Definitions/ Terms

Adult Protective Services

Are mandated by law to provide protection for vulnerable adults who are being abused by family members, care givers, acquaintances, or strangers.

Out- positioning

Is a form of paradox that involves having a family member act in an exaggerated way, consistent with another person's apparent perception of them.

Paranoid personality disorder

Is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others' motives are interpreted as malevolent.

Histrionic personality disorder

Is a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

Narcissistic personality disorder

Is a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Obsessive- compulsive personality disorder

Is a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionists, and control.

Avoidant personality disorder

Is a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent personality disorder

Is a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of.

Borderline personality disorder

Is a patterns of instability in interpersonal relationships, self- image, and affects, and marked impulsivity.

Peer review

Is a period formal process in which previously defined, specific professional standards of intervention are used by a social worker's colleagues as a basis for monitoring and evaluating his or her professional practice.

Full remission

Is a period of time after a previous episode during which no disorder- specific symptoms are present.

Coaching

Is a technique whereby the social worker helps the family along each step of the way so they know exactly what they are to do.

Dream work

Is a technique, which focuses on recurring dreams.

Enactment

Is a technique, which involves asking the client to act out feelings or thoughts to increase awareness (e.g empty chair, role- playing, psychodrama, exaggerating a feeling, thought, or motion).

Paradoxical prescription/ direction

Is a technique, which involves prescribing the problem behavior

"No questions"

Is a technique, which places the focus on increasing one's own awareness of his or her experiences in the here- and now.

Assigning tasks and contracting

This may be done via a written or spoken, formal or information contract. This response encourages the client to implement changes in real life that have been learned in counseling sessions. Until a task has been practiced and rehearsed in counseling, the counselor should not assign it. A formal contract may include specific goals.

Latent content

Underlying thoughts, desires and fantasies related to the emotional reactions of early infancy, latent content gives a dream is fundamental meaning.

Cluster C personality disroder

Are those diagnoses characterized by fear- based desire for control and anxiety. Cluster C includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive- compulsive personality disorders.

Cluster A personality disorders

Are those diagnoses characterized by odd beliefs and eccentric behaviors. Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders

Stacked questions Questions that should not be used in practice:

Are those that are asked in quick succession, (as opposed to a single question), for which the person has little or no time to respond. As a result, little information can be obtained from the responses.

Volunteers

Are unpaid staff

Projective identification

As in projection, the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by falsely attributing to another his/ her own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts. Unlike simple projection,, the person is aware and does not fully disavow what is projected and misattributes them as justifiable reactions to the other person. At times the person causes feelings in others that were at first mistakenly believed to be there.

Prn

As needed

Personal traits

As the five to ten traits that may be used to describe a particular person

Biological systems

Assess a client's medical history, developmental history, current medications, substance abuse history, and family history of medical illnesses.

Psychological section (of the Biopsychosocial)

Assess a client's present psychiatric illnesses or symptoms, history of the current psychiatric illnesses or symptoms, past or current psychosocial stressors, and mental status.

Diminished emotional expression

Includes reductions in the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech (prosody), and movements of the hand, head, and face that normally give an emotional emphasis to speech.

Methodology

Includes selection of measurement techniques to be used, choice of the setting where research is to be conducted and determination of the population to be studied.

Power

Determine by authority and responsibility for acting on it.

Infertility

Infertility is the inability to conceive during one year of sexual intercourse without the use of contraception, or the inability to carry a pregnancy to live birth.

Life instincts

Influence is seen in constructive, loving and altruistic acts

Death instincts

Influence is seen in destructive, hateful and aggressive acts

Instructing

Is designed to enable the client to identify behaviors suitable for certain circumstances. Useful for situations when a client is striving to meet a goal or when a client needs to learn an adaptive reactions, instruction can sometimes be effectively achieved by role- playing.

Descriptive (survey) research

Is designed to provide a description of an area of concern or interest and may lead to the formulation of research questions that can be addressed in future studies.

Exploratory (Formulative) Research

Is designed to provide preliminary data on issues and provides a basis for later, more in-depth research.

Lmp

Last menstrual period

Interpersonal Learning

Learning via the group process.

Mri

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Core Conditions

Main and necessary conditions for change, including empathy, positive regard and congruence.

Survey research

May be either descriptive or ex post facto

Life instinct

Named Eros after the Greek god of love. The life instinct, fueled by the libido, motivates the desire for food, water, sex, shelter, etc. in addition, it guarantees biological survival by governing in reproduction.

Standard scores

Observations expressed in standard deviation units above the mean. For example: Standard score= observation-mean standard deviation

Spontaneous behavior sequences

Occur when the social worker highlights an interaction that is naturally occurring in the moment and assists the family in modifying problem sequences.

Late- onset gender dysphoria

Occurs around puberty or much later in life. Some individuals report having had a desire to be of the other gender in childhood that was not expressed verbally in others. Others do not recall any signs of childhood gender dysphoria.

Paraphrasing

One basic task is to hear the client clearly and let him/ her know that he/she has been heard. The counselor takes a statement the client has made and restates it in more condensed terms and in different words. When paraphrasing a client's message, the counselor should not include emotional aspects of the client's statement. The objectives of a paraphrase are to allow the client to see that the counselor comprehends the message and enable the client to remain focused.

Early Childhood Recollections

One's memories of early childhood. In Freudian psychoanalysis, these early recollections are key in resolving adult conflicts or neurosis. Freud believed that when early childhood trauma is repressed, difficulties in adult functioning follow. The repressed memories are in the unconscious. The goal of therapy is to bring those memories to the conscious. When the repressed memories are brought to the conscious, the adult problems will be resolved.

Summarization

Overall feedback of longer statement Used in key segments of session

Semantics

Rules for selecting words that express and intended meaning

Syntax

Rules of grammar

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Was passed to ensure that no person be discriminated against in any federally funded program, was a major step toward decreasing institutionalized discrimination.

The American with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990

Was passed to prevent discrimination on the basis of disability in the areas of employment, access to public services, access to public and private transportation, and telecommunication services.

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 or Buckley Amendment

Was passed to protect the privacy of educational records of all student attending schools that receive federal funds. The law provides parents and students the right to review all educational records and required consent in writing before records could be released to a third party.

Biased

When a sampling method produces results that consistently differ from the truth about the population in the same way, the sampling method is said to be biased.

Hypothesizing

When a theory is developed about the possible function of problematic behavior in maintenance of a family system, the hypothesis is the working guidelines for organizing the therapeutic work.

Patient abandonment

When a therapist terminates a relationship with a patient without sufficient notice resulting in harm in the patient

Biopsychosocial paradigm

Which posits that biological, psychological, and social domains together play a role in the development of disease or illness.

Wnl

Within normal limits

Regret Orientation

is generally focused on the past, "if I had worked harder, I could have gotten a better grade."

Convenience sampling

Selection of units in a population that are not necessarily random but easily accessible.

Neuroscientist

Studies the anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology of the nervous system.

Sleep onset insomnia (or initial insomnia)

Involves difficulty initiating sleep at bedtime

Late insomnia

Involves ealry- morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep.

Privileged communication

Is a legal concept that refers to "... The admission of evidence into court".

Guided fantasy visualization

Is a technique that involves having the client create a mental image of an experience.

Modeling

People learn by observing others, intentionally or accidentally.

Instincts

"Inborn factors that give force and direction to psychological activities".

Anaclitic depression

A syndrome involving developmental delays, un responsiveness and social withdrawal.

Echopre

A tic-like imitation of someone else's movements

Unit

Any individual member of a population.

@hs

At hour of sleep (bedtime)

Coalitions

Can be stable or detouring

Equipotentiality

Conversely, the same family system can wind up with several different results.

F/u

Follow up

Hypnagogic

Hallucinations experienced while falling asleep.

Overgeneralization

Occurs when an individual arrives at broad principles derived from minimal information.

Sets

Repeated family reactions to stress

Anhedonia

Some individuals are unable to feel joy or to express many pleasurable emotions.

Uri

Upper respiratory infection

Negative sanctions

Indicate what constitutes unacceptable behavior and the consequences of engaging in this behavior. The should be used sparingly and only with behaviors that could result in considerable harm to the organization or its clients.

Indulgent- permissive parents

Indulgent- permissive parents are warm and caring but provide little control, make few demands and are non- punitive. Their children are often impulsive, self- centered, easily frustrated and low in achievement and independence.

Control

Taking account of extraneous factors in the experimental design, most simply by the use of equivalent groups for comparison.

Roles that the Community Organizer assumes include the following:

Teacher: assists in increasing human capacity through education. Catalyst: motivates others to take necessary action. Facilitator: assists community members to follow through on commitments. Linking role: facilitates bringing together of relevant factions of the community

Role- Playing

Technique used in group and individual counseling sessions that involves allowing individuals to assume the role of someone else to allow all involved to see how they are perceived and received. Role-playing is an effective way to practice new skills in interpersonal sites. Example: Children playing grown up roles.

Loosening/ integrating

Techniques involve encouraging the client to think in a new way (e.g asking the client to imagine believing the opposite of what he or she believes about something; having the client locate where in his or her body a specific emotion is located).

