,322 people who died in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes in 2012, 6,688 (65%) were drivers with a BAC of .08 or higher. The remaining fatalities consisted of 2,824 (27%) motor vehicle occupants and 810 (8%) nonoccupants. To avoid this hazard, you should not drive a vehicle after consuming alcohol. It is illegal to drive with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) that is 0.08% or more. However, a BAC below legal limits does not mean that it is safe to drive. Almost all drivers show the effects of alcohol at levels lower than the legal limit. You must always drive attentively and carefully. You must not drive after you have taken any drink or drug that affects how you drive, makes you less careful, or slows down your reactions.

wearing glasses or contact lenses

Follow your eye doctor's advice about glasses or corrective contact lenses. If your eye doctor tells you to wear them for driving, do it. If your license says you must wear "corrective lenses," wear them. If you are required to wear glasses or corrective contact lenses while driving and you do not wear them, you may be fined and the Department of Public Safety may suspend or revoke your license. Never wear dark glasses or sunglasses at night. Consult your eye doctor before wearing tinted contact lenses at night. They can make it hard to see. Don't wear eyeglasses with temples wide enough to keep you from seeing clearly to the sides.

second offense

For the second offense within five years, there is an automatic one-year driver license suspension and the driver must have an ignition interlock installed on their vehicle. During the suspension the offender is not eligible for an occupational license. Additionally, the driver may be punished by a fine of $4,000, a minimum of 80 hours of community service and a monthly $25-$40 supervisory fee. A third offense is a felony. Among other punishments, convicted felons lose the right to vote.

equipment problems: breakdowns

Fortunately most vehicle breakdowns are not dangerous. If your car breaks down, slow down and pull off the pavement as far as possible. Always turn on your four-way emergency flashers. At night, if you have flares, put them at least 100 feet behind your car at the side of the road. Flares put beside and 100 feet ahead of your car and at the side of the road will give you added safety. During daylight, you should tie a white cloth to the radio antenna or left door handle and raise the hood as a signal that your car has broken down. Except for an emergency, stay with your car. It is generally best to wait outside your car in a safe place. But when traveling alone at night, it may be a good idea to stay in the car with the windows closed and doors locked. Be cautious of those that offer help. If in doubt, remain locked inside the car and ask that the police be notified. Most car fires occur for the following reasons: Overheated engine Electrical short Fuel leak Oil leak If you smell any burning odor, investigate immediately. And if smoke comes from under the hood: Drive off the road, get clear of traffic, and stop. Do not drive near buildings or gas stations. Turn off the engine and all electrical switches. Get all passengers out of and away from the vehicle. Poisonous fumes may fill the vehicle. With a small fire, you may be able to use a fire extinguisher to smother the fire. Do not use water on gasoline, oil, or electrical fires. With a large fire, however, do not try to put it out. Call for assistance, get far away from the vehicle, and wait for help.

frame 3

Four or more drinks in an hour will quickly make you legally impaired. The driving task is complicated and requires all your powers of concentration and dexterity. Drivers usually think they're fine. "I'm OK," they say. "I can drive fine." But they're wrong.

how well can you see and stop?

Generally, you should drive at the same speed as the main stream of traffic. You should always be aware of how fast you are traveling. You must obey speed limits, but a good driver does even more. Always keep a safe distance from the car in front of you. The faster you go the greater the distance you should keep from the car ahead of you. Slow down when the road is wet (rain, snow, sleet). Many drivers find out too late what a little rain can do. Roads become slippery when wet, making your car harder to control. Make sure you have complete control of the situation at all times. Slow down when the road is crowded. Slow down when your vision is limited. You should always be able to stop within the distance that you can see ahead of your car. In darkness or bad weather, do not over-drive your range of vision. If something is in your path, you need to see it in time to be able to stop. Assuming you have good tires, good brakes, and dry pavement: At 40 mph, it takes about 252 feet to react to something you see and to bring your vehicle to a complete stop. At 30 mph, it takes about 109 feet to react to something you see and to bring your vehicle to a complete stop. If you can't see 229 feet ahead, it means you can't drive safely at 50 mph. If you can't see 109 feet ahead, it means you can't drive safely at 30 mph. By the time you see an object in your path, it is too late to stop without hitting it. Adjust your driving to the weather. You should slow down in rain or fog. Turn on your headlights during the day if it is hard to see.

frame 7

Getting pulled over may seem like the worst thing in the world. But think of the alternatives. This car could be yours or that of another driver who had no choice in your decision to drink and drive.

keep a space cushion around you

Good drivers maintain an ample space cushion around their vehicles. The more space you allow between your car and the cars around you, the more time you will have to see a hazard or accident down the road. As a result, you'll have more time to stop or to avoid the hazard. Keeping adequate space between your vehicle and the vehicles around you allows you to see the "big picture" of what lies ahead. You'll know what's coming and be able to respond. A 2 second interval provides the driver time to steer out of problem areas at all listed speeds on a dry surface and braking out of problems at speeds under 35 mph. A 3 second interval provides the driver time to steer out of problem areas at all listed speeds on dry surfaces and braking out of problems at speeds of 45 mph. A 4 second interval provides the driver time to steer out of problems at speeds up to 70 mph. It is important to note that many passenger car tires are not designed to steer out of problem areas at speeds beyond 75 mph. High speed rated tires are required due to sidewall flexion at higher speeds and turning movements. To keep the right amount of space both ahead and behind you, use the "two-second rule." When the vehicle ahead of you passes a certain point, such as a sign, count "one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two." This takes about two seconds. If you pass the same point before you finish counting, you are following too closely. At faster speeds the distance should be greater. No matter how fast you are going, the two-second rule should apply. When conditions are not ideal, you need more than a "two-second" space cushion. For example, in poor weather or when visibility is limited, be safe. Give yourself a "four-second or more" space cushion. If another driver "cuts" in front of you, just take your foot off the gas and slow down gradually until you have regained the safe distance between you and the other vehicle. This will give you space between your car and the other vehicle without swerving into another lane. Don't overreact if you are cut off. Plan your emergency escape route before an emergency happens. Keep a safe space cushion on each side of your car. You do this, in part, by avoiding driving in other drivers' blind spots. If other drivers can't see you, they may change lanes and hit you. Avoid driving alongside other cars on multi-lane streets. Someone may crowd your lane or try to change lanes and pull into you. Move ahead of the other car or drop back.

vision

Good vision is needed for driving. Most of what you do behind the wheel is based on what you see. If you cannot see clearly, you cannot judge distances or spot trouble, and you won't be able to react properly. You need to see "out of the corner of your eye." This lets you spot cars creeping up on either side of you while your eyes are on the road ahead. You may see clearly and still not be able to judge distances. Good distance judgment is important to determine how far you are from other cars. Many people who may see clearly in the daytime have trouble at night. Some see poorly in dim light. Others may have trouble with the glare of headlights. It is important to have your eyes checked every year or two. You may not realize you have poor peripheral vision or poor distance judgment unless your eyes are checked.

gravity

Gravity affects car handling by pulling cars down. When you're going downhill, gravity pulls your car faster down the hill and must be compensated for. When you are going uphill, gravity pulls against your car, slowing it down.

guide signs

Guide signs come in blue and green. They give directions or tell motorists which services are available in the vicinity.

hearing

Hearing is more important to driving than many people realize. Hearing the sounds of a horn, a siren, or screeching tires can alert you to road hazards. Sometimes you can hear a car that you cannot see because it is in your blind spot. Even people with good hearing cannot hear well if the radio, CD, or tape deck is blaring. Keep your sound system turned down, and when listening to it keep at least one window partly open. Never wear a headset or earplugs when driving! Hearing problems, like bad eyesight, can develop so slowly that you do not notice them. Drivers who know they are deaf or have hearing problems can adjust. They can learn to rely more on their seeing habits. A right hand rear view mirror on the vehicle will help.

highway driving

Highway driving is similar to city driving. Like city roads, highways are usually well maintained and full of traffic. However, the speeds drivers maintain on the highway are usually much higher than the speeds maintained in the city. Because of the high speeds, you must be careful to maintain adequate space around your vehicle at all times to ensure your safety. When another driver makes a mistake, you need time to react. You can give yourself this time by keeping enough space between your vehicle and the vehicles around you. Keep a "space cushion" on all sides of your car. A space cushion is an area of open space surrounding your vehicle. A space cushion will give you the space you need to brake or maneuver when faced with a dangerous driving situation.

equipment problems: tire blowout

If one of your tires blows: Hold the steering wheel tightly and steer straight ahead. Slow down gradually. Take your foot off the gas pedal slowly but don't apply the brakes. Slow to a stop off the road. Turn on your emergency flashers. Apply the brakes when the car is almost stopped. If your power steering goes out: Turn the steering wheel hard, with both hands on the wheel, to get to the side of the road. Use your horn and emergency flashers to communicate your emergency to others. Lift your foot from the accelerator. Do not brake. Braking could cause your front wheel to turn sharply. Shift into low gear.

frame 12

If the officer determines that you are intoxicated, the real problem begins . . . for you and your loved ones.

frame 2

With just two or three drinks in one hour, people will begin to show impairment. The ability to react quickly and make split-second decisions will be limited. You've seen the symptoms before: stumbling, dropping things, lost concentration.

unpaved road intersecting with a paved road

If you are driving on an unpaved road that intersects a paved road, and the intersection is not controlled by signs or signals, you must yield the right-of-way to vehicles traveling on the paved road.

lanes for turning - right turn

If you are turning right, get close to the right edge of the road (watch for bicycles or pedestrians between your car and the curb). When making a right turn, don't turn wide. Stay in the right lane until you have finished your turn.

emergencies: encountering a traffic crash

If you come across a traffic crash, don't just ignore it. If you aren't trained in first aid, you shouldn't try to be a doctor. You could do more harm than help. Instead, do the following: Send for help! This is the most important thing you can do. Try to help the injured where they lie. Keep them warm. If they are bleeding, place a clean cloth over the wound and apply pressure with your hands to slow the bleeding. Be careful not to come into direct contact with blood. Do not move the injured unless there is immediate life-threatening danger. Movement could cause more injury. If the injured can walk, try getting them to sit or lie down on their back. Don't try to take an injured person to the hospital yourself unless there is no way to get help. With serious injuries, improper movement may be harmful.

driving too slowly

If you impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic by driving too slowly, you may receive a ticket. Sometimes, of course, you may have to go slowly. If you are driving the speed limit, but are still going slower than other traffic, do not drive in the left or "fast" lane. If you are in the "fast" lane, move to the right when another driver is close behind you and wishes to pass.

special speed warnings: animals on or around the road

If you see animals or livestock, slow down. Obey the person in charge of the animals. If you see a stray animal in your path, slow down or stop, if it is safe to do so. If you see road signs indicating wildlife or wildlife crossings, stay alert for creatures darting from the side of the road into your path of travel.

keep a space cushion to the side

Keep a space cushion on each side of your car. Don't drive in the blind spot of another driver. The other driver may not see your car and could change lanes and hit you. Avoid driving alongside other cars on multi-lane streets. Someone may crowd your lane or try to change lanes and pull into you. Move ahead of the other car or drop back. Keep as much space as you can between yourself and oncoming traffic. On multi-lane streets, stay out of the lane next to the center line, if you can. That way you will have more room to avoid an oncoming car that suddenly swerves toward you. This is very important at intersections where another driver could turn left without giving a signal. If possible, make room for vehicles entering highways even though you have the right-of-way. At highway exits, don't drive alongside other cars. A driver on the highway may pull off suddenly or a driver leaving the highway may swerve back on. Keep a space between yourself and parked cars. Someone may step out from between them. A car door may open. A car may start to pull out suddenly. Be careful when riding near bicycles. A bicycle rider could be seriously hurt in a collision. Always leave plenty of room between your car and any bicycle. Watch carefully for bicycles before turning.

equipment problems: brake failure

If your brakes suddenly give out: Downshift to low gear. Pump the brake pedal fast and hard to build up brake fluid pressure. You will know in three to four pumps if the brakes will work. Apply the parking brake, but be ready to release it if the car begins to skid. Remember! You can still steer and swerve into bushes or something soft. Sound your horn and flash your lights to warn other drivers. When you come to a complete stop, turn off the ignition. Many cars are equipped with ABS, or anti-lock braking systems, but not many drivers know how to use them properly. Read your car's owner's manual to learn more about the proper use of ABS. You should be aware of what type of braking system your vehicle is equipped with. Since many drivers aren't accustomed to being able to steer while skidding, they over steer and risk running off the road. Be careful to turn the steering wheel just enough to avoid obstacles. If your car has anti-lock braking system, the ABS logo will appear on your dashboard every time you start the car. All drivers who have anti-lock brakes should practice using them before they get into an emergency. Anti-lock brakes can save lives, but they are not like regular brakes. Drivers with ABS should practice sudden stops in a safe situation, on both wet and dry pavement. If your car has ABS, follow this braking procedure: When you need to stop, apply firm, steady pressure to the brake pedal. Gradually steer the car around any obstacles. Release pressure on the brake. Resume driving normally, but consider lowering your speed.

equipment problems: overheating

If your car begins to overheat, try turning off your air conditioner, which will lighten the load on the engine. Turn on your heater to draw heat from the engine. Shift to neutral when at stops and accelerate the engine slightly. This will reduce the engine load and increase air flow across the radiator and coolant flow through the engine. If you see steam coming from under your hood, your cooling system is boiling. To continue driving while your car is overheated like this could seriously damage your car, even requiring replacement of your engine. Pull to the side of the road, turn off the engine, and wait for it to cool. Do not open the radiator cap. The radiator is extremely hot and under tremendous pressure; opening the radiator cap while the radiator is still hot could result in serious burns and other damage. If you find that your car has a dead battery, be extremely careful in trying to jump-start it yourself from another car's battery. If done improperly or under the wrong circumstances, either battery could explode, causing you serious injury. Here are some helpful hints to properly jump-start your battery: Position the cars so they don't touch. Turn off the lights, heater, and radio of both cars. First, connect the red positive jumper cable clamp to the positive post of the low or dead battery. Second, connect the other red positive jumper cable clamp to the positive post of the live battery. Third, connect the black negative cable clamp to the negative post of the live battery. Fourth, connect the other black negative cable clamp to the negative post of the low or dead battery. As an alternative, you may connect the negative end of this cable to the engine block or frame of the car (at least a foot and a half away from the live battery). Make absolutely sure that the two cars are not touching. Now, start the car with the live battery. After letting it run a few minutes, start the car with the dead battery. Take off the cables in the opposite order you placed them on. Remember: if you get any battery acid on your skin, eyes, or car, wash it off immediately with water. And never light a match or smoke a cigarette near a battery, since the fumes from the battery can cause an explosion.

emergencies: plunging into water

If your car plunges into water, but does not sink immediately, you can escape through a window. It will be very hard to open a door because of the immense water pressure. If the car sinks beneath the surface before you can escape, remember that some air may be trapped near the roof. Don't panic and do the following: Try to get into an air pocket near the roof so that you can breathe. Roll down your windows or kick the rear window out. When the car settles and pressure inside and outside the car is equal, it will be easier to open the door to escape the vehicle. You have several minutes, so stay calm and you will be able to escape.

equipment problems: stuck gas pedal

If your gas pedal (accelerator) gets stuck while you're driving: Shift to neutral. Apply the brakes. Keep your eyes on the road. Look for a way out. Warn other drivers by flashing your emergency lights. Try to drive the car safely off the road. Turn off the ignition when you no longer need to change direction. If possible, free the stuck accelerator by removing the obstruction. You may be able to do this by tapping the accelerator or placing your toe or foot under the pedal and lifting. If you get stuck in mud or snow, here's how to get out: Shift to low gear and keep the front wheels straight. Gently step on the gas pedal. Avoid spinning the wheels. Drive forward as far as possible. Shift to reverse and slowly back up as far as possible. Don't spin the wheels. Shift to low again and drive forward. Repeat this forward-backward rocking motion until the car rolls free. Put boards or tree branches under the tires in deep mud or snow. Never do this when the tires are spinning. You may avoid getting stuck if you always carry chains in your vehicle. Put them on the tires when conditions are appropriate.

equipment problems: headlight failure

If your headlights suddenly go out at night: Try the dimmer switch. That will often put them on again. Try the headlight switch a few times. If that doesn't work, put on the parking lights, emergency flashers, or turn signals. Pull off the road as quickly as possible and leave the emergency flashers on. If your hood suddenly flies up: Slow down. Try to look under the hood to see. If you can't: Put your head out the window and look around the hood. Use the center line or the lane marking as a guide. Pull off the road as soon as possible and put on the emergency flashers, if you have them.

alcohol related death stats/fines

In 1996, 1,244 traffic deaths in Texas were caused by alcohol, and 58 of those killed were pedestrians, according to the Texas Department of Public Safety. The intoxication manslaughter charge is a felony punishable by two to 20 years in prison and a fine of up to $10,000. The reckless driving charge against the boyfriend is a misdemeanor, punishable by up to six months in jail and a $2,000 fine.

making the right decision

In 2012, there were 10,322 fatalities in crashes involving a driver with a BAC of .08 or higher - 31 percent of total traffic fatalities for the year. We must reduce this number -- and the most important person in this effort is you. The law forbids drinking and driving, but the law can't prevent you or someone you know from getting into a car after drinking. Don't Drink and Drive We all know that drinking and driving is dangerous. Drivers who drink are encouraged to act responsibly by not driving when impaired. Have a designated driver, someone who doesn't drink alcohol, with you to drive you home. Or research local corporations, cab companies and non-profits offering ride-home programs. These public offers are not meant to encourage drinking, but responsible behavior.

driving in heavy rain or snow storms

In heavy rain or snow, you may not be able to see more than 100 feet ahead. When you can't see any farther than that, you cannot safely drive faster than 30 mph. You may have to stop from time to time to wipe mud or snow off your windshield, headlights, and taillights. When you drive in snowy areas, you can improve traction by using snow tires on the wheels that power your car. You may also use tire chains that are placed over the tire tread to increase traction on snow- or ice-covered roads. Slow down at the first sign of rain, drizzle, or snow on the road. This is when many road pavements are most slippery because oil and dust have not been washed away. It is wise to turn on your low beam headlights when visibility is poor-even in daylight. Light from high beams will reflect back and cause glare. Heavy rain can overload the wiper blades, allowing an almost continuous sheet of water to flow over the screen. When visibility is so limited that the edges of the road or other vehicles cannot be seen at a safe distance, it is time to pull over and wait for the rain to ease up. It is best to stop at rest areas or other protected areas. If the roadside is your only option, pull off as far as possible, preferably past the end of the guard rail, and wait until the storm passes. Keep your headlights on and turn on emergency flashers to alert other drivers. At night it is much harder to see water hazards. You will need good road observational skills to notice the difference between a wet road surface and flood water. Watch the contours not only of the road, but also of fences, trees, hedges, and buildings at the side of the road ahead. If they appear to be unnaturally low, slow down at once as the road is probably flooded. If you don't slow down and hit flood water at an unsafe speed, the effect is almost like hitting a wall; you will first lose control, then come to a violent stop, possibly injuring you and your passengers. Watch out for places where floodwater collects, particularly low-lying roads adjacent to streams, and dips under rail or highway bridges.

off-road recovery

In the event that your car goes off the road while traveling at high speeds, you need to be able to re-enter the road safely. Perhaps someone moves into your lane forcing you to enter the shoulder in order to avoid a collision. Perhaps the road is slippery from ice or rain and you accidentally slide off the road into the shoulder area. No matter what the reason, it is important to know what to do when you are forced off the road. If you end up on a soft shoulder, you must be careful when turning back onto the pavement. Improper off-road recovery is one of the most common reasons for vehicles flipping over. Your instinctive response may be to jerk the wheel and try to quickly get back on the road. If so, you are making a mistake. You may lose control of your car as its wheels bounce off the road surface. This situation is easy to avoid, if you know what to do. To recover when you have moved off the paved roadway: Slow down by removing your foot from the gas. Brake gently. Hold the steering wheel firmly. Position your car so that it straddles the road edge. When you have control of your vehicle and enough space to safely re-enter the roadway, do so. Once you're safely on the road again, accelerate to a normal, safe driving speed. If you have slowed down enough, you should be able to get back on the road without any problems. Remember! Stay calm and concentrate on the task at hand. Slow, steady movements are always the best in these situations.

inertia

Inertia is important to understand. The best way to explain inertia is by example. Say that a vehicle is traveling at 40 mph. The vehicle hits something that is not moving and stops. Even after the vehicle stops, anything in the vehicle continues to move forward at 40 mph until it also hits something that is not moving and stops. This forward momentum, the force called inertia, is what causes many of the secondary injuries within a car: bodies hitting bodies, bodies hitting stationary objects, and objects hitting bodies. Here's another example. Let's say you just bought a new wrench set at the hardware store. You put the wrenches in the back seat and get into the car to head home. The car in front of you suddenly stops short. There's no way for you to avoid hitting the car from behind. If you are driving 50 mph, you slow down or stop almost immediately upon hitting the other car. But the wrench set, just sitting there in the back seat, doesn't stop. It keeps moving forward at 50 mph, perhaps hitting you or another passenger. In certain circumstances this secondary impact, the result of inertia, could kill you. Properly stow all loose items in your car. Place larger objects in the trunk.