Structured Exercise

Techniques used to achieve a particular goal in a set amount of time. Structured exercises can enhance interaction and provide a focus for work or promote member independence from the leader.

Curative Factors

Term used by Yalom to describe the therapeutic processes that bring about change. These include instillation of hope, universality, imparting of information, altruism, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, development of socializing techniques, imitative behavior, interpersonal learning, group cohesiveness, catharsis and existential factors.

Stage 3: Termination, Planning Maintenance Strategies, and Evaluation

Termination should occur when treatment goals have been met. It is important for the social worker to assist the client in processing any negative emotional reactions that he or she has regarding termination. There should be an evaluation of the extent to which treatment goals were met. A plan that the client will follow up to maintain the progress that was made in therapy should be developed. A follow-up visit may be scheduled to evaluate the extent to which the client has been able to maintain gains from treatment, to adjust maintenance strategies based on the client's experience since the last visit, and to communicate the social worker's continued interest in the welfare of the client.

Meta communication

Nonverbal communication that influences the words of the verbal message.

Introjection

Occurs when a person believes the external perception of whole. The person has difficult distinguishing between "me" and "not me" and may be overly compliant.

Disengagement

Occurs when family members and subsystems of the family are isolated from each other emotionally and in terms of their interaction.

Enmeshment

Occurs when family members and subsystems of the family are overly concerned and overly involved with each other resulting in minimal autonomy in functioning.

Instillation of hope

Occurs when group members are inspired and encouraged by another member who has overcome the problems with which they are still struggling.

Central sleep apnea

Occurs when the breathing completely stops and starts during sleep. The brain fails to send proper signals to muscles that regulate breathing.

Skewed Distribution

Occurs when the distribution of some variable (e.g income) is asymmetrical (i.e. More scores are congregated in one tail of the distribution than in the other tail).

Trust

Occurs when the social worker establishes an atmosphere of safety and predictability for the client. Confidentiality must always be maintained unless the client is a danger to self or other others. Although the therapeutic relationship is important in most therapies, it is more important in some therapies (e.g psychodynamic therapy) than in others (e.g behavioral therapy).

Relative frequency

Of any value is the proportion of fraction or percent of all observations having that value. Data are univariate when only on variable is measured on each unit. Data are bivariant when exactly two variables are measured on each unti. Data are mutlivariant when more than one variable is measured on each unit.

Indirect practice

Or Macro practice, is defined as program planning and development, policy analysis, administration, and program evaluation.

Indirect Practice

Or macro practice, is defined as program planning and development, policy analysis, administration, and program evaluation.

Violence risk

Or risk of harm to others is another category that requires a timely assessment. Remember that risk cannot be entered eliminated, is dynamic, and depends on circumstances. Some of the risk factors include the following: - hx of violence of harm to others - "social restlessness" (e.g frequent relocation, job changes, few relationships) - individuals with mental disorders (unreliable predictors of risk) - emotions related to violence: irritablity, anger, hostility, susperciousness, fear - substance abuse - poor compliance with treatment; discontinuing medication - feeling persecuted by others or feeling mind or body is being controlled by external forces - evidence of recent severe stress or loss - access to victims

Simple random sample (SRS)

Or size n is a sample of n units chosen in such a way that every collection of n units from the sampling frame has the same change of being chooses. It is fair, or unbiased.

Social goals model

Originated in settlement houses and neighborhood centers The goal of this model is to raise social consciousness, social responsiblity, informed citizenry, and to encourage political and social action. In this model, the group leader acts as a role model and enabler.

Acting- Out

Overreacting that expresses a personal problem. Usually it is a call for attention. It can be vocal or physical. The member may be drawing attention to himself/ herself out of fear and distrust or out of narcissistic boredom. Examples: Name-calling, arm-waving, moving about in a threatening manner, being verbally abusive and disruptively loud.

Secondary Gains

Perceived advantages that are allowed to a patient due to an illness.

The percentile

Percentile of a set of numbers is a value such that p percent of the numbers fall below it and the rest fall above. Percentiles are derived scores expressed in terms of percentages.

Perception

Perception is a sensory experience. The main perceptual distortion is a hallucation, which is a sensory perception in the absence of any external stimulus. Hallucinations can occur in any of the five senses. The most common type of hallucination is auditory where the individual hears voices or sounds that others cannot hear. Visual hallucinations involve seeing things that others are unable to see. Tactile hallucinations involve touch. Olfactory hallucinations involve smell. Gustatory hallucinations involve taste and are generally unpleasant. Other sensory distortions include distortion of sense of time (e.g deja vu); depersonalization (distortion of the sense of self); and derealization (distortion of sense of reality).

Structuralist Theories

Promote the idea that organization's are viewed as being impacted heavily by environmental factors, that conflict is inevitable and results from differing goals and agendas, and that conflict does not have to be negative. A critical role of managers is defined as productive conflict management.

Ordinal

Refers to a level of measurement that reflects each person's position or rank with respect to a characteristic; absolute differences between levels cannot be ascertained (e.g 1=1 very satisfied; 2=2 statsified; 3=3 dissatisfied).

A "discrete period of time"

Refers to a limited period, usually less than 2 hours

Lifelong

Refers to a sexual problem that has been present from first sexual experience

Therapeutic Triangle

Refers to a social worker "joining" or engaging in work with a couple. The social worker, through avoidance of triangulation, helps the couple address, with each other, the difficulties they are experiencing.

Wholeness

Refers to all individual family members combined into the one family system and their interdependence. Idea that working on one individual within the family system will have a ripple effect causing change in the rest of the family members within the system.

Scaffolding

Refers to an experienced adult providing more help to a child who is attempting a difficult task and then less help and support as the task become easier for the child.

Emotional reasoning

Refers to an individual believing that something is true because the individual feels strongly about it and ignores evidence to the contrary.

Magnification and minimization

Refers to an individual magnifying the negative and minimizing the positive in evaluations of himself or herself and others.

Gender dysphoria as a gene derail descriptive term

Refers to an individual's affective/ cognitive discontent with the assigned gender but is more specifically defined when used as a diagnostic category.

Ratio

Refers to an interval scale with a true zero point (e.g age, height, and weight).

Circularity

Refers to behavior in systems, such as the family, that cannot be adequately explained using a simple, bi-directional, linear model; behavior can only be understood in the context of the complex interaction patterns of the family.

Circular Model of Causality

Refers to behavior's of different subsystems that reciprocity impact each other.

Zero- based budgeting

Refers to budgeting based on zero dollars at the beginning of the budget year. The organization must justify each dollar requested. The goal is eliminate unnecessary budget allocations.

Placebo Effect

Refers to changes in a dependent variable that results from a subject's belief that he or she is being treated (e.g patient's of a pain clinic may report a decrease in pain after being given a placebo of a "dummy" treatment).

Projection

Refers to disowning aspects of self by assigning them to other people. For example, if you extremely dislike an individual, a form of projection would be for you to portray the scenario that he or she dislikes you instead. Paranoia is an extreme form of projection.

Premature (early) ejaculation

Refers to ejaculation that persistently occurs within 1 minute following vaginal penetration and before the individual wishes for it to occur. Such occurrence results in significant distress or interpersonal conflict. This is the most common form of sexual dysfunction in novel sexual situations or in men who have had a substantial interval since last orgasm.

Transference

Refers to emotional reactions assigned to current relationships that come from earlier so relationships, often unresolved issues directed at the social worker that are beyond the client's awareness. In transference emotions go from client to therapist. Affectionate feelings constitute positive transference; and hostile feelings are negative transference. Steps to address: 1. Recognize 2. Process use or don't use 3. Confront client

Work Hardening

Refers to facilitating the return of a worker to the work force. Work hardening programs have become full- service programs to address the needs of returning the patient to gainful employment.

Interpersonal learning (AKA interpersonal input)

Refers to group members achieving a greater level of self- awareness through interaction and receiving feedback from others. The stage of "self understanding" or "insight" often falls into this category.

Imitative behavior (AKA identification)

Refers to group members developing social skills through the modeling process, observation, and imitating the social worker and other group members (e.g sharing personal feelings, showing concern).

Need for. Achievement Orientation

Refers to individuals who crave success and fear failure. These individuals are driven to continue to perform an unrealistic, unattainable concept of what constitutes success. They tend to work hard when recognition is the result, but may alienate others by placing high demands on others for achievement.

Homogenous

Sharing a common interest or problem or sharing common characteristics. Example: Adolescent males in a group or an all- schizophrenic group, though including males and females.

Motivation

Should also be explored. The social worker can ask the client directly about his or her level of motivation or can assess the level of motivation based on the client's answer to questions that are asked. Sometimes a client can have devious reasons for seeking therapy, such as wanting secondary gains. Examples of this may include satisfying someone else's request of the client to obtain help or avoiding negative legal consequences.

Danger to self or others

Should be explored in the initial interview. If the social worker senses any indication that the client is planning to harm his or herself or another person, the social worker should take immediate action. The social worker should have a knowledge of the risk factors that indicate a high probability for self- harm within age, gender, and cultural groups.