intersections

Intersections are the places where roads come together or cross one another. An intersection is technically the point at which curbs or edges of two or more roadways intersect or cross each other. It is dangerous to pass another vehicle at an intersection and illegal in most instances. Such places include crossroads, railroad crossings, and shopping center entrances. Approaching the intersection, your view of the traffic is restricted by the vehicles you are passing -- and drivers entering the roadway will not anticipate oncoming traffic in the left lane. They may not even look your way. At intersections, drivers must yield to each other. Remember! In every situation, right-of-way is something to be given, not taken. All drivers should know and follow the rules that determine right-of-way at intersections

looking behind

It is a good idea to check traffic behind you often. Make looking in your rearview mirror a habit whenever you brake. This way, you will know if cars are tailgating or coming up behind you too fast. You may have time to get out of the way before being hit from the rear. It is very important to check behind you before you change lanes, slow down quickly, back up, or drive down a long or steep hill. On long, steep downgrades, keep a look out for large vehicles that can gather speed very quickly. Whenever you change lanes, check behind you to make sure you are not getting in the way of cars in that lane. Remember, the procedures for entering and exiting a highway or entering a road from the shoulder are the same as the procedures for changing lanes. Before changing lanes, always check traffic behind and beside you by: Signaling. Checking all mirrors. Glancing over your left or right shoulder to make sure the lane you want is clear. If you use only your left or inside rearview mirrors when looking for cars, you may not see vehicles near the rear of your car because of a "blind spot." Always check traffic to the sides quickly. Do not take your eyes off the road ahead for more than an instant. Check for other cars with their turn signals on. Someone in another lane may plan to move into the same spot you want. When you must slow down suddenly, take a quick glance in your mirrors. You should also check your mirrors when you are preparing to turn into a side road or driveway, and when you are stopping to pull into a parking space.

backing up is always dangerous

It is hard to see what is behind your vehicle. Whenever you need to back up or back out of a parking space, follow these rules: Check behind the car before you get in. Children and pets are hard to see from the driver's seat. Turn and look over your right shoulder when backing the vehicle. Do not depend only on looking out a side window. Honk your horn to alert others that you are backing up. Always back slowly to avoid collisions.

frame 1

It's Friday night. The work-week's over and you and some friends get together at your favorite bar for a few drinks. There's no reason not to have fun, but you have to remember to be responsible. Know when you and your friends have had enough and make the right decision. Don't drink and drive.

having clear windows and mirrors

Keep your windshield and side windows clean inside and out. Bright sun or headlights on a dirty window make it hard to see out. You should clear ice, frost, or dew from all windows before you drive. It is illegal to block your view of the road by putting signs or other objects on the front windshield. Don't hang things on the mirror. Don't block your view through the back or side windows with objects or signs. Tinted safety glass is allowed in a vehicle if the glass meets U.S. Department of Transportation standards and is installed in a location permitted by those standards. Motorists with sun-sensitive skin can use removable sunscreens on their vehicle's side windows during daylight travel if they have a letter from their physician. Make sure you are able to see and be seen. You can do this by using your lights and horn to signal your presence and by positioning your vehicle so that others can see you. Stay out of the other driver's blind spot. If you drive in rain or snow, you may have to stop sometimes to wipe mud or snow off your windshield, headlights, and taillights.

interacting with motorcycles: why collisions occur

Knowing when collisions involving motorcycles are most likely to occur can help you drive safely in dangerous situations: Left Turns - Nationally, the most common crash between cars and motorcycles is at an intersection when the automobile driver is making a left turn in front of a motorcycle. In 2011, 2, 449 (49%) of all motorcycles involved in fatal crashes collided with another type of motor vehicle in transport. Blind Spots - Motorcycles riding alongside a lane of cars are often out of view of the driver. An unsuspecting driver may collide with a motorcycle as the driver tries to change lanes. Hazardous Road Conditions - Motorcycles have to be very concerned about road obstructions such as potholes and fallen tree limbs. Railroad tracks may be a minor problem for drivers, but a motorcyclist may have to slow down or change lanes to avoid these obstacles. Weather Conditions - When the road surface is wet or icy, motorcycle braking and handling abilities are impaired. Strong Winds - A strong gust of wind can move a motorcycle across an entire lane if the rider isn't prepared for it. Wind gusts from large trucks passing in the other lane can be a real hazard. Large Vehicles - A large vehicle such as a van, bus, or truck can block a motorcycle from a driver's view. The motorcycle may seem to suddenly appear out of nowhere. Remember to look out for motorcycles, anticipate their movements, signal your intentions, and allow plenty of space around them. You can do this by scanning the road and your mirrors to identify potential hazards. Anticipate the motorcyclist's actions and adjust your driving technique. Use your horn; it is sometimes difficult for motorcyclists to hear traffic and they may not hear you otherwise. Respect motorcycles as full-sized vehicles.

speed limits

Lesson 4: Traffic Laws and Procedures PAGE 61 of 78 LESSON LENGTH 50:00 TIME SPENT 38:48 Going Great Speed Limits Driving at an unsafe speed is the number one cause of collisions, injuries, and death in Texas. You must never drive faster than is safe for the prevailing conditions, regardless of the posted speed limit. The maximum speed limit on some rural Texas highways is 75 mph. Other speed limits are determined by the type of road and the traffic conditions in different areas. All speed limits provide for an orderly flow of traffic under ideal conditions. Driving faster than the posted speed limit on any road is dangerous and illegal. Driving faster than is safe under prevailing road conditions is also dangerous and illegal. High speed increases the distance you need to bring your vehicle to a complete stop. The faster you go, the less time you have to avoid a hazard or crash. The force of a 60 mph crash isn't just twice as great as at 30 mph, it's four times as great! Remember! You may not drive faster than the posted speed limit, even if you think it is safe to do so.

don't mess with texas: just the facts

Littering Texas highways is like someone littering your home. Cleaning up after litterbugs is costing you money - $24 million a year. Littering is an ugly behavior, with ugly results. Keeping Texas highways clean is the right thing to do. Keeping our state clean is a job for all ages. Littering is a crime and is punishable by a fine of up to $500. Always dispose of trash properly. Never dump debris directly into a dumpster. Always place debris in bags and secure with twist ties before depositing. Report any illegal dumpsites to your local or county litter abatement or environmental health department. Report to your local law enforcement agency license plate numbers of any vehicles you see transporting trash without a tarp (cover) or actively dumping trash or waste. Do not transport unsecured debris in the back of your own vehicle. When it blows out, it becomes litter. Throwing cigarette butts out of the car window is littering. Cigarette butts are the most commonly littered item, making up half of all roadside litter. It takes a cigarette butt 25 years to decompose because of the plastic in the filter. About half of roadside litter flies out of the back of pick-up trucks.

littering: its not just a crime

Littering is not just a crime, it's an insult to Texas. Cigarette butts, soda cans, candy bar wrappers, and lottery tickets are litter. Throwing litter out of your vehicle is a Class C misdemeanor, punishable by a fine up to $500. For a repeat offender, the penalty is increased to a Class B misdemeanor, punishable by a fine up to $2000 and up to 180 days in jail.

watch for hazards

Look beyond the car ahead of you. Don't develop a "fixed stare." Look around your vehicle. Keep your eyes moving. Check your rear view mirrors frequently (every 5 to 7 seconds) so that you know the position of vehicles near you. On the highway, be ready for changes in traffic conditions. Watch for signals from other drivers. Expect merging vehicles at onramps and interchanges. Be prepared for rapid changes in road conditions and traffic flow. Keep an eye out for other hazards like trains and overloaded vehicles. As you look ahead, try to anticipate what may go wrong. Be alert for vehicles on either side, to the front, and to the rear. Use your mirrors. Leave enough space between you and the vehicle ahead for safe stops. Always leave yourself an "out." Mistakes cause collisions. To protect yourself, know which lanes are clear so you can use them if you need to. When you stop behind another car, make sure that you can see where the tires of the car in front of you meet the road. This will give you a space cushion that may help prevent you from hitting the car in front of you if your car is struck from behind. It will also allow you enough space to move around the vehicle in front of you, if necessary.

take in the whole scene

Looking 10 to 15 seconds ahead does not mean looking only at the middle of the road. It means looking at the side of the road as well. "Scanning" the roadside helps you to see: ---Cars and people that may be in the road by the time you reach them. ---Signs warning of problems ahead. ---Signs giving you directions. Keep your eyes moving! Look near and far. Turn your head and check your blind spots before changing lanes, because mirrors have blind spots. Watch for potential hazards. A child who is about to run into the street. A car door that is about to open. A bicycle that is about to swerve into your lane. Be sure to leave yourself an "out" and make sure others see you.

left turn against a red light on a one way street only

Make a full stop for a red traffic light at a stop line or crosswalk, if there is one, or before entering an intersection. Look for a regulatory sign prohibiting a right turn on a red light. If there is no such sign, you may turn right. Be careful that you do not interfere with pedestrians, bicyclists, or vehicles moving with a green light.

right turn against a red light

Make a full stop for a red traffic light at a stop line or crosswalk, if there is one, or before entering an intersection. Look for a regulatory sign prohibiting a right turn on a red light. If there is no such sign, you may turn right. Be careful that you do not interfere with pedestrians, bicyclists, or vehicles moving with a green light.

lesson 9 important info

Making sound decisions in common driving emergencies is extremely important. Brake failures, tire blowouts, and even hood latch failures, can be handled safely when good decisions are made during the emergency. There are ways to prevent collisions. Be prepared to use your vehicle equipment properly. In adverse driving situations, always drive more slowly and stay farther behind the vehicle ahead. Be sure to communicate properly with other drivers. Attempt to move your car in the direction that will cause and receive the least amount of damage possible. Unfortunately, all hazardous situations cannot be avoided. Crashes that result in a tragic outcome could end up saving lives. You should know your options regarding organ donation and what affect this could have on many other lives.

frame 23

Making the right decision is up to you. A night of fun with friends and loved ones shouldn't end in tragedy. Now is the right time to make the right decision. Don't drink and drive. Stay alive.

keep a space cushion ahead

Many drivers don't see as well as they should because they follow too closely, and the vehicle ahead blocks their view of the road. Good drivers keep a safe following distance so they can see better. The more space they allow between their car and the car ahead, the more time they have to see a hazard or collision down the road. They have more time to stop, or to avoid the hazard. Keep enough space between your car and the car ahead so that you will have "a bigger picture" of what lies down the road. Most rear-end collisions are caused by following too closely. To avoid this, maintain a safe space cushion around your vehicle and use the "two-second rule" described earlier. Make sure that the vehicle in front of you is at least two seconds ahead of you. At faster speeds the distance should be greater. Sometimes you will need more than a "two-second" cushion. Give yourself a "four-second or more" cushion: When you are crowded by a tailgater. You should allow extra room between your car and the car ahead. Then, if you need to slow down you can do so gradually. You will be able to avoid braking suddenly and being hit from behind by the tailgater! On slippery roads. If the car ahead should slow or stop, you will need more distance to stop your car. When following motorcycles. If the motorcyclist falls, you'll have to avoid hitting the rider. Motorcycles fall more often on wet or icy roads, on metal surfaces such as bridge gratings or railroad tracks, and on gravel. Motorcycles also stop more quickly than cars. When the driver behind you wants to pass. Slow down to allow room in front of your car so the driver will have space to move into. When you are pulling a trailer or carrying a heavy load. The extra weight makes it harder to stop. Allow yourself extra stopping distance. When following large vehicles that block your view ahead. You need the extra room to see around the vehicle and to the sides. When you see a bus, school bus, or vehicle carrying flammables. These vehicles must stop at railroad crossings. Expect the stops; slow down early to allow plenty of room. When you follow too closely and another driver "cuts" in front of you, the normal reaction is to slam on your brakes and swerve out of the way. Swerving out of the way most often results in cutting off someone else or possibly driving off the roadway. It might also result in the car behind you crashing into your vehicle or other vehicles. Or your car may skid, resulting in a collision. If another driver "cuts" in front of you, take your foot off the gas. This will give you space between your car and the other driver without swerving into another lane. Don't overreact if you are cut off. Plan your emergency escape route before an emergency happens.

Some lanes are for through traffic, that is, continuing forward without turning:

Many roads have two or more lanes going in your direction. Broken white lines separate these lanes. You must choose which lane to use. Drive in the right-hand lane or the lane that has the smoothest flow of traffic. The left-hand lane should be reserved for passing. If you can choose among three lanes on your side of the road, pick the middle lane for the smoothest driving. If you want to go faster, pass, or turn left, use the left lane. When you drive slowly, enter, or exit the road to the right, use the right lane. If only two lanes go in your direction, pick the right lane for the smoothest driving. Don't Weave -- Stay in one traffic lane as much as possible. Before changing lanes, check your mirrors for vehicles that may be ready to pass you; also turn your head and CHECK BESIDE YOUR VEHICLE to see if any vehicle is in your blind spot. Before changing lanes, always make sure that there is enough room for your vehicle in the next lane. Don't Hesitate -- Once you start through an intersection, keep going. If you start to make a turn, follow through. Last second changes may cause crashes. If you missed a turn, continue to the next intersection and work your way back to where you want to go.

leaving a child in a vehicle

More than 100 children die each year because they are left unattended in or around motor vehicles. Never leave children alone in a car and never allow them to play in or around vehicles, "not even for a minute." Not only is it against the law to leave a child unattended in a vehicle, but it is extremely dangerous for children in the vehicle and for anyone around the vehicle. If, at any time, you are concerned about the welfare or safety of a child (or an adult), please contact the police. If the children are safe, wait for the parents or caregiver to return to the vehicle if you can. A person commits an offense if he intentionally or knowingly: Leaves a child in a motor vehicle for longer than five minutes, knows that the child is (1) younger than seven years of age and (2) not attended by an individual in the vehicle who is 14 years of age or older. An offense under this section is a Class C misdemeanor. If the child is injured the charge is then child endangerment which is a felony. The penalties are six months to two years in jail and a fine up to $10,000. Never leave your vehicle unlocked or let your children play in or around any vehicle(s). Unlocked vehicles pose serious risks to children who are naturally curious, even if there are no keys in the ignition. Car trunks can be a tempting, secret place to hide. Teach children about the dangers of a car and never leave car keys within the reach of children.

insurance

Most drivers choose to purchase an automobile liability insurance policy as proof of financial responsibility. If you choose to meet your financial responsibility requirements by carrying insurance, how much insurance must you carry? The minimum amount your insurance must cover per collision is: $30,000 for a single death or injury. $60,000 for death or injury to more than one person. $25,000 for property damage. If you are visiting Texas, or have just moved here, you should be aware that many out-of-state insurance companies are not authorized to do business in Texas. Before you drive here you should ask your insurance company if you are covered in case of a collision. Should you become involved in a collision in Texas, all three of the following conditions must be met to avoid suspension of your driving privilege: Your liability policy must provide bodily injury and property damage coverage, which equals or exceeds the limits stated above. Your insurance company must file a power of attorney, allowing the Department of Public Safety to act as its agent for legal service in Texas. You must have insured the vehicle before you came to Texas. Many lawsuits are settled for much more money than the minimum amounts set by the Safety Responsibility Act. You may have to pay the extra money if your insurance doesn't pay it all. A motor vehicle operator has the option of using a wireless communication device to display motor vehicle financial responsibility information as evidence of financial responsibility. If you have a collision and you cannot prove financial responsibility, your license may be suspended. If someone else is driving a car that you own, is involved in a collision, and is not identified, you, the owner of the motor vehicle involved in the collision, will have your license suspended.

organ donation myths and facts

Myth: If I am in a collision and the hospital knows that I want to be a donor, the doctors will not try to save my life. Fact: Organ and tissue recovery takes place only after all efforts to save your life have been exhausted and death has been legally declared. The medical team treating you is completely separate from the transplant team. The Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) is not notified until all lifesaving efforts have failed and death has been determined. The OPO does not notify the transplant team until your family has consented to donation. Did you know just one organ and tissue donor can provide 7 life saving organs and quality enhancing tissues for another 20 persons? Organs include: heart, lung, liver, kidney and pancreas. Tissues include: bone, skin, eyes or corneas and heart valves. Fact: It has never been scientifically proven that transplant recipients acquire their donors' characteristics. Although some transplant recipients believe they acquired their donors' characteristics, this phenomenon has never been proven. Transplanted organs do not have a memory so there may be other explanations for why recipients gain interest in activities in which they previously had no interest.

illegal u-turns

Never make a U-turn on a highway if you must cross a curb, a strip of land, or a no-passing zone. You should not make a U-turn: If you cannot clearly see in each direction because of a curve, a hill, rain, fog, or for any other reason If a "NO U-TURN" sign is posted If there is a chance that vehicles may hit you If you are on a one-way street If you are in front of a fire station. Never turn around in a fire station driveway If you are in a business district, except at intersections or through openings in a highway divider

driving on hills and curves

On Hills When approaching an icy hill, pick a path that will allow the most traction. Watch the cars ahead of you, and steer clear of spots where they spin their wheels or slide backward. Instead head for unpacked snow or powder, where you'll get better traction. Build speed gradually while you are still on the level ground. If you have shift-on-the-fly four-wheel drive, shift into it before you reach the hill. After you have reached the crest, begin your descent slowly, shifting into a lower gear to allow engine drag (rather than brakes) to reduce your speed. Rounding Curves To maintain control, you must reduce your speed before you enter an icy curve. Any sudden acceleration or deceleration while you are turning will send you into a skid. You never know what is on the other side of a steep hill or a sharp curve. If a car is stalled on the road just over the hill or around a curve, you must be going slowly enough to stop. When you come to a hill or curve, slow down so you can stop if a vehicle is hidden on the roadway.

frame 17

Once you've been arrested, the decisions about your future are taken out of your hands. When you first went to meet your friends for drinks, you still controlled the situation. Now it's up to the judge to make a decision.

the texas litter abatement act

Penalties Under the Texas Litter Abatement Act It is a Class C misdemeanor to illegally dispose of litter that weighs 15 pounds or less or has a volume of 13 gallons or less. It is a Class B misdemeanor to illegally dispose of litter that weighs more than 15 pounds, but less than 500 pounds or has a volume of more than 13 gallons, but less than 100 cubic feet. It is a Class A misdemeanor to illegally dispose of litter that weighs 500 pounds or more or has a volume of 100 cubic feet or more. It is a Class A misdemeanor to illegally dispose of litter if it is for a commercial purpose and if the litter weighs more than 5 pounds or has a volume of more than 13 gallons. If a person has been previously convicted of violating this Act, that person's punishment will be upgraded to the next highest category for any subsequent violation of this Act. For example, if a person has a prior conviction of a Class A misdemeanor, that person's punishment will be for a third-degree felony the next time he/she violates this Act.

financial responsibility

The Texas Safety Responsibility Act requires you to maintain financial responsibility for your actions whenever you drive and for all motor vehicles you own. It is illegal to drive without being financially responsible. There are seven forms of proof of financial responsibility which fulfill the requirements of the act: Coverage by a motor vehicle or automobile liability insurance policy A standard proof of motor vehicle liability insurance form prescribed by the Texas Department of Insurance and issued by a liability insurer for the motor vehicle An insurance binder that confirms the operator is in compliance with this law A deposit of $55,000 with the comptroller A surety bond for $35,000 obtained from a company licensed to do business in Texas A copy of a certificate of a deposit covering the vehicle made with the appropriate county judge Self-insurance approved by the Texas Department of Public Safety If you do not have acceptable proof of financial responsibility and have a collision, your driver's license may be suspended.

important facts about physical forces

Physical forces are "natural laws" like gravity, centrifugal force, friction, inertia, and kinetic energy. These laws affect stopping distance, vehicle control, and force of impact.Speed, braking, and steering controls your driving motion. These three actions are affected by natural laws, and must be taken into consideration whenever you drive.All drivers are required to obey posted maximum and minimum speed limits. These limits are designed to provide for the orderly flow of traffic under normal driving conditions. Slow down when there is a lot of water on the road and at the first sight of rain. Your car could be riding on water or "hydroplaning." A slight change of direction or a gust of wind could throw your car into a skid. Stopping distance is affected by a number of factors, including load, condition of the road surface, tires, brakes, driver skill and design and type of vehicle. When you approach a curve, you should try to make the turn tight, so that you will have a margin of safety. During periods of heavy traffic, inclement weather, low visibility, or other poor driving conditions, speed must be adjusted so that collisions will be avoided. Remember! The natural laws determine the severity of any accident. Adjust your driving to reflect the influence of the natural laws in any given situation.

frame 5

Police look for erratic driving behavior, like swerving, going through stop signs and lights, driving too fast or too slow, misuse of turn signals, quick stops--the list goes on and on. We sometimes forget how much work goes into driving correctly. When we're fully alert, driving almost seems like second nature. But alcohol short-circuits this process.

pedestrians

Remember! Pedestrian safety is a serious issue. One in eight traffic fatalities is a pedestrian. Pedestrians lose in any collision, regardless of who had the right-of-way. Drive cautiously when pedestrians are near and may cross your path. Stop for the safety of anyone crossing the street on foot. Do not pass from behind any vehicle that has stopped at a crosswalk. A pedestrian hidden from your view may be crossing. Do not drive on a sidewalk, except to cross it at a driveway or alley. When crossing, yield to any pedestrian. Pedestrians using guide dogs or white canes with or without a red tip must be given the right-of-way at all times. These pedestrians are partially or totally blind so be especially careful when encountering them.

frame 20

Remember: when you're drinking alcohol, it doesn't matter what you're drinking. A beer, a glass of wine, and a shot of liquor may contain the same amount of alcohol. Don't fool yourself by thinking, "Well, I only drank wine tonight instead of martinis, so I'm OK." The Breathalyzer test won't make any distinctions, because there are none.

airbags

Research has found that lap/shoulder seat belts, when used, reduce the risk of fatal injury to front-seat passenger car occupants by 45 percent and the risk of moderate-to-critical injury by 50 percent. But there also are some problems with airbags that you should be aware of. Inflating air bags have caused some serious injuries and deaths. Serious airbag inflation injuries occur most often when people are incorrectly positioned within the car when airbags begin inflating. Being too close to an airbag when it inflates can be dangerous, no matter what your size or age. Seat belts help you maintain the proper position and distance from airbags. Not surprisingly, most airbag deaths have involved people who weren't using their seat belts or who were using them incorrectly. The problem is that without a seat belt on -- or with one that's not properly employed -- you place yourself at risk of moving forward during hard braking or other violent maneuvers that occur before crashes. If you become positioned too close to, or on top of, an airbag during inflation, you can be seriously injured or killed. Understanding that airbag injury risk is related to position leads to a few simple steps that can eliminate the risks without sacrificing airbag benefits. For adults or children over the age of 12, move your seat back as much as possible to allow the maximum distance between you and the airbag at impact. You should make sure you have at least 10 inches between you and the airbag.