Problem areas

Should be identified from the client's point of view.. The client should be encouraged to express himself or herself regarding the presenting problem, as well as other problems that hare of concern to the client. Sometimes social workers are hesitant to ask questions for fear that they upset the client. However, the most pertinent information is often obtained when the client is most upset. A social worker should never deliberately try to evoke or upset emotional state in a client. The social worker should also be cautious when dealing with a client who is psychiatrically unstable, as knowledge and skill are needed to handle this type of client reaction. Personal and environmental problem areas, including economic factors, that are having an effect on the client's psychosocial functioning should be explored and identified.

Line graphs

Show the trend of a variable over time.

Object permanence

The appreciation that an object no longer in view can still exist and may reappear later.

Intake

The assessment process generally begins with the intake interview, where pertinent information is gathered. Then, in the intake interview a more extensive social history is written, which leads to a statement of a client strengths and problem areas (or to a diagnosis) and then a treatment plan.

Units

The basic objects on which the experiment is done. When the units are human beings, they are called subjects.

Variable

The characteristic of a unit to be measured for those units in the sample.

The precipitating factor

The client is pushed into a state of active crisis marked by disequilibrium, disorganization and immobility (e.g the last straw).

Gathering data via interviewing

The client's self- report should focus on the following area: - problem areas - strengths - support systems - attitude - motivation - relationships - use of recourses - danger to self or others

Exception Questions

are considered to be the core of Solution-Focused intervention. Designed to diminish the problem, these questions assist client to identify when their current situation did not exist. The exception question also advances the client's ability to externalize or separate themselves from the problem by building upon their strengths and resources. Exception questions can also encourage the exploration of past or current behaviors, effectively helping clients to discover clues to solutions within their own experience.

The superego (Morality Principle)

arises out of the ego. Over time, the child adopts values from their environment and a belief about what constitutes good and bad.

relationship-building skill by the social worker include:

the use of empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence, authenticity, and relating assertively when warranted by the situation.

Case manager

A case manager may be a necessary role when client's do not have the capacity to follow through on referrals.

Referential delusions

(I.e belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, and so forth are directed on oneself) are also common.

Persecutory delusions

(I.e belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, and so forth by an individual, organization, or other group) are most common.

Erotomanic delusions

(I.e when an individual believes falsely that another person is in love with him or her).

Grandiose delusions

(I.e when an individual believes that he or she has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame).

Open groups

(New members may be added at any time) offer member fresh input and allow them to benefit from the success of graduates; however, they can often impede the development of trust, acceptance, and cohesiveness.

Closed groups

(New members not added after a cut-off period) are most effective for short- term, task- oriented therapy.

Autistic fantasy

(Sometimes only called fantasy) is a mechanism by which an individual daydreams excessively as a substitute for real action. An example would be a young man who daydreams excessively about being a rock star but does not take music lessons or practice the guitar.

ABC Model

(A= antecdent, B= behavior, C= conseqnce) Provides a coherent and practical approach to understanding problems, the systems involved, and the roles they play.

Nuclear family emotional system

(Formerly called undifferentiated family ego mass) has reference to a family in which members' identities are fused.

A crisis

(Hazardous event) is defined as an "upset in a steady state [state of equilibrium] that poses an obstacle, usually important to the fulfillment or important life goals or to vital need satisfaction, and the individual [or family] cannot overcome through usual methods of problem solving". A crisis is generally defines as short- term and overwhelming.

External assessment

- health and safety factors - social support systems - environmental needs of adults and children - cultural norms - educational support and needs - precipitating events that brought the client to seek social work services

Solution-Focused Questions

- Scaling - Coping - Exceptions - Miracle

Internal assessment

- biophysical functioning - use and abuse of alcohol and drugs - cognitive and perceptual functioning - emotional functioning - mental disorders - behavioral functioning - motivation - degree of acculturation - language fluency - problem solving skills

Forms of dysfunctional communication include the following:

- blaming and critiquing - mind reading (when a family member represents his or her interpretations of the beliefs or feelings of other family members are reality) - making incomplete statements - making statements that imply that events are unalterable when they are not - over-generalizing - double bind communication: a communication that involves contradictory demands

Steps in a Test of Signifance

- choose the null hypotheses Ho and the alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha). Designed to test to assess the strength of the evidence against Ho. H1 is a statement of the acceptable alternative if the evidence enables rejection of Ho. - choose the significance level, a statement of how much evidence against Ho will be accepted as decisive. - choose the test statistic on which the test will be based. This is a statistic that measures how well the data conforms to Ho. - find the p-value for the observed data. This is the probability that the test statistic weighs against Ho at least as strongly as it would from these data if Ho were in fact true. If the p-value is less than or equal to the level of significance, the test is statically significant at the chosen level of significant.

The strengths perspective of assessment provides the following benefits for the client and his or her social environment:

- empowers clients to solve their own problems - examines possible alternatives - teaches competencies - creates more equality b/w the client and the social worker - builds self- confidence - helps clients to see that problems are influenced by multiple factors, are interactive, and are ever- changing

Stages of Task- Centered Treatment include

- engagement - problem- centered assessment - the development of problem- solving tasks or planning implementation - performing problem- solving tasks - at the beginning of each session, reviewing progress in achieving a tasks - social worker and client planning a new task or dealing with obstacles task completions - evaluation - termination

Protective factors of suicide may include the following:

- no access to guns, lethal drugs, weapons - strong support system - religious and cultural beliefs about suicide - problem- solving skills - MH care, including treatment for substance disorders

Risk factors for suicide may include the following:

- previous suicide attempt - family hx of suicide - mental disorder - alcohol and substance use - serious physical illness - hx of abuse or trauma - impulsiveness; aggressive tendencies - feelings of hopelessness - significant losses - isolation, no support system - lack of MH care - easy access to weapons, drugs, or other means

The Basic Tenets of Community Organization include:

- the community is the client - communities may need assistance in learning how best to meet their needs - their lives of human beings can be enriched by achieving a better balance between resources available for social welfare and social we flare needs of community members. - the community needs to be understood and accepted as it is. - it is essential to fully involve all elements of the population. - community organization involves work with various intracommunity entities. - the different elements of a community are interdependent.

The goals of Crisis Intervention include the following

- to reduce the impact of the crisis situation in the present (reduce symtpoms) - to assist the individual in more effectively responding to the impact of the stressful event via the mobilization of the individual's internal (psychological) and external (e.g social, financial) resources - restoration to at least pre- crisis level of functioning

General Guidelines for Working with Clients

-Begin where the client is. - Goals must have the potential to benefit the client. - The client and social worker should work in partnership to identify treatment goals. - When difficult situations arise in practice, it is generally appropriate to be honest and direct. Talking through an issue can be beneficial to the client, not only in addressing the difficult situations, but also in viewing the talking-through process as a model of behavior the client can use with other difficult situations. - When there are cultural differences between the client and the social worker, it is important that the social worker acknowledge these differences and provide a culturally competent assessment of the client's situation, as well as culturally competent interventions. - When possible, clients should be assigned a social worker who speaks the language with which the client is most comfortable. When this is not possible, the services of a translator may be needed. - Social workers should not try to "reality test" with a delusional client. Instead, social workers should deal with the client's anxiety and thoughts in a calm, empathetic manner and arrange for the client to obtain a psychiatric evaluation as soon as possible. - Social workers should always be aware of transference and counter- transference situations.

Integration of skills: Five Interview Stages

1. Accentuate the positive (but be aware of the negative) 2. Be careful of only seeking war stories 3. Be careful of rescuing (not letting the client "feel bad") 4. If the therapist avoids hard issues, so will the client 5. Focus on the positive, search for positive assets in the client and the situation

Steps in Cognitive Restructuring

1. Assist clients in accepting that their self-statements determine their emotional reactions to events. 2. Assist client in identifying dysfunctional beliefs and thought patterns. 3. Assist clients in identifying situations involving dysfunctional cognitions. 4. Assist clients in replacing dysfunctional cognitions with functional self- statements. 5. Assist clients in identifying rewards and incentives for successful coping efforts.

There are three types of crises:

1. Situational, which is a stressful event (e.g seeing someone decapitated) 2. Maturatation, which is a developmentally- based crisis (e.g starting school 3. Crisis due to cultural values or societal factors (e.g homosexuality In a heterosexuality- oriented society)

The elements of a case presentation would include the following:

1. Social history information. 2. Individual: issues, strenghts, and resiliency, education, legal issues, substance abuse, abuse, and neglect. 3. Family: history, dynamics 4. Community: social support, agency involvement. 5. Diversity issues 6. Possible ethical issues: client self- determination 7. Recommendations for intervention, including resources.

Ethical standards of behavior for social workers in six areas:

1. Social workers' ethical responsibilities to clients 2. Social workers' ethical responsibilities to colleagues 3. Social workers' ethical responsibilities in practice settings 4. Social workers' ethical responsibilities as professionals 5. Social workers' ethical responsibilities to the social work profession 6. Social workers' responsibilities to the broader society

The stages typically experienced by individuals in crisis are summarized as follows:

1. The individual experiences a crisis of precipitating event. 2. The individual expresses increased tension and shock, possible denial of the crisis situation, and failure of customary coping skills. 3. The individual experiences sharply escalating tension, varying levels of depression, and feelings of being overwhelmed, confused, helpless, or hopeless. 4. The individual attempts to use different means of coping. - these means of coping may be maladaptive, which may result in emotional collapse or suicide, or they are adaptive, which results in the client regaining a new equilibrium at the same level of higher than the pre- crisis level of functioning

A new person's assimilation into a group depends on the following factors:

1. The size of the group- large groups are less affected by a new member, and 2. The age of the group- if the group is fairly young, it typically accepts a new member with relative ease.

in solution-focused approach, there are three types of individuals:

1. customers 2. complainants 3. visitors

Self- Help Groups

A coming together of people who have the same needs or difficulties in a particular area to vent and grow. Majority of groups are on a voluntary basis for the purpose of personal growth and the need to overcome in a community where everyone has a common ground. Members help themselves by assuming personal responsibility and taking action to resolve concerns. Example: New Beginnings for newly divorced.

Mental Health Centers

A commonly- sued referral source, provide inpatient and outpatient services for both adults and children. Mental health centers, both non-for-profit and for profit, provide an extensive array of medical, psychiatric, and social services.

Generalized amnesia

A complete loss of memory for one's life history, is rare. Individuals with generalized amnesia may forget personal identity. Some loss previous knowledge about the world (I.e semantic knowledge) and can no longer access well- learned skills (I.e procedural knowledge).

Boundaries

A concept used in struts real family therapy to describe emotional barriers that protect and enhance the integrity of indivduals, subsystems and families. Can be diffused (enmeshed), rigid (disengaged), or clear.

Extinction

A conditioned response fades over time as a conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned, natural stimulus. Refers to a gradual decrease and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are no longer paired. After some time, when meat powder is presented to the dog without any bell, the bell loses its ability to elicit salivation.

Counter conditioning

A conditioned stimulus is coupled with another stimulus to evoke a response contrary to that produced by the original stimulus.

Stimulus generalization

A conditioned stimulus is repeated along with another like stimulus until the latter alone produces the reposes. Refers to the "spilling over" of the conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar, but not identification, to the conditioned stimuls. Thus, the bell with a slightly different pitch can elicit the condition response of salivation form the dog.

Informing

A counselor who is informing gives a client important information regarding alternatives, decisions or plans the client is considering. Giving information is different from giving advice b/c it allows the client to retain responsibility for his/ her actions and choices. By providing the facts, alternatives or available resources, the counselor gives the client the right and responsibility to choose which information he/ she will use.

Thought content

A description of thought content would describe a client's delusions, obsessions, phobias, over- valued ideas, and pre- occupation. Thought content ob abnormalities are measured through open- needed, conversational types of questions with the client. Delusions (false ideas or beliefs which are not held by the client's educational, cultural and social background) are abnormalities of thought content. The content of delusions can be paranoid, grandiose, erotomanic, jealousy, or delusions of reference (a comment or action that is interpreted to have special meaning to the client). Thought withdrawal is a belief that one's thoughts are being withdrawn from one's mind. Thought insertion is a belief that others are putting thoughts into one's mind. Thought broadcasting is a belief that one's thoughts are broadcasted or heard by others.

Depersonalization

A detached sense of oneself (e.g seeing oneself from the other side of the room)

Sociogram

A diagram representing the pattern of relationships between individuals in a group, the form in which individuals of a group come together and express how they feel about one another.

Bimodal

A distribution with two most - frequently occurring scores.

Bupropion

A drug that has a stimulant- type effect and is used primarily for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Bupropion can also be used to treat ADHD, Bipolar Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, to reduce cocaine craving, to help kick smocking and to reduce lower back pain. Since about 0.4% of people taking this drug will experience seizures, use extreme caution when prescribing to people with seizures.

Ludiomil

A drug used to treat depression, including the depressed phase of manic- depressive illness (Bipolar Disorder), psychotic depression (Unipolar Depression) and involutional melancholia. It should not be use in patients with known or suspected convulsive disorders.

Localized amnesia

A failure to recall events during a circumscribed period of time, is the most common form of dissociative amnesia.

Muscle Dysmorphia

A form of body Dysmorphic disorder occurring almost exclusively in males, consists of preoccupation with the idea that one's body is too small or in sufficiently lean or muscular. Individuals with this form of the disorder actually have a normal- looking body or are even very muscular. They may also be preoccupied with other body areas, such as skin or hair. A majority (but not all) diet, exercise, and/ or life weights excessively, sometimes causing bodily damage. Some use potentially dangerous anabolic- androgenic steroids and other substances to try to

T-Test

A formula for evaluating the means of two groups. It is used in comparing two groups such as in an experiment that involves controlling a variable in each group and looking for a difference in outcome. It is computed using a ratio of the difference of each group's mean (average) to the dispersion of the scores.

Child Protective Services

A function of the Division of Child and Family Services, provides legal protection and a variety of support services for abused and neglected children. Some of the services include investigation, shelter care, foster care, family Couseling, therapy, juvenile court involvement, health services, and other resources to help families and children.

Cohesion

A goal, a value that provides a feeling of belonging and unity. Beginning to build cohesion is the task of the first group session. Example: The trust experienced within the group is one another.

Transdisciplinary teams

A group of health care professionals and the patient/ client/ consumer and identified members of his/ her support systems freely share ideas and work together as a synergistic whole where ideas and sharing of responsibilities is common place in routine care.

Interdisciplinary teams

A group of health care professionals that work together for a common purpose, working interdependently where some degree of sharing roles, tasks and duties can overlap with both formal and informal lines of communication to better assist the patient/ client/ consumer.

Pandisciplinary teams

A group of health care professionals that work together in a specialized area where each member of the team is seen as equal in the delivery of care with similar skills for assisting the client. There are no distinctions and the professional is considered an expert in an area not necessarily a professional discipline. For example, if it is working in geriatrics all individuals would be considered a skilled professional listed by subject area rather profession.

Multidisciplinary teams

A group of professionals working together for a common purpose, working independently while sharing information through formal lines of communication to better assist the patient/ client/ consumer.

Marathon Group Therapy

A group therapy session that meets over a long period of time. Marathon group therapy requires the group therapist to set clear and realistic treatment goals with the members, to establish a clear focus within the structure and to maintain an active role to work in the time frame. Example: Alcoholics Anonymous.

Closed (or Closed- Ended) Group

A group therapy structured to begin and end within previously designed time frame. No new members are admitted within that time frame. Example: A six- month, one-a-week, weight- loss support group.

Sensitivity Group

A group where everyone partakes in expressing and receiving feelings of other in hopes of becoming more aware of one's own feelings. Once a member is able to challenge his/ her resistance on a feeling level, he/ she is better able to challenge his/ her cognitive level.

Single- Session Group

A group where the individuals and the therapist generally meet once to focus on one problem. A variety of approaches to brief group treatment have been developed and are effective and economical. Example: Managed care.

Task- Oriented Group

A group where the members stay focused on a particular problem within a short time period. Examples: Task forces, committees, planning groups, community organization and discussion groups.

Theme- Oriented Group

A group where the members stay focused on a particular theme; emphasizes the individual group and theme. Examples: Compassionate Friends, hospice.

Serotonin

A hormone manufactured by the brain, it is a neurotransmitter, involved in the transmission of nerve impulses using the amino acid tryptophan. Release of serotonin or other drugs (depending on the type of nerve) causes other nerves to fire and continue the message along the "cable". Certain amino as cause people to have better feeling ow well-being. Serotonin is a chemical that helps maintain a "happy feeling", and it seems to help keep our moods under control by helping with sleep, calming anxiety and relieving depression.

Mary Richmond

A key developer of social casework, was a leader in the Charity Organization Societies Movement.

Clutter

A larger group of usually unrelated or marginally related objects piled together Ina disorganized fashion in spaces designed for other purposes.

Leader Style

A leader's unique traits, often influenced by one's theoretical preferences. Example: Dr. Joe loves to laugh and tries to insert humor whenever possible.

Variable

A measured characteristic of a unit. A valid measure of a property, assuming it is relevant or appropriate as a representative of that property.

Acting- In

A member being passive due to personal issues and unwillingness to share. Example: Sitting with crossed arms and legs and not speaking could reflect lack of trust. The member is possibly new. He/ she could have brought negative personal residue to the session.

Fluoxetine

A member of a new class of antidepressant medications that affects chemical messengers within the brain. These chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters. Many experts believe that an imbalance in these neurotransmitters is the cause of depression. Fluoxetine is believed to work by inhibiting the release or affecting the action of serotonin. Fluoxetine is used in the treatment of depression and Obsessive- Compulsive Disorders.

Social Microcosm

A mini world formed by the blending of diverse cultures and/ or experiences that attempts to reflect in some ways all of the dimensions of the members' real social environment.

Emotional blunting

A muffled or apathetic response to material that would typically evoke a stronger response (e.g happiness, despair, anger).