slippery roads

Roads become slippery due to the presence of water, ice, oil, or sand on the road surface. If you drive on a slippery road surface and begin skidding: Focus on regaining control of your vehicle. Do not apply the brakes. This will only make your skid worse. Do not accelerate. Take your foot off the accelerator. Do not turn against the direction of the skid. Turn into the direction of the skid. When there is heavy traffic on the roadway, the distance you have in which to bring your vehicle to a stop is decreased. Therefore, you must decrease your speed accordingly. You should usually drive slower in these places: Shopping centers, parking lots, and downtown areas. Roads with heavy traffic. When you see brake lights coming on several vehicles ahead of you. Narrow bridges and tunnels. Toll plazas. Schools, playgrounds, and residential streets.

construction/maintenance signs

The basic color for construction and maintenance signs is orange and they are usually diamond shaped or rectangular.

rural driving

Rural roads may be less congested than city roads, but they can be just as deadly. Only one-fifth of the Nation's population lives in a rural area, yet almost 50% of all fatal crashes occur there. Rural roads are frequently unpaved, reducing your car's traction and overall controllability. These roads often lack the informative signs and markers that are everywhere in the city. Sometimes, this makes it hard to anticipate intersections, bridges, and other road changes. Trees and bushes make rural roads more dangerous because they limit visibility from the highway. Soft shoulders, or the lack of shoulders altogether, also reduce your ability to avoid dangers that you might encounter. Among these dangers are animals. Animals, from cows to deer, are unpredictable and seem to come out of nowhere. Hitting large animals is extremely dangerous and can kill you. You also need to be aware of people on rural roads. Because there are no sidewalks, people frequently walk on or across these roads. If you see animals or people ahead of you, slow down and prepare to anticipate their actions. Look ahead to identify potential hazards and observe warning signs. You may need to adjust your speed for the condition of the road, especially when approaching oncoming vehicles. Be aware of slow-moving farm equipment. These machines are frequently quite large and can be difficult to pass unless the road is very wide and clear. If you do not have an absolutely clear view ahead, it's better to follow behind the vehicle until it pulls off the road. Farm equipment usually doesn't travel long distances, so be patient.

notable trash-off benchmarks

Since 1986, when the Don't Mess with Texas Trash-Off launched as an event to encourage motorists to refrain from littering for one day, the Trash-Off has become one of the largest cleanup events of its kind in the nation. Thousands of volunteers give up their time every couple of years for their love of Texas, picking up more than 500 tons of litter each event. More than 1,700 Adopt-a-Highway groups and over 150 communities across the state take part in this Texas size event!

slippery roads

Slow down at the first sign of rain on the road. This is when many roads are the most slippery because oil and dust have not been washed away. If the road is slippery, it will not give your tires the grip they need. You must drive slower than you would on a dry road. Here are some guidelines to help you adjust speed: Wet road--go 5 to 10 miles slower. Packed snow--cut speed in half. Ice--slow to a crawl. Some wet road surfaces are more slippery than others. These roads usually have warning signs. Here are some clues to help you spot slippery roads: On cold, wet days, shade from trees or buildings can hide spots of ice. These areas freeze first and dry out last. Bridges and overpasses can also hide spots of ice. They tend to freeze before the rest of the road. If it starts to rain on a hot day, pavement can be very slippery for the first few minutes. Heat causes oil in the asphalt to come to the surface. It makes the road slippery until the oil is washed off. Remember! When the temperature is close to the freezing point, the road is icy and may be more slippery than at colder temperatures. Watch out for ice build-up at the beginning and end of tunnels. A dry concrete road creates the best friction, while dirt roads create the least. You need a lot more room to stop on dirt roads than on dry pavement. On wet pavement, most traction is lost due to hydroplaning. A mix of water and oil creates a surface on which the car actually floats. Because the tires lose contact with the road, they lose all traction. The 3 main factors that contribute to hydroplaning: Vehicle speed. As speed increases, wet traction is considerably reduced. Since hydroplaning can result in a complete loss of traction and vehicle control, you should always reduce speed, paying attention to the traffic around you. Tire tread depth. As your tires become worn, their ability to resist hydroplaning is reduced. Water depth. The deeper the water, the sooner you will lose traction, although even thin water layers can cause a loss of traction, including at low speeds. Let's examine what happens to a tire in the midst of a hydroplane. When entering a puddle, the surface of the tire must move the water out of the way in order for the tire to stay in contact with the pavement. The tire compresses some of the water to the sides, and forces the remaining water through the tire treads. With good tires, a moderate rate of precipitation, and a well-drained roadway surface, hydroplaning rarely occurs below 55 mph. However, if any of those conditions are not met, it can happen at speeds as low as 35 mph. On a smooth polished road in moderate rain at 60 mph, each tire has to displace about a gallon of water every second from beneath a contact patch no bigger than a size nine shoe. Each gripping element of the tread is on the ground 1/150th of a second; during this time it must displace the bulk of the water, press through the remaining thin film, and then begin to grip the road surface. Although bald tires give better grip on dry roads than treaded tires, they are unsafe in rain because water is a lubricant on rubber. (Also, punctures are more common in the rain.) The most slippery surface is an icy road. It will take three times farther to stop on icy roads than on normal roads.

water on the road

Slow down when there is a lot of water on the road. In a heavy rain, your tires can lose all contact with the road at about 50 mph even with good tires. On poor road conditions, you may lose traction at speeds of 30 mph with worn tires. Your car will be riding on water or "hydroplaning." A slight change of direction or a gust of wind could throw your car into a skid. If your vehicle starts to hydroplane, remove your foot from the accelerator--don't apply the brakes. You should grip the steering wheel firmly.

handling emergencies

Sometimes a road that is normally safe becomes dangerous when slippery. Ice and packed snow on the road can cause the car to skid, especially if you are driving fast or going downhill. If you do go into a skid, ease off the gas pedal, do not brake, and turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. If you can't control your car on a slippery surface, try to find something to stop you. Try to get a wheel on dry pavement or on the shoulder of the road. You may have to slowly edge into a snow bank or some bushes to stop. To help avoid skidding on slippery surfaces, you should: Drive more slowly and stay farther behind the vehicle ahead. Slow down before you approach curves and intersections. Avoid fast turns. Avoid quick stops. "Pump" the brakes to slow or stop. (Antilock brakes do not require pumping.) Shift to low gear before going down a steep hill. If the brakes get wet, dry them by pressing the gas pedal and brake pedal at the same time so that the car drives against the pressure of the brakes. Do this only until the brakes begin working. Avoid especially slippery areas, such as ice patches, wet leaves, oil, or deep puddles.

left turn from a one way street into a two way street

Start the turn from the far left-hand lane. You may turn into either of the lanes that are safely open, if you do not impede the flow of traffic.

left turn from a one way street into a one way street

Start your turn from the left-hand lane of the road. Watch for bicycles between your vehicle and the curb because they can legally use the left turn lane for their left turns.

stress and driving

Stress frequently leads to aggressive driving, poor concentration, and poor decision-making.

turning left

When turning left in an intersection that is not controlled by signs or signals, you must yield the right-of-way to oncoming vehicles.

taking dangers one at a time

Suppose there is an oncoming car to your left and a child on a bike to your right. Instead of driving between the car and the child, take them one at a time. Slow down and let the car pass. Then, move to the left to allow plenty of room before you pass the child. Motorcyclist fatalities increased in 2012 to 4,957, accounting for 15 percent of total fatalities for the year. In 49% of these crashes the other vehicle was turning left while the motorcycle was going straight, passing, or overtaking the vehicle. Many times, the driver either does not see the oncoming motorcyclist at all or does not see the motorcyclist in time to avoid a collision. Why don't we see motorcyclists? There are several reasons: Motorists tend to look for other cars, not for motorcyclists. The profile of a motorcycle is much smaller than that of a car or truck. This makes an approaching motorcycle harder to see. Estimating their distance and oncoming speed is also more difficult. Motorcycle riding requires frequent lane movement to adjust to changing road conditions. Motorcycle riders may not be wearing bright clothes or using lights to make them more visible. Motorcycles are more easily concealed in blind spots. Some motorcyclists tend to weave through traffic.

organ donation - discussing with your family

TX LAW AND ISSUES Routine Inquiry Law In Texas, the Routine Inquiry Law was implemented in January 1988. Similar to the required request statute of the federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986, Routine Inquiry requires hospital personnel to make sure that organ and tissue donation is offered as an option to families who have lost a loved one. If the patient has not indicated his wishes concerning donation, it is up to the family to make the decision. Currently, although the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act says that anyone with a signed donor card is a donor, it does not happen in practice. The reason is that procurement agencies and hospitals hesitate to go against the wishes of living family members even though the law allows for recovery to occur. As a result, donors who have not told their families of their wishes to be donors usually do not become donors.

tips for citizens

Take personal responsibility for your own garbage: Keep a litterbag in your vehicle, and use it. Set an example for your neighbors, friends and children by putting your trash where it belongs. Law enforcement personnel are not the only people who can put an end to littering and illegal dumping. Citizens can take an active role in putting an end to these crimes by teaming up with local officials. Always dispose of your own litter properly. Never dump debris directly into a dumpster always place debris in bags and secure with twist ties before depositing. Report any illegal dump sites to your local or county litter abatement or environmental health department. Report to your local law enforcement agency license plate numbers of any vehicles you see transporting trash without a tarp (cover) or actively dumping trash or waste. Do not transport unsecured debris in the back of your own vehicle. If it blows out, it becomes litter. Spread the word to friends and neighbors that illegal dumping is a crime. Write or call your local or county elected officials and let them know that litter and illegal dumping in your community are major concerns. People are not as likely to litter an area that is clean. Organize volunteer cleanups of illegal dump sites and participate in volunteer programs such as Adopt-a-Highway, Adopt-a-Beach, and Keep Texas Beautiful.

interacting with pedestrians

The 4,432 pedestrian fatalities in 2011 were an increase of 3 percent from 2010, but a decrease of 7 percent from 2002. In 2011, pedestrian deaths accounted for 14 percent of all traffic fatalities, and made up 3 percent of all the people injured in traffic crashes. Older pedestrians (age 65+) accounted for 19 percent (844) of all pedestrian fatalities and an estimated 10 percent (7,000) of all pedestrians injured in 2011. Pedestrian deaths occur primarily in urban areas. Many pedestrians are killed on crosswalks, sidewalks, median strips, and traffic islands. Pedestrians lose in any collision, regardless of who had the right-of-way. Drive cautiously around pedestrians, especially if you have reason to believe they may cross your path. Stop for the safety of anyone crossing the street on foot. Do not pass a vehicle from behind that has stopped at a crosswalk. A pedestrian hidden from your view may be crossing. Do not drive on a sidewalk, except to cross it at a driveway or alley. When crossing, yield to any pedestrian.