Tardive Dyskinesia (late- Stage Dyskinesia)

A neurological syndrome caused by a long- term use of neuroleptic drugs. Tardive Dyskinesia is characterized by repetivie, involuntary or purposeless movements. Features of the disorder may include grimacing, tongue protrusion, li- smacking, puckering/ pursing and rapid eye blinking. Rapid movements of the arms, legs and trunk may also occur. Impaired movements of the fingers may make it appear as through the patient is playing an invisible guitar or piano..

Normal family development

A normal family has the structure to deal with their problems. Normal family development is accomplished with accommodation and boundary making.

Sample

A part or subset of the population used to gain information about the whole.

Identity. Moratorium

A period marked by confusion, discontent and rebellion, identity moratorium occurs when an adolescent experiences an identity crisis and is activity exploring alternative identities.

Denial

A person in denial refuses to acknowledge a situation that causes anxiety or distress.

Stereotype Vulnerability

A person's tendency to expect and perceive negative stereotypes about one's race or social standing and be influenced by them.

Group Psychotherapy

A process of re-education that includes both conscious and unconscious awareness and both the present and past. It is psychotherapeutic intervention in a group setting. Example: Anorexic teenaged girls meeting daily while hospitalized for eating disorder.

Secure attachment

A securely attached infant is mildly upset by the mother's absence and actively seeks contact with her when she returns. Mothers of securely attached children are emotionally sensitive and responsive.

Coloring Therapy

A simple intervention to use. The activity of coloring itself is used as a way to begin to quiet the mind, listen inwardly and open up to higher knowledge, healing and creativity. This alternative to formal meditation practice can help people of all ages in recovery to improve coping and awareness skills through an enjoyable activity.

Echolalia

A symptom of certain forms of mental disorder in which the individual repeats words from a question he/she has been asked, much like a parrot.

Mental disorders (as defined in DSM-5)

A syndrome that causes clinically significant problems with cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior that results in dysfunction mental functioning and is "associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities".

Schema

A system of organized general knowledge stored in longer- term memory that guides the encoding and retrieval of information.

Encounter Group

A term coined by Carl Rogers for an experiential group that helps people discover knowledge about human relations and themselves. An effective leader provides emotional stimulation, caring and meaning attribution and performs administrative functions. Example: A socially isolated college student joined an encounter group to learn social skills in a safe setting.

Transactional Analysis (TA)

A therapeutic approach by Eric Berne that focuses on the interactions of people. It relies on the Id, Ego, and the Super Ego, theory of personality and an organized system of interactional therapy. We make current decisions based on past premises that were at one time appropriate for our survival.

Personal Integrated Eclectic Model

A therapeutic style that can adapt to each member in a unique way. It's perspective is based on concepts and techniques form various theories. Examples: Person- centered therapy or a popular teacher.

Copropaxia

A tic-like sexual or obscene gesture

Biopsychosocial

A tool that provides information on the currnet/ presenting issue or issues; a client's past and present physical health, including developmental milestones; a client's emotional function; educational or vocational background; cultural issues; spiritual and religious beliefs; environmental issues; and social functions.

Interoceptive Training

A type of conditioning technique where the therapist helps the client become more capable of recognizing and coping with the social cues, triggers and early signals of a panic attack.

Trauma

A type of physical or mental (the psyche) injury that can be present in stress- related disorders such as PTSD, feelings include numbness, withdrawal, anxiety and fear.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Acceptance of and caring for others. This is the position a therapist takes when counseling a client. He/she believes people are all right despite their actions and the effects on themselves and others. Example: Rogerian Therapy.

Clarification

Accompanied by other techniques such as questioning, paraphrasing and restating Shows understanding of the client in the interview If done from a not- knowing stance, it should not invoke defensive response

Internal consistency or slit half method

After splitting a single test into two parts, one test is given at a time, and the correlation between the halves is calculated. This measures internal consistency and equivalence. The Spearman-Brown Formula is used to determine if splitting the test has any affect on its reliability. This formula identifies the effect of shortening the length of a test on its reliability.

Closed (questions)

Allows for Yes, No, or one word answers, leads client to focus answers, usually relatively short.

Reframing or Cognitive Reframing

Allows for a different perspective Used to challenge negative self- concepts and harmful thinking patterns. The purpose of reframing is to lead to behavioral change.

Open (questions)

Allows unlimited answer options, helps the client explore issues and talk at great length.

Conflict Theory

Also known as Social Conflict Theory, was born out of the philosophy of Karl Marx and then later, Max Weber. Conflict Theory states that society is actually held together through conflict rather than function. It is argued that groups within society are born with conflict rather than playing a specific functional role. The essence of societal change comes from each group's attempt to better its own social status at the expense of other groups.

Direct practice

Also known as micro or clinical practice, direct practice refers to working with individuals, couples, families, and groups. In direct practice, social workers provide professional therapeutic services, which include psychotherapy, education, advocacy, referral, mediation, and social action.

Direct Practice

Also known as micro or clinical practice, refers to working with individuals, couples, families, and groups. In this practice, social workers provide professional therapeutic services, which include psychotherapy, education, advocacy, referral, mediation, and social action.

Defense mechanisms

Although the individual is unaware of them, defense mechanisms provide protection against negative feelings associated with painful events. The events may be physical or mental.

The Foster Care Independent Act of 1999 (P.L 106-169)

Amended Part E of the Social Security Act to provide funding and greater flexibility in programs that help children transition from foster care to independent living. One of the provision gave states an option to extend Medicaid coverage to emancipated foster children to age 21.

The Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (P.L 105-89)

Amended Title IV-E of the Social Security Act to promote the adoption of foster children. The Act renames the Family snd Support Services Program as the "Safe and Stable Families Program". The program increased the accountability of states to accelerate permanent placement, promote adoptions, and ensure the safety of neglected and abused children. The Act was passed to ensure that children have their own individual rights and needs where safety is concerned.

The Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 (P.L 108- 36)

Amended the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), the Adoption Opportunities Act, the Abandoned Infants Assistance Act, and the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act. This Act enhanced the linkages between Child Protective Services (CPS) agencies and mental health, public health, and developmental disabilities agencies.

Advanced Accurate Empathy

An accurate understanding of a client based on an active listening and responding to the information (self- disclosure feedback). In rational- emotive therapy, Ellis talks about this importance of accurate empathy. This is a continuing thee in therapeutic approaches. It relates to the congruency of the therapist. Example: When a therapist has a genuine grasp of what the client is trying to convey.

Neuropsychology

An area of psychology and neurology, neuropsychology focuses on understanding the structure and function in of the brain as it relates to the psychological process as well as overt psychical behaviors.

Approving

An effective technique for reinforcing concrete and ideal alterations in a client's feelings and behaviors is approving. This is a response most commonly used in the latter stages of counseling.

Confronting

An example of confronting is demonstrating to a client discrepancies found in a single verbal message.

Continuous amnesia

An individual forgets each new event as it occurs.

Hysteria

An older term with current usage being limited. It is equated to the DSM in terms of the unconscious disorders where the individual is unaware and separates from reality in some way. Examples would be mental health disorders such as the somatoform disorders where the client is unaware and completely denies having the disorder (e.g conversion reactions or Conversion Disorder, as well as, some dissociative reactions and the subsequent disorders).

Projection

An unconscious process, projection is the assignment of unacceptable thoughts and behaviors found within oneself to another person.

Full disclosure

An understanding of relevant information: desired outcome of treatment, likelihood of success, potential risks, altneratives, consequences of lack of treatment.

The Elder Justice Act of 2009 is part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L 111-148)

And authorizes funding in a number of areas regarding elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation. The Act requires owners, employees, and operators of longer- term care facilities to report if they suspect crimes have been committed in the facility. Care facilities must also provide for adequate transfer and relocation of residents. Background checks are required on prospective employees who have direct patient contact in longer- term care facilities.

Tangentially

Answers to questions may be obliquely related or complexly unrelated

Treatment

Any specific experimental condition applied to the units. A treatment is usually a combination of specific values (called levels) of each experimental factor.

Assessment instruments

Any tests or assessments that have been given to the client are necessary pieces of information for the formation of a diagnosis and treatment plan for the client. In general, social workers are not trained nor licensed to administer or interpret psychological tests and are only allowed to use evaluation tools for which they are qualified to administer and interpret. As part of the assessment procedure, the social worker can, with client permission, gather school tests results, vocational testing, achievement tests, psychiatric evaluations, and psychological tests.

Acquired

Applies to sexual disorders that develop after a period of relatively normal sexual function.

Culture explanations or perceived causes

Are labels, attributes, or features of an explanatory model that indicate culturally recognized meaning or etiology for symptoms, illness, or distress.

Relationships

Are an essential component of the data gathering process. Interpersonal relationships frequently play a key role in seeking treatment. The patterns of behavior that may be contributing to the presenting problem can be identified. Relationships in the client's work environment may contribute to the client's problems, so gathering information about the client's employment history is valuable.

Participative Management Theories

Are based o not he premise that workers will be more productive and loyal to the employing organization if they are involved in decision-making that effects them. The democratic process is the means to achieving consensus between workers and organizational goals.

Scientific Management Theories.