recycling programs

The Texas Department of Transportation is actively engaged in litter control, litter prevention, and recycling programs. Below are some of the programs Texans can get involved in to assist in litter prevention. Adopt-a-Highway This program gives groups the opportunity to help their communities by adopting a two-mile stretch of highway for a minimum of two years, collecting litter and beautifying roadsides four times per year. This international program originated in Texas, where it remains one of the Lone Star State's most successful public-private initiatives. Your group's name is featured on an Adopt-a-Highway sign marking your adopted section. Adopt-a-Highway will provide your volunteers with appropriate permits, safety vests, litterbags, and safety training. Trash-Off The annual Don't Mess with Texas Trash-Off is one of the nation's largest single-day cleanups and hauls in an estimated 2 million pounds of litter from state roadsides and city streets. From airlifting abandoned cars to picking up tens of thousands of cigarette butts, the 2002 Texas Trash-Off volunteer team along with Adopt-a-Highway volunteers hit the roadsides and communities of the Lone Star State on April 6, 2002 to clean up after the 20 million residents of Texas. In 2009, more than 72,000 volunteers picked up 5 million pounds of litter to help keep Texas beautiful. Partners The Don't Mess with Texas extended family of partners includes household name brands, trade organizations, non-profit organizations, schools and civic groups who all help spread the word in their own unique way.

litter: definition and offenses

The Texas Litter Abatement Act defines litter as: Decayable waste from a public or private establishment, residence, or restaurant, including animal and vegetable material. Nondecayable solid waste, except ashes, including: combustible material such as paper, rags, cartons, wood, furniture, rubber, plastics, yard trimmings and leaves, non-combustible solid waste such as glass, crockery, tin or aluminum cans, and metal furniture, discarded or worn out materials and machinery such as motor vehicles, motor vehicle parts, and old appliances. Offenses Under the Texas Litter Abatement Act Under the Texas Litter Abatement Act, it is illegal: To dispose of, or allow someone else to dispose of litter at a place that is not a legal landfill. To receive litter for the purpose of disposing it at a place that is not a legal landfill, regardless of whether the litter or the land on which the litter is to be disposed, belongs to or is controlled by the person. To transport litter to a place that is not a legal landfill for the purpose of dumping.

lesson 11 facts

The bloodstream transports alcohol to all parts of the body, including the lungs and brain where alcohol acts directly. This transportation system is very fast. Always remember: It is illegal to drive with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) that is 0.08% or more. Alcohol makes you less careful and slows down your reactions. All states and the District of Columbia now have 21-year-old minimum drinking age laws. Even if you are old enough to purchase alcohol legally, you are not allowed to drive after drinking. Drinking and driving is illegal, no matter what your age. Alcohol affects a person's liver, heart, stomach, and brain and makes driving extremely dangerous. Time is the only one thing that will remove the alcohol from your system. There are many driving skills affected by blood alcohol concentration. Some include visual perception, motor skills and eye-hand-feet coordination, judgment, reaction time, emotional control, concentration and information processing, alertness and attention. Each of these skills is very important to be able to drive and react to driving situations appropriately. Traffic fatalities in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes increased by 4.6 percent from 9,865 in 2011 to 10,322 in 2012. An average of 1 alcohol-impaired-driving fatality occurred every 51 minutes in 2012. Don't Drink and Drive. Always use a designated driver, someone who doesn't drink alcohol, to drive you home. First offense charges vary from up to $2,000 in fines and up to 100 hours of time for community service. Your driver's license may be suspended for up to 1 year or you could spend up to 6 months in jail. In the worst case, drinking and driving can result in death. The intoxication manslaughter charge is a felony punishable by two to 20 years in prison and a fine of up to $10,000. Allowing a sober person to drive for you is a small price compared to the consequences for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

what is the road like?

The faster the speed, the less control you have of your car. Rather than just looking at the legal posted speed limit, you should consider other factors that might affect the safe operation of your car. For example, should you drive 35 mph (the posted speed limit) on a curve down an icy mountain road? Many new drivers do not slow to safe speeds for varying conditions. This is one reason why new drivers have more "out-of -control" collisions than experienced drivers. On curves, there is a strong outward pull on your vehicle caused by centrifugal force. Watch out for it, especially when the road is slippery. Rain, mud, snow, or gravel can cause a road to become slippery. Sometimes a speed limit is not posted before a curve on the highway. Judge how sharp the curve is and change your speed if necessary. Slow down before you enter the curve. Braking on a curve may cause you to skid. Be careful on highways. Curves on ramps make it hard to see ahead. Orange flags, signs, or signal persons may warn you that workers and equipment are ahead. Slow down. Watch out. Slow down when there is a lot of water on the road to avoid hydroplaning. In wet conditions, the friction between your tires and the road surface is decreased. Be aware that a sudden gust of wind or a sudden change of direction can cause your car to skid. Braking can also cause your car to skid. Watch out for flash floods. If water is rushing over the road ahead of you, do not try to drive through it. Your vehicle may be swept off the road by the moving water. Stop and wait in your vehicle for the water to subside.

occupant restraint: safety belts/child restraints

The law requires that you use your safety belt. If your vehicle was originally equipped with front seat anchorages, it must have a safety belt in good working order. Recently passed, House Bill 537 requires you and your passengers no matter their age or where they are seated in the vehicle to be secured by a safety belt. Texas law requires all children younger than 8 years of age be restrained in an approved child passenger safety seat unless the child is at least 4 feet, 9 inches in height. The fine is no more than $25 for a first offense and $250 for a second offense. However, these are only the minimum requirements. For maximum safety, children should be secured in child safety seats or booster seats according to the manufacturer's instructions until the child can properly fit the vehicle's lap and shoulder belt systems. Starting at the age of 15, a person commits an offense if they occupy a seat in a passenger vehicle that is equipped with a safety belt, however is not secured by a safety belt. If you do not wear your safety belt, you and/or your passenger will be given a ticket. A safety belt violation can result in fines ranging from $25 to $250, plus court costs and mandates. Some older model cars may not have been manufactured with safety belts, in which case the passengers are not required to comply with this standard. Safety belts can reduce injuries and deaths. Many studies and actual crash tests have proven this. The recommended method for pregnant women to wear lap and shoulder belts is as follows: Wear the lap belt as low as possible under the abdomen and wear the shoulder strap across the chest and to the side of the abdomen. If you wear only a lap belt when driving, your chances of living through a collision are twice as good as the chances of someone who doesn't wear a lap belt. If you wear a lap and a shoulder belt, your chances are three to four times better. You must wear both your lap and shoulder belt if the vehicle is equipped with both, even if the vehicle is equipped with air bags.

lesson 10 important info

The law requires the use of your safety belt. Occupant restraints such as safety belts can be a active or passive restraints. A safety belt that must be buckled manually is an active restraint, while a passive restraint does not require fastening or action by the passenger. You and your front seat passengers must wear a safety belt while the car is moving. Occupant restraints and protective devices should always be used properly. In the event of a collision, these devices can prevent you from smashing your head into the windshield. The No. 1 preventable cause of death of children is automobile collisions. In a collision, a child can "fly" back and forth within the car, even at low speeds. Protect any small children in your car. It's worth it, and the law requires that you do it. Any children 12 and under should always be placed in the rear seat. Never leave a child unattended in or around motor vehicles. Seat belts help you maintain the proper position and distance from airbags. Most airbag deaths have involved people who weren't using their seat belts or who were using them incorrectly. Remember! Never put a rear-facing restraint in the front seat if it has an active airbag! Motorcyclists should also be extremely careful. Helmets and other protective clothing, such as gloves, jackets, boots, and long pants, can help reduce injury to a motorcyclist in case of a collision.

frame 11

The problem with most drunk drivers is that they think, "I'm fine. I can pass any of these stupid tests." Well you may be able to fool your friends or family, and you certainly seem to fool yourself, but you won't fool the officer. That's because many of the field sobriety tests are designed to detect changes in subconscious behavior. If you are impaired, you'll be caught.

frame 19

The right time to make a decision about drinking and driving is before you've even pulled your keys out. If you've had too much to drink and you know you'll have to leave, stop drinking and give your body time to break down the alcohol in your body, approximately one hour per drink. Have some food, relax, and drink some coffee. But remember, none of these will remove alcohol from your body. Drinking coffee does not make you less drunk. Eating food does not make you less drunk. Time and time alone will make you less drunk.

occupant restraints: safety belts/child restraints

There are two types of restraints, active and passive. A safety belt that must be buckled manually is an active restraint. A passive restraint does not require fastening or action by the passenger. An air bag or automatic seat belt is a good example of a passive restraint. The use of your safety belt is required by law. If your car was originally equipped with front anchors, it must have a safety belt in good working order. You and your passengers must wear a safety belt while the car is moving. If not, you or your passenger (age 15 or older) may be given a traffic ticket for not wearing a safety belt. Under Texas law, all children younger than eight years of age must be secured in a approved child passenger safety seat, unless the child is at least 4 feet 9 inches in height. Here are some additional tips for child safety: The back seat is generally the safest place in the car for all children 12 years of age or younger. Babies should not be placed in the front passenger seat if the vehicle has a passenger-side air bag. Make sure the vehicle's seat belt is put through the correct slot in a safety seat. Incorrectly fastened safety seats defeat their purpose and can result in injury. Safety belts can reduce injuries and deaths. Many studies and actual crash tests have proven this. If you wear only a lap belt when driving, your chances of living through a collision are twice as good as those of someone who isn't. If you wear a lap and shoulder belt, your chances are three to four times better. You must wear both your lap and shoulder belt if the vehicle is equipped with both and if the vehicle is equipped with air bags. Most drivers, no matter how carefully they drive, will be involved in at least one traffic crash during their lifetime. The chances of being injured or killed are greater than you might think. About one person in three will be injured or killed in a traffic crash. Since there is no way a driver or passenger can completely eliminate the possibility of being involved in a collision, the best thing to do is to increase your chances of surviving by always using seat belts.

interacting with trucks

To reduce the chance of a collision with a large truck, motorists must be familiar with a truck's physical capabilities and how it maneuvers. Braking - A large truck takes longer to stop than a car traveling at the same speed. The average passenger vehicle traveling at 50 mph can stop in about 230 feet. However, a large truck traveling at the same speed can take more than 400 feet to stop. Don't pull in front of a large truck and suddenly slow down or stop. The trucker will not be able to stop quickly enough to avoid crashing into you.

interacting with trucks: blind spots

Trucker's Blind Spots - Passenger vehicle drivers falsely assume that a trucker can see the road better because they are higher off the road. While truckers do have a better forward view and bigger mirrors, they still have serious blind spots. Your vehicle can get lost in these blind spots. If you stay in these blind spots you block the trucker's ability to take evasive action to avoid a dangerous situation. Generally speaking, if you can't see the truck driver in his or her side mirror, he or she can't see you. Maneuverability - Trucks are designed to transport products. They are not as maneuverable as passenger vehicles. Large trucks have longer stopping and starting distances. They take more space to turn. They weigh more. On multi-lane highways and freeways, large trucks usually stay in the center lane to help the flow of traffic. This also increases the trucker's options in case he or she must change lanes to avoid a hazard. Here are some of the most common mistakes passenger vehicle drivers must avoid when driving around large trucks: Cutting off a truck in traffic or on the highway to reach your exit or turn. Cutting into the open space in front of a truck is dangerous. Trying to beat a truck to a single-lane construction zone, for example, removes the truck driver's cushion of safety and places you in danger also. Don't speed up to pass a truck so you can exit the roadway. Take a moment to slow down and exit behind a truck -- it will only take you a few extra seconds. Lingering alongside a truck when passing. Always pass a large truck on the left side. And after you have passed the truck, move ahead of it. If you linger beside the truck, you make it very difficult, if not impossible, for the trucker to take evasive action if an obstacle appears in the road ahead. Following too closely or tailgating. When you follow behind a truck, and you cannot see the truck driver's rearview mirrors, the trucker has no way of knowing you are there. Tailgating a truck, or any vehicle, is dangerous because you take away your own cushion of safety. Where will you go if the vehicle in front of you stops quickly? Underestimating the size and power of trucks. Never underestimate the size and speed of a large truck. Large trucks often appear to be traveling at a slower speed because of their large size. Many collisions take place between passenger vehicles and large trucks because the passenger vehicle driver does not realize how close the truck is or how quickly it is traveling.