Are based on the assumption the economic issues constitute the chief motivation of workers and that they behave in rational ways. These theories stress that it is the responsibility of management to determine the best way to get full productivity from workers via their own research efforts and the study of the research efforts of others in the field of managment.

Administrative Management Theories

Are based on the belief that there are identifiable management principles (e.g specialization LEDs to an increase in production and to quality of what is produced; remuneration should be fair and agreeable to both manager and employee when possible; esprit de corps, which refers to the morale of the group, should be promoted by managers) and the management skill can be taught.

Feedback loops

Are chains of stimulus and response. Problems are made worse when a problem behavior elicits a response that makes it continue or worsen. "Positive feedback loop" is the center- piece of the strategic mode.

Circadian rhythm sleep- wake disorders

Are characterized by a persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep caused by incongruity between the sleep- wake requirements imposed by the person's environment and actual sleep- wake patterns. It leads to excessive sleepiness, insomnia or both. Disorder types include: - delayed sleep phase type: (a pattern of late onset of sleep and late awakening that persists in spite of efforts to change that pattern). - advanced sleep phase type: an inability to remain awake or asleep until the desired or conventially acceptable later sleep or wake times.

Cultural syndromes

Are clusters of symptoms and attributions that tend to co-occur among individuals in specific cultural groups, community ties, or contexts and that are recognized locally as coherent patterns of experience.

Alignments

Are coalitions between subsystems in the family that serve a specific purpose.

Support groups

Are comprised of members with a common problem or set of circumstances (e.g a group for single fathers) who provide each other with assistance in dealing effectively with their situations.

Motor stereotypies

Are defined as involuntary rhythmic, repetitive predictable movements that appear purposeful but serve no obvious adaptive functional purpose and stop with distraction. Examples include repetitive hand waving/ rotating, arm flapping, and finger wiggling.

Abused Women's Shelters

Are designed to provide protection, temporary housing, Couseling, and support services for victims of domestic violence.

Symmetrical relationships

Are egalitarian relationships, in which roles are mirror images.

Intervening and Extraneous Variables

Are factors other than the Independent Variable that may exert influence on the outcome.

Plans

Are formal vehicles for controlling behavior that include the organization's budget, rules, policies and procedures, and strategies. Plans provide a clear direction relative to what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Given their impersonal nature, they tend to engender minimal resentment.

Policies

Are general statements or understandings means to provide a basis of thinking, decision-making, and behavior.

Life skills

Are indicative of client functioning and may be deemed as strengths or limitations in the client's situation. Depending on the age and ability of the client, factors to be observed may include the client's mobility, money management, cleanliness, personal hygeine, communication skills, organizational skills, social skills, problem- solving skills, self- care, and work skills.

Professionals

Are individuals who are qualified to provide services that require significant training and expertise.

Indigenous non professionals

Are individuals whose life experiences or cultural identity enables them to work well with particular clients or problems.

Non- rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders

Are non REM sleep arousal disorders that represent variation of both wakefulness and non REM sleep. It results in a combination of complex motor behaviors without conscious awareness. There are recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, accompanied by either sleepwalking or sleep terrors. The individual does not remember any dream imagery and amnesia for the episodes is present.

Complex motor tics

Are of longer duration (i.e. Second) and often include a combination of a simple tic such as simultaneous head turning and shoulder shrugging.

Simple motor tics

Are of short duration (i.e. Milliseconds) and can include eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, and extension of the extremities.

Hospice Services

Are part of a continuum of services for elderly and terminally ill individuals.

Obsessions

Are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted.

Hospital Emergency Services

Are referral sources for suicidal inviduals, person's experiencing drug and alcohol overdoes, and acute mental illness episodes.

Complementary relationships

Are relationships that involve a fit between different roles.

Compulsions

Are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.

Budgets

Are represented as set dollar amounts and a re based on expected future income and expenditures.

Professional Values and Ethics

Are required through education and socialization by professionals, and provide a basis of appropriate behavior.

Inflexible family structures

Are rigid structures that do not lend themselves to being changed in the face of changing family circumstances (e.g environmental and developmental crises).

Interpersonal boundaries

Are rulers that control the amount of involvement family members have with each other and with others who are not part of the family.

Self- Anchored Rating Scales

Are scales created by the client and social worker to measure progress in achieving treatment objectives.

Subsystems

Are some part of the family (e.g the parents)

Objectives

Are specific, measurable task that need to be achieved, and the achievement of the objectives signifies goal attainment.

Rules

Are specified requirements for behavior and decision- making designed to minimize the need for use of judgement and discretion.

Procedures

Are specified ways of conducting business with an emphasis on the chronology of events designed to standardize activities in organizations.

Descriptive Statistics

Are statistics that simply summarize a set of observations.

Body techniques

Are techniques for increasing the clients' awareness of their bodies, and helping them to learn new ways of using their bodies to create additional self- awareness and to engage in meaningful contact with others.

Cluster B personality disorders

Are those diagnoses characterized by erratic and dramatic behaviors and emotional instability.. Cluster B includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.

Closed- ended questions Questions that have utility in practice

Are those that can be answered with few words and are used to obtain specific information such as, "How old are you?" Or "Where do you go to school?".

Cardinal trait

Are those that contribute to the dominate feature in someone's personality.

Ego defense mechanisms

Are unconscious strategies used by the ego to minimize distress caused by the conflicting demands of the id and superego.

Compliments

Are used by the social worker to compliment the client on successful problem- solving or coping strategies used in the past.

Scatter plots

Are used to graph bivariant data when both variables are measured on an interval/ ratio or ordinal scale. Units for one variable are marked on the horizontal axis and units for the other on the vertical axis. If one variable is independent and the other is dependent, the independent variable should always be placed on the horizontal axis.

Scaling Questions

Are used to obtain a quantitative measure from the client on different issues and progress at different point in therapy. For instance, a social worker may ask, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate your problem? How confident are you that you can solve the problem?"

Circular questions

Are utilized as an interviewing technique whereby family members are asked questions that help them to think in relational terms. The client is asked to state what another person thinking. Sometimes this is referred to as "mind reading". For example, the client's may be asked, "what does your brother think of your sister's decision to get married?"

Cultural idioms of distress

Are ways of expressing distress that may not involve specific symptoms or syndrome, but that provide collective, shared ways ot experiencing and talking about personal or social concerns. For example, everyday talk about "nerves" or "depression" may refer to widely varying forms of suffering without mapping onto a discrete set of symptoms, syndrome, or disorder.

Programs

Are written as "self- contained packages" with their own unique set of goals, objectives, policies, procedures and rules, and oftentimes, budgeted.

Goals

Are written as general statements relative to what an organization wants to accomplish.

Self- Actualization

Becoming one with reality; growth toward wholeness. Examples: Ghandi and Mother Theresa.

Cognition

Assess the client's level of alterness, orientation, attention, memory, language, and executive functioning. Alertness is assessed by the individual's level of consciousness (awareness of an responsive as to the environment). The level of consciousness can be alert, drowsy, clouded, or stupor. Attention and concentration is assessed by serial sevens (subtracting 7 from 100, 7 from 93, etc) and digit span (ability to repeat numbers in a specific sequence). Memory is assessed on three levels: immediate recall (repeating words), short- term (recalling three items after a small time delay), Andy long- term (recollection of historical or geographical facts). Language is assessed through the ability to name objects,, repeat phrases, and observing spontaneous speech. Executive functioning can be screened by asking about similarities (e.g "What do a ball and an orange have in common?") and proverbs (e.g Ask the client the meaning of the proverb, "People in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.").

Socialization groups

Assist members in negotiating developmental stages and adapting to changes in roles or environment (e.g a group for new immigrants).

Evaluative Research

Attempts to determine the extent to which an intervention or program has been successful in achieving its goals and objectives and/ r is cost effective.

Attitude

Attitude refers to the client's interaction with the MH professional. The client's attitude may be described as cooperative, uncooperative, hostile, guarded, or suspicious.

Significant level

Because the strength of the evidence provided by the data is measured by the p-value, an acceptable p-value must be determined. The decisive value is called the significant level. If the required significant level is set at 0.05, that data evidence again Ho (Null Hypothesis) must be so strong that the occurrence being tested would happen no more than 5% of the time (1/20) when Ho is really tue. If the value is set at 0.01, stronger evidence against the Ho is required, such that it would appear only 1% of the time (1/100) of Ho is true. A common way to state significance at level 0.01 is p<0.01. Here p stands for the p-value.

Behavior

Behavior included general observations about the client's level of activity, specific abnormal movements, eye contact, and gait. Examples of abnormal movements or tremor include tics, Catontania, repetitive purposeless movements (head banging, rocking), odd mannerisms, restlessness, psychomotor agitation, or retardation.

Current behavior

Behavior within the family, either individual or as a unit, is neither right nor wrong.

Negative feedback (homeostasis monitor)

Behavioral reactions that stabilize a process system, returning it to its equilibrium state. For example: when that is an issue causing a scene, one glance at dad, his arms crossed and that "look" on his face, will bring the disruptive family member under control.

Nonsummativity

Being the "sum of its parts", a family system can be therapeutically treated as a unit, not simply as individual members.