interacting with trucks: turning

Turning- For all turning vehicles, the rear wheels follow a shorter path than the front wheels. The longer the vehicle, the greater the difference. This is why big rig drivers must often swing out to the left as the first step in making a right turn. When you follow a large truck, look at its turn signals before you start to pass. If you think the truck is turning left, check the turn signals again. The driver may actually be turning right.

frame 21

When you go out drinking, think of the many alternatives you have to drinking and driving. Why not be the designated driver? You do it this week; another friend will do it the next. Most bars and restaurants offer lots of drink options, including soft drinks, juices, sparkling waters, and non-alcoholic beer and wine.

reporting collisions to the DPS

When you have a collision, you must report it to the Department of Public Safety if: More than $500 in damage was done to the property of any person Anyone was injured (no matter how slightly or seriously) Each driver must make a report to the Department of Public Safety. However, if a law enforcement officer investigates the collision, the officer's report will fulfill this reporting requirement. Remember, also, that if you can move your car off the road, you should do so immediately after the crash.

use your horn

Use your horn sparingly, using the following guidelines: Sound your horn when necessary to avoid collisions. Don't honk at other times. Try to get "eye contact" with other drivers. Sometimes it may be necessary to tap your horn to alert another driver who may want to turn in front of you. On narrow mountain roads, drive as far to the right as possible and sound your horn where you cannot see at least 200 feet ahead. If a driver is going too slowly, don't honk just to make the slow driver hurry. The driver may be ill, lost, or may be having problems with the car. Don't honk simply to show other drivers that they have made a mistake. Your honking may upset them so much that they may make more mistakes. Never honk because you are angry or upset. Use your headlights: When it is cloudy, raining, snowing, or foggy. On frosty mornings when other drivers' windows may be icy or "foggy." Any time you have trouble seeing other cars. Other drivers will also have trouble seeing you. On small country or mountain roads. It is a good idea to drive with your headlights on, even on sunny days. This will help other drivers see you. Your headlights may help you avoid a head-on crash. Don't forget to turn them off when you park! You may have to flash your headlights under certain circumstances to get the attention of another driver who may not see you.

driving skills affected by BAC

Visual perception: Seeing objects or people clearly, peripheral vision, markings on the road, depth perception, reading signs, not being blinded by oncoming lights, getting the right color of traffic lights. Motor skills and eye-hand-feet coordination: Steering straight without weaving, smooth turns, steady braking and acceleration, staying on the road. Judgment: Good decision-making about such things as passing other cars or running yellow lights; knowing if your speed is too fast or slow for the conditions; knowing whether you should slow down, stop or speed up in a situation; knowing if you are following too close to another car; deciding whether you should be driving in the first place. Reaction time: Good and quick reflexes. Emotional control: Not letting your emotions influence your driving - such as speeding for fun or because you are mad at someone, tailgating because you are frustrated at how slow someone is driving, cutting cars off because you are angry. Concentration and information processing: Being able to keep your mind on your driving and where you are, not being preoccupied or letting your mind wander, staying aware of when to dim the headlights, being able to make quick or even sudden decisions. Alertness and attention: Noticing traffic signs/objects/other cars/people/conditions, staying awake, not nodding off or going to sleep.

keep a space cushion behind

Watch for tailgaters! If one is following you, be careful! If you are stopping, tap your brake lightly a few times to warn the tailgater before you slow down. Your brake lights will flash. Attempt to "lose" a tailgater as soon as you can by changing lanes. If you can't change lanes, increase the distance between you and the car in front of you and encourage the tailgater to go around you. If this does not work, pull off the road when it is safe to do so and let the tailgater pass.

what happens in a collision

What happens in a collision? Your car stops, but you keep on going. You continue to travel at the speed your car was traveling until you hit an object like the dashboard or the windshield. At 30 mph this is like hitting the ground from the top of a three-story building. Safety belts and straps help prevent you from moving forward and striking the dashboard and windshield. If you are struck from the side, the impact causes you to move across the seat. Safety belts and straps keep you in a better position to control the car.

factors that can affect your ability to drive safely

What's the weather like? Are you driving appropriately for rain, wind, or snow? What do the street signs say? Are you on a one-way street? What's the speed limit? Are you in a right-turn only lane? What's that up ahead? A stopped car? A pedestrian standing between two cars waiting to cross the street? A piece of blown-out tire? Is anything or anybody in your blind spots? A bicycle? Another car?

intersections not controlled by signs and signals

When approaching an intersection of this type, you must yield the right-of-way to any vehicle entering or approaching the intersection from your right. If the road to your right is clear, or if approaching vehicles are far enough from the intersection to make your crossing safe, you may proceed. Since there are no traffic controls at this intersection, make sure that there are no approaching vehicles from the left. You may believe that you have the right-of-way, but you must make sure that other drivers yield the right-of-way to you before you proceed. When you are not sure, you should yield right-of-way.

synergism between alcohol and drugs

When you mix alcohol with other drugs, the combination creates a synergism; that is, the effects of the mixture are greater and different than the effects of the ingredients taken individually. Alcohol and drugs taken together does not always mean 1+1=2. The effects of mixing alcohol with other drugs, including marijuana, cocaine, over-the-counter drugs, and others, can be very unpredictable, and frequently quite different from the effects of the alcohol and drugs on their own. Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) The bloodstream transports alcohol to all parts of the body, including the lungs and brain where alcohol acts directly. This transportation system is very fast. Within two minutes after drinking alcohol, brain tissues accurately reflect the blood alcohol level. The liver can metabolize about a half ounce of pure alcohol an hour. A four to five ounce glass of wine, a 12-ounce beer, or one ounce of distilled liquor all equal a half-ounce of pure alcohol. However, since our drinks are typically quite generous, it takes our liver more than an hour to metabolize one drink.

traffic signs: yield

When you see a YIELD sign, slow down, be ready to stop, and let traffic (including people walking or riding bikes) pass. Go ahead only when it is safe.

lanes for passing

When you want to pass a vehicle or bicycle going in your direction, pass on the left. Passing on the right is dangerous and is legal only: If an open highway is clearly marked for two or more lanes of vehicles moving in your direction of travel If the driver of the other vehicle is making a left turn, never pass to the left of a vehicle that is signaling a left turn (Be careful, sometimes drivers use the wrong turn signal.) Don't honk when you pass on the right. The other driver may think you are on the left and "pull over" right into you.

roadside areas

Whenever there is a lot of activity along the side of the road, there is a good chance that someone will cross or enter the road. Therefore, it is very important to look to the sides when you are near: Shopping centers and parking lots. Construction areas. Busy sidewalks. Playgrounds and schoolyards, etc.

adjusting your lights

Whenever visibility is poor or it rains, headlights are a good way to let other drivers know where you are. It's both helpful to other travelers and makes you a safer driver. Remember, you are not the only one affected by poor visibility. You may be able to see cars without their headlights on but others may not have vision or windshield wipers as good as yours. Do not turn off your headlights in heavy fog, even if they interfere with your forward visibility. Headlights are the only part of your vehicle that oncoming drivers can see at a distance. Don't stop in the middle of the roadway either - that guarantees you will be rear-ended. If you can't continue, pull well onto the shoulder, getting your vehicle completely off the road. Do not blind other drivers with your high beam headlights. Dim your lights by switching to low beams when you are 500 feet from an approaching vehicle. If you are following another vehicle, change to low beams when you get closer than 300 feet. Use your high beams whenever possible (i.e., in open country when other vehicles are not near or on dark city streets when no other vehicles will be affected by your high beams) as long as it is not illegal.

city driving

Whenever you cross or enter traffic from a full stop, you will need a large enough gap (from cars approaching in either direction) to cross the traffic or to get up to the speed of other vehicles. You need a gap that is about half a city block. Always scan the road ahead of you. Be prepared for cars and pedestrians to enter intersections in front of you. Look ahead and stay back! City driving means dealing with congestion and constant distractions. Because of limited space, information and regulatory signs may be packed tightly together, making them more difficult to see and react to quickly. Be more aggressive in using your visual skills and identifying potential hazards. There are more hazards in the city, so be prepared to anticipate them. Be ready to reduce speed or change vehicle position should you encounter a hazard.

frame 4

While the drunk driver might not be able to know when he or she has had too much, a police officer will.

use of lanes

White lines painted on the pavement indicate traffic going in your direction (such as one-way streets). Yellow lines mark the center of a two-way road used for two-way traffic. You may pass on a two-way road if the yellow center line is broken. When a solid and a broken yellow line are together, you must not pass if you are next to the solid line. Two solid yellow lines mean "no passing," no matter which side of the lines you're on.

air bags and children

With children 12 and under, there is one general rule: place them in the rear seat! This area will be safest for your children at all times and avoids any problems that can occur with airbags. Never put a rear-facing restraint in the front seat if it has an active airbag. Starting with the first trip home from the hospital, put an infant in the center back seat. Make sure the child safety-seat is tightly secured to the vehicle with an adult safety belt and that the baby is buckled in snuggly. If you have no choice but to put the baby in the front seat, deactivate the passenger-side airbag system and secure the baby in a child safety-seat according to the manufacturer's instructions. If a medical condition requires you to provide constant attention to your child, have an adult sit in the rear seat with the child if at all possible. If not, follow the general safety guidelines presented for protecting younger passengers. But before you do this, remember that the back seat is safer. Even without airbags, kids riding in back are much less likely to be killed. Now riding in back is even more important because it keeps children away from inflating airbags. As children grow and begin to use adult seat belts, proper restraint use still is essential. Don't put the shoulder strap behind a child or under the arm. You should either use a booster seat or a seat belt adjustment mechanism that allows for proper use of the lap and shoulder portions of the belt.

road workers

Workers who must be on highways try hard to warn you of their presence by using orange signs, equipment, flags, and jackets. It's up to you to ensure both your own and the workers' safety by driving slowly through work areas. THE HIGHWAY WORKER'S LIFE IS IN YOUR HANDS. Vehicles used to maintain the highways, like bulldozers, often move slowly on or next to the road. They are usually painted yellow or orange. Be prepared to slow down or stop for them. When you see orange equipment on the road, people on foot are often working nearby. One or more lanes may be closed when roadwork is going on. Orange signs warn you that you must be prepared for people and slow moving equipment on the road. Signs indicate which lanes are closed. A line of orange cones indicates the closed lane. Do not cross the line of cones. Sometimes a flashing arrow will tell you to move left or right. BE CAREFUL! Make your lane change early and safely. Don't stop or slow down to watch roadwork. Keep going. Obey any special signs or instructions as you pass.