Elavil (Amitriptyline)

Belongs to a class of drugs called tricyclic antidepressants. Elavil is prescribed to treat depression, Bulimia Nervosa (an eating disorder characterized by binging and purging), chronic pain for a variety of conditions including fibro myalgia, chronic headaches or migraines, ulcers, uncontrollable hiccups, primary (childhood onset) insomnia and to control the involuntary crying and laughing experienced by individuals with Multiple Sclerosis.

Use of resources

Both personal and environmental, is important to the client's situation. The social worker should determine if the client has used community resources in the past and his or her attitude toward seeking and accepting help. An assessment should be made of the client's personal resources, such as problem solving skills, faith or spirituality, cultural values, cognitive abilities, and dependence on his or her support system. An assessment should be made of the client's willingness to access personal and community resources in the future.

Encourages

Brief responses such as head nods, "uh-huh" and single words or phrases Lead the client to explore in more depth Feed back what the client has said Provide a check on accuracy and let client move on

Staff idealism

Can be a mechanism of control by managers who strive to create the kind of work environment that supports the personal ideals of staff members, whereby these ideals can serve as powerful motivators. The manager should use appeals to individual ideas sparingly, in a non-manipulative way.

Advice

Can be an effective means of control because it does not put undue focus on the power differential. Advice provided to a subordinate by a manger, because of the power differential, is often accompanied by an expectation that the subordinate will follow the advice.

Natural Consequences

Can be an effective mechanism of control in a situation where a manager opts not to address inappropriate staff behavior when the problems is not serious and he or she believes the behavior will likely be extinguished by the consequences that naturally follow the behavior (e.g a new staff member whose clothing is not quite in keeping with the way members of the organization dress may well modify his or her dress with increased exposure to the culture of the organization).

Abnormal behavior

Can be either "a deviation from the social norms" or "maladaptive behavior that interferes with optimal functioning and growth of the individual and, ultimately, society."

Loyalties

Can be mechanisms of control when managers foster organizational loyalty, as well as other forms of loyalty (e.g loyalty to the manager). These loyalties, when not appealed to frequently, can provide needed leverage for staff to do such things as performing work outside their job description when circumstances warrant this action.

Reciprocal model

Can be used in clinical inpatient and outpatient settings and in neighborhood and community centers. The purpose of this model is to provide mutual aid to group members in achieving optimum adoption and socialization. The group worker functions as a mediator between members, group, and society to assist all concerned in getting their needs met.

Supporting

Can be used to demonstrate that the counselor has listened to what the client has aid and does not believe the thoughts, feelings or behaviors to be odd. When dealing with a client who expresses intense concern, anxiety, frustration or panic, a supportive response can help decrease the feelings.

The Manager as Role Model

Can have a powerful impact on the behavior of staff and is not likely to be viewed as manipulative. A proper example increases the capacity of the manger to exert control.

Halo Effect

Can occur when evaluating someone too positively or too negatively because of the presence of one or a few characteristics.

Altruism

Can result when group members help each other. The experience of being able to give something to another person can lift a member's self esteem. Group members can develop more adaptive coping styles and interpersonal skills through receiving help from others.

Second order change (Systems Theory)

Change that actually effects the structure of the family system and how it ultimately functions.

Non-Specific Factors

Changes in behavior that cannot be measured. Examples: Generosity, courage, humor, love or hate.

Meaning Attribution

Clarity of group input as well as output to explain change. Members can discover ways in which they have lost direction.

Collateral contacts

Collateral information refers to data that is gathered from individuals who know or have had contact with the client, rather than from the client. Collateral contacts provide valuable information and often differing points of view with regard to the client and his or her situation. The client's interpersonal relationships within the family, in social situations, and in the work environment may shed light on the client's current problems. Strengths of the client and support systems may also be identified when making collateral contacts. Social workers may interview relatives, neighbors, caregivers, school personnel, and co-workers. The social worker should inform the client hat these collateral contact will be made and should use caution and sensitivity in dealing with the client's feelings about these contacts.

Mindfulness

Comes from the Buddhist tradition and involves the skills of observing, describing, and participating. Client's are taught to practice mindfulness skills non- judgmentally, one- mindfully, and effectively.

Bar graphs

Compare the values of several variables. Often the values compared are frequencies or relative frequencies of outcomes of a nominal variable.

Cost Effectiveness

Compares the cost of a program to the program output (cost per unit)

Cost- Benefit Analysis

Compares the cost of a program with identified benefits (ratio of costs to benefits).

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1981

Comprised the first budget of the Reagan administration and proposed consolidation of existing grants block grants for mental health services. Congress, as part of the OBRA of 1981, consolidated dozens of categorical grants into nine block grants. Unlike the Nixon block grants, the Reagan block grants provided about 25 percent less funding than the programs they replaced.

Health

Concerns can be identified through observation in addition to information obtained through medical records. The impact of the stressors on the client can often be seen in the physical and emotional health of the client. Self- care, cognitive abilities, emotional functioning, and social skills can be observed. Drug use may also be considered a possibility when certain physical, behavioral and cognitive elements are observed.

Neuropsychologists

Conducts behavioral tests on people with brain damage or brain disease to determine what the person can and cannot do and to monitor improvement or deterioration over time. Most neuropsychologists work in hospitals or clinics and have a mixture of psychological and medical training.

Heterogeneous

Consisting of varied characteristics or presenting problems. Example: A group made up of males and females or made up of more than one presenting problem.

AB Design

Consists of a baseline (A) and an intervention (B) phase.

Training

Contributes to standardization in the values, priorities, and service delivery methods of staff in addition to contributing to staff growth. Training is typically highly valued by staff.

An "episode of binge eating" is defined as

Eating, in a discrete period of time, and amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances (Criterion A1).

Hierarchical structure

Family functioning based on clear generational boundaries where the parents maintain control and authority.

Rationalization

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by concealing the true motivations for his/ her own thoughts, actions, or feelings through the elaboration of reassuring or self- serving but incorrect explanations.

Projection

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by falsely attributing to another his or her own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts.

Secondary infertility

Couples who are unable to conceive or to achieve a live birth after having a previous child.

Primary infertility

Couples who have never had a child

The Civil Rights Act of 1957

Created the Commission on Civil Rights

Acting out

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by actions rather than reflections or feelings. For example, the angry adolescent that runs away from home rather than talking to his parents about h is after. Defensive acting out is not generally considered synonymous with "bad behavior" but requires evidence that the behavior is related to emotional conflicts. For example, older child is acting out sexually with other younger children related to current or past sexual abuse.

Devaluation

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by attributing exaggerated negative qualities to self or others.

Idealization

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by attributing exaggerated positive qualities to others.

Passive aggression

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by indirectly and unassertively expression aggression toward others. There is a facade of overt compliance masking covert resistance, resentment, or hostility. This may occur when independent action or performance is require and it is accompanied with a lack of gratification of dependent wishes. This can happen when an individual is in a subordinate position and has no other way to express assertiveness more overtly.

Suppression

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by intentionally avoiding thinking about disturbing problems, wishes, feelings, or experiences. In repression you unconsciously get rid of feelings by pushing them out of your awareness; in suppression you simply avoid the thoughts by forcing yourself to think about other things.

Denial

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by refusing to acknowledge some painful aspect of external reality or subjective experience that would be apparent to others. The term psychotic denial is used when there is gross impairment in reality testing.

Reaction formation

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by substituting behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are diametrically opposed to his/ her own unacceptable thoughts or feelings (this usually occurs in conjunction with their repression).

Intellectualization

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by the excessive use of abstract thinking or the making of generalizations to control or minimize disturbing feelings.

Displacement

Dealing with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by transferring a feeling about, or a response to, one object onto another (usually less threatening) substitute object.

Repression

Dealing with emotions conflicts or internal or external stressors by expelling disturbing wishes, thorughts,, or experiences from conscious awareness. The feeling content may remain detached from its associated ideas.

Sublimation

Dealing with inappropriate social impulses, the individual channels them into socially acceptable behaviors.

Homeostasis (Systems Theory)

Defined as "relationally stable state of "equlibirum" In the family system, homeostasis is the way of dealing with issues and change by keeping things the same so as not to face problems. It is safer not to rock the boat.

Authoritarian parents

Demanding conduct that meets absolute standards stressing obedience and using harsh punishments to ensure compliance, authoritarian parents exhibit a high degree of control and little warmth. Children of authoritarian parents are irritable, aggressive and dependent. They often have a limited sense of responsiblity, low levels of esteem and poor academic achievement.

Transsexual

Denotes an individual who seeks, or has undergone, a social transition from male to female or female to male, which in many, but not all, cases also involves a somatic transition by cross- sex hormone treatment and genital surgery (sex reassignment surgery).

Cross- sex hormone treatment

Denotes the use of feminism get hormones in an individual assigned male at birth based on traditional biological indicators or the use of masculinizing hormones in an individual assigned female at birth.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Describe the range of tasks that an individual can complete while learning new information. He believed that is a child learns a task on his own (without help from an adult) that he is functioning at a lower limit of ZPD. If the child is given assistance by a teacher, mentor, of other adult, he can reach the upper level of potential skill.