lesson 8 important info

You can avoid collisions by letting other drivers know of your intended actions. Control your speed and evaluate the flow of traffic to better anticipate the moves of others. Good drivers keep a safe following distance so they can see well. The more space they allow between their car and the car ahead, the more time they have to see a hazard or collision down the road. They have more time to stop, or to avoid the hazard. It is a good idea to: Keep enough space between your car and the car ahead so that you will have "a bigger picture" of what lies down the road. Watch for tailgaters! If one is following you, be careful! Know when collisions are most likely to occur. It is important to obey any special signs or instructions that you pass. These signs may include information about the consequences of littering, as defined by the Texas Litter Abatement Act. Littering has subsequent repercussions to the environment, as well as fines and punishments levied on litterbugs.

evaluating the traffic environment

You can avoid collisions by letting other drivers know what you plan to do. When you drive in another car's blind spots you make it very difficult for them to see you. You won't be seen in the driver's mirrors. The driver must turn his or her head in order to see a car in one of these blind spots. Whenever you approach another driver, you will, at some point, be in his or her blind spot. The best thing to do is move as quickly as you can through the blind spot or drop back out of the blind spot. As you move through another car's blind spot, use your horn or lights to warn the other driver of your presence. You must never drive faster than is safe for the current conditions. No matter what the speed limit sign may say, your speed should depend on: The number and speed of other cars on the road. Whether the road surface is smooth, rough, graveled, wet, dry, wide, or narrow. Bicyclists, or pedestrians walking on the edge of the road. The weather conditions -- including rain, fog, snow, ice, wind, or dust. For example, if you are driving 45 mph in a 55 mph speed zone during a dense fog, you could be cited by a police officer for driving "too fast for conditions." And remember -- even though you may think it is safe, you may never legally drive faster than the posted speed limit.

protecting yourself in a collision

You can't always avoid a collision. If your car is about to be hit, remember these tips to protect yourself. Rear Collisions Be ready to apply your brake so you won't be pushed into the car ahead. Brace yourself between the steering wheel and the seat back. Flash your brakes early to alert other drivers. As the car nears, release the brake and move forward, if you can. Press the back of your head firmly against the headrest. If you are at an intersection and the intersection is clear, accelerate across the intersection. Side Collisions Keep a tight hold on the steering wheel. This may help prevent you from being thrown against the side of the car. Be prepared to steer quickly. Your car may get spun around or have its direction radically changed. If you can regain control of the car, you may be able to avoid further damage. Brake or accelerate quickly to avoid getting hit in the passenger compartment. Blow your horn to alert other drivers. Change lanes or swerve away from the other vehicle.

frame 9

You must comply with the officer's requests. Remember, driving is a privilege, not a right. By receiving a driver's license you have indicated your willingness to be tested for alcohol and drug impairment and understand that your unwillingness to do so at any time will be interpreted as an admission of guilt.

comply with orders from police, firemen, traffic officers, and others

You must obey any traffic directions, orders, or signals given by a traffic or police officer or a fire fighter. Obey any order in emergency or special situations, even if it conflicts with existing signs, signals, or laws. You must obey instructions from school crossing guards and signal persons at road construction sites.

rules to always keep in mind

You must share space with traffic on the road. Never assume that another driver will share space with you. Avoid passing other cars on two-lane roads. It is dangerous. To pass safely, you must be able to see clearly at least one-third of a mile of the road ahead. At intersections, drivers must yield to each other. Remember! In every situation, right-of-way is something to be given, not taken. When signs and signals control traffic at an intersection, obey them. If there are no traffic controls, you should yield right-of-way. Understanding the use of lanes on the road is critical to safe and successful driving. Different lanes have different purposes, and knowing these different purposes will help you drive in the proper lane. Pedestrians have the right-of-way and lose in any collision. Driving faster than the posted speed limit at any time is dangerous and illegal. The Texas Safety Responsibility Act requires you to maintain responsibility for your actions whenever you drive, and for all motor vehicles you own. It is illegal to drive without being financially responsible.

law enforcement and emergency vehicles

You must yield the right-of-way to a police car, fire engine, ambulance, or other emergency vehicle using an audible or visual signal such as a siren, bell, or flashing lights. Pull as close to the right edge of the road as possible and stop until the emergency vehicle has passed. However, don't stop in an intersection. Continue through the intersection and then pull to the right as soon as you can. Sometimes emergency vehicles will use the wrong side of the street to continue on their way. They sometimes use a loud speaker to talk to drivers blocking their path. In the event that traffic is so congested that you can't safely get to the right edge of the road, slow down and leave a clear path for the emergency vehicle. It is against the law to follow within 500 feet of any emergency vehicle that is answering an emergency call. Senate Bill 510 requires drivers to move over or slow down (as required depending on the roadway) when approaching a stationary Texas Department of Transportation vehicle with its lights activated and not separated from the roadway by a traffic-control device. This provision expands the state's Move Over/Slow Down law, which already requires drivers to yield to tow trucks, police, fire and emergency vehicles. Violators would commit a misdemeanor offense punishable by a fine of up to $200; punishable by a fine of $500 if property damage occurs; or a Class B misdemeanor if the violation results in bodily damage. Never drive to the scene of a fire, a collision, or any other disaster just to have a look. By loitering at a disaster scene you might interfere with the essential services of police, fire fighters, ambulance crews, or other rescue or emergency personnel. You should not drive over unprotected fire hoses in the road.

adjusting your seat and mirrors

You should always check the adjustment of the seat, mirrors, headrest, and safety belt before starting your car. You may have a collision if you try to adjust them while driving. Adjust your seat so that you are high enough to see the road. If you are still too low, you should use a seat cushion. Do this before putting on your safety belt. Adjust your rear and side mirrors before you start driving. If your vehicle has a day/night mirror, learn how to use it. The night setting reduces the headlight glare from cars behind you and helps you see better.

reaction abilities (simple and complex)

Your ability to react to changing driving situations is critical to being a safe driver. Having complex reaction abilities means that you can respond to many changes at once. You are, for example, able to recognize that the light ahead of you has turned yellow, that the car behind you has moved out to your side to pass, that the road looks wet ahead, and that a man at the intersection, anticipating the light changing, has already started into the crosswalk. If you have complex reaction abilities, you are able to see all of these things at once and react to them. The term simple reaction abilities is defined as a person's ability to recognize and handle only a very few situations at a time. If you can only handle a few situations at the same time, it means that your reaction time is reduced. The less complex reaction abilities you have the more careful you must be on the road, giving yourself even more space and time to react.

frame 15

Your driver's license may be suspended for between 3 months and 1 year for your first violation. And just like the monetary fines, these numbers may increase substantially on subsequent offenses.

frame 18

Your lawyer may help you to avoid the worst of all possible punishments, but he'll also be helping himself to several thousand more dollars of your money to cover his fees.

touch and smell

Your senses of touch and smell are equally important for conveying critical information about your driving experience. Do you smell smoke? Burning radiator fluid? Your sense of smell can tell you a lot about what's going on in your car. If you smell anything out of the ordinary, have your car checked by a mechanic. If not, you may let your car become irreparably damaged. Touch lets you sense the feel and actions of your car and its relationship to the road. Does your steering wheel feel loose in your hands? Does your brake feel sticky or unresponsive? These and other warnings come from your sense of touch.

Traffic officials indicate, it takes longer to ______ when you drive fast

accelerate and decelerate

A space cushion is

an area of open space surrounding your vehicle keep one around you while you drive

number one killer of our youth is _____

car crashes #1 reason - alcohol #2 reason - speed

when your brakes fail you should:

downshift to low gear

If the driver of a car does not wear a seatbelt,the driver may be:

fined

DO NOT STOP before merging with highway traffic unless absolutely necessary

highway traffic has right of way!!!!!

if you have a tire blowout you should:

hold the steering wheel tightly and slow down gradually

__________ is one of the most common reasons vehicles flip over

improper off-road recovery

Airbags are located _____cars and light trucks.

in various places throughout

seat belt usage since the 1980's has ____

increased

in case of a tire blowout, you should apply the brake _____ the car is stopped

just as

you should always pass a large truck on the ___ side

left

alcohol affects a person's ....

liver, heart, brain

large trucks have a _____ stopping distance than passenger vehicles

longer

the heavier the load, the ___ it takes to stop

longer

if you begin to hydroplane you should

look for open space and plan to travel in that direction

when driving on packed snow you would need to at least

reduce speed by 1/2

in 1/3 of all crashes involving cars and motorcycles, the car driver says he simply did not _____ the motorcycle

see

Hard shoulders have been added to the right-hand side on both directions of some highways and roads. These shoulders are usually clearly marked with a _____ line and are designed for emergency stopping, standing, and parking.

solid white

hydroplane factors

speed tread depth water depth

when its freezing or near freezing be extra careful on ____ shaded by trees or buildings

streets, bridges, overpasses

In the event of a collision, you should:

take the path of least resistance

to warn a tailgater, you should:

tap your brakes lightly a few times

driving in fog

the best advice for driving in the fog is DONT if you must, then slow down and turn on your low beam lights. DON'T drive with high beams bc the light will reflect back and cause glare Driving safely demands more skill and better judgment than ever before, especially under hostile weather conditions. Driving in heavy fog is like driving with a blindfold on. Statistically it's the most dangerous driving hazard. When driving in fog, reduce your speed and turn on your headlights. Think about how far you can see and how long it will take you to stop. Keep an eye on your speedometer. Studies show that some drivers acclimate themselves to foggy conditions and unconsciously increase their speed over time. Make sure that you can be seen. Turn your fog lights on and make sure your high beams are not turned on by accident. Use the right edge of the road (aka fog line) as a guide rather than the center line to avoid running into oncoming traffic or becoming distracted by oncoming headlights. Always use your defroster and windshield wipers in foggy conditions and remember that the problems associated with fog become greater at night. Never drive with just your parking lights. Increase your following distance and be prepared to stop within the space you can see in front of your vehicle. Avoid crossing or passing lanes of traffic unless absolutely necessary. Listen for traffic you cannot see. Use your wipers and defroster as necessary for best vision. It is recommended that if fog is very dense, the most sensible thing to do is to signal and pull off the road to a protected area and wait for driving conditions to improve. If you do pull over, turn on your emergency flashers to make your car visible to others.

When entering a lane of oncoming traffic to pass a vehicle, it is generally safe to make a pass when

the oncoming car looks like its not moving

______ is the friction of gripping power between your tires and the road

traction

some driving and observational skills needed for everyday driving include ______ and ________

visual ability and depth perception

if you are going straight through an intersection and your light is green but there is not enough space for you to completely cross the intersection:

wait until there is enough space for you to completely cross

if you are driving 45 mph in a 55 mph speed zone in dense fog....

you could be cited by police for "driving too fast for the conditions"