Invariant prescription

Describes a Mialn Systemic technique in which parents are directed to mysteriously sneak away together. Selvini- Palazzoli is the Mian associate mainly responsible for the development of the "invariant prescription technique.

Dx

Diagnose

Interpreting

Differing from reflection, clarification, paraphrasing and summarization, interpreting deals with the implicit components of a client's statement. It is important for interpretation responses to be used only after a solid relationship has been developed between a client and the counselor. Of course, interpretive response from counselor's are based at least somewhat on their theoretical orientations.

Dc

Discontinue or discharge

Vicarious conditioning

Dismissed by Thorndike and Watson, vicarious conditioning or learning by observation was later demonstrated by Albert Bandura's work with children. Bandura's discovered a child could learn by observing another's experience with classical or instrumental conditioning.

Indulgent- uninvolved parents

Displaying low levels of warmth and control, indulgent- uninvolved parents minimize the time and effort expanded upon their children. Children of indulgent- uninvolved parents have low levels of self- esteem and are often impulsive, moody, aggressive, delinquent and rebellious.

Authoritative parents

Displaying rational control, warmth and responsiveness and promoting independence, authoritative parents set clear rules and high standards, meanwhile explaining their rationales for decisions and encouraging discussion with their children. Children of authoritative parents are assertive, self- confident, socially responsible and achievement oriented. They often earn high grades in school.

Circular causality

Does not look underlying motives for behavior. Instead, points to circular causality (a change of communication patterns) in the form of feedback loops.

Manifest latent dreams

Dreams are composites of symbols derived from recent and remote memories and formed by the current feelings, attitudes and motivations of the indivduals. Shaped by the immediate psychological needs of the sleeper, manifest latent dreams are distortions of life experiences in accordance with the regressive thinking processes that prevail during sleep.

The individual reintegrated and reaches equilibrim

Each particular crisis situation (I.e death and rape) may follow a sequence of stages that can generally be predicted and mapped out. During crisis situations client seem particularly amenable to help.

Accommodation

Elements of a system automatically adjust to coordinate their functioning people may have to work on it. In another way of learning which refers to modifying current thought structure to incorporate a new perceived feature of the environment.

Further Responses

Encourage the client to talk and also demonstrates to the client that the social worker is carefully listening. Furthering responses include minimal prompts (e.g brief verbal responses such as "But?" And nonverbal responses such as head nodding) that communicate a social worker's tracking and interest.

Personality disorder

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectation of the individual's cultural, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.

Alternate form

Equivalent forms of the same test are given with time between tests. This measures both equivalence between the two forms of stability. Development of equivalent test forms may be difficult. Additionally, changes in behavior over time may have an effect on reliability.

The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 (P.L 93-247)

Established federal legislation to help states prevent, identify, and treat child abuse and neglect.

The Medicare Act of 1965

Established universal federal health insurance for every American age 65 and older.

Formative Program Evaluation (process analysis)

Evaluates a program from the planning stage through implementation stage.

Summative Program Evaluation (outcome analysis)

Evaluates the extent to which goals and objectives have been achieved and the extent to which identified effects of the program can be generalized to other populations and settings.

Precipitating events

Events that immediately precede decisions to seek help. They are particularly informative.

Antecedent

Events that precede problematic behavior. Often give valuable clues about the behavior of one participant that may provoke or offend another participant, thereby triggering a negative reaction, followed by a counter negative reaction, thus setting the problematic situation in motion.

Correlation coefficient

Examines the degree to which variations of differences in one variable are related to variations or differences in another. Although a statistical measure of relationship demonstrates a relation exists between two sets of data, it does not show causation. The person r is the most commonly used tool to predict correlation of interval and ratio data. The correlation coefficient can range from +1 (positive correlation) to -1 (negative correlation).

Derealization

Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings (e.g individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, life- less, or visually distorted).

Depersonalization

Experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer with respect to one's thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions (e.g perceptual alterations, distorted sense of time, unreal or absent self, emotional and/ or physical numbing).

Mission statement

Explains the reasons why the organizational unit of the organization exists and what it does.

Ratio scales

Interval scales with an absolute zero point.

Feeding and eating disorders

Feeding and eating disorders involve abnormal behaviors related to the consumption of food, which leads to significant physical health and psychosocial functioning impairment. Feeding and eating disorders are characterized by the altered consumption or absorption of food that results in problems in physical health, psychological well-being, or both.

Separation Issues

Feelings that arise from some sort of loss, be it death, divorce, relocation or separation. If group closure is poorly handled, members can be left with unresolved issues and without direction on how to bring these issues to closure.

Activity Group

Few people getting together to achieve a certain goal, either within a group or without. Example: An activity such as an introductory exercise may be pursued within group at the direction of the facilitator. Outside the group, members may decide to go to certain skills- type classes. This will allow them to continue to be with people that have common interests/ concerns.

Assertiveness Training

Figuratively speaking, learning to stand without being pushed down or pushing back. Assertiveness is not aggression. It odes not have to be loud. Group therapy can be a safe setting for practicing assertiveness. Examples: Rehearsing saying "no" to group members or rehearsing repeating the same statement over and over while a group member attempts to sway you from your position. Rehearsal may allow the member to feel comfortable enough to continue this behavior outside the group setting.

Genograms

First developed and popularized in clinical settings by Monica McGoldrick and Randy Gerson, geography were developed principally within the context of Murray Bowen's intergenerational family systems theory. Genograms offer an efficient and effective process for explaining repetitive behaviors and patterns. Essentially, genograms are graphic representations of an individual's extended family that typically cross at least three generations.

The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) (P.L 95-457)

First passed in 1984, is the only federal source of funding dedicated to domestic violence shelters and programs. The program expired in 2008 but was reauthorized in 2010 as part of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA). New additions to the Act included a definition of dating violence, a program for children who witness domestic violence, Tribal formula grant program, and an attempt to monitor violence in underserved populations.

Somatic delusions

Focus on preoccupations regarding health and organ function

Operant Conditioning

Focuses on behaviors that operate or act on the environment (operants) with the goal of obtaining some response (i.e. Reinforcing behavior so it will be repeated and withholding reinforcement so a behavior will not be repeated).

The social selection (of the Biopsychosocial)

Focuses on client systems, unique client contact, and may identify strategies and/ or resources available for treatment planning.

Experiential Therapy

Focuses on the present situation. Emphasizes activities. Is therapists directed? The therapist designs interventions to enhance here-and-now awareness of the conflicts the individual is dealing with. Example: A therapist designs an activity to be carried out as a group as a way of testing new ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

Focusing Skills

Focusing skills are used by the social worker to stay on the topic and to assure continuity.

Living (housing) options

For the elderly or those unable to live alone include nursing homes, care center's, assisted living facilities, and other services that may differ from state to state.

Manifest content

Formed as a composite of recent and distant memories, this is the apparent content of the dream. Actually it provides a mask for events that conceal the latent meaning of a dream.

Qid

Four times a day

Preconscious

Freud used this term to refer to feelings, thoughts, and ideas of which we are currently aware, but an bring to our awareness relatively easily (i.e., into the conscious level).

Strength- Based Approaches

From this perspective the social worker focuses first on listening to the client and working collaboratively with the client to identify strengths and resources.. Once the strengths are identified any blockages or barriers can be identified and addressed. This client lead approach empowers the client, honoring self- determination, while working collaboratively with the social worker to use the client's own resources to address identified concerns and/ or problems.

Supportive Skills and Techniques in Counseling

From this perspective the social worker provides the client with the tools needed to affect behavioral changes. This method uses supportive listening and thoughtful focused education.

Family history

Gathering a family history can provide social workers with valuable information about the client's past and can identify potential predators of the client's future prognosis. Information can be gathered by asking open- ended questions (e.g "Tell me about your family") or direct question (e.g "We're you abused as a child?"). A client's response to an open- ended question give the client a chance to identify what may be most important to him about his family, rather than the social worker deciding what is most important. A client's response to a direct question can provide specific information that the social worker wants to know. Social workers should always be attuned to cultural factors as they ask questions and interpret client responses. Social worker should look for patterns of behavior in families (e.g poor decision- making, abuse, etc) as possible predictors of how the client may function. The position that the client holds in the family's constellation and his or her relationship with family members may also be important information needed to complete the social history. The medical and MH history of the client and his or her family member should be assessed in relationship to their impact on the client's current problems.

Gender dysphoria

Gender dysphoria describes the pervasive, subjective experience of an individual for whom the gender assigned at birth (I.e Natural gender) is felt to be wrong, mistaken, or not reflective of the person's inner conviction or truth that he or she is actually of another gender.

Neuroleptic Drugs

Generally prescribed for psychiatric disorders, as well as for some gastrointestinal and neurological disorders.

Exhibitionisistic disorder

Getting sexually aroused by exposing one's genitalia to nonconsenting person(s). This disorder is characterized by intense and recurring urges, fantasies, or behaviors that are sexually arousing (minimum of 6 months) around exposing one's genitals to people the individual does not know. The urges and fantasies must result in significant distress to the individual, or alternatively, the individual must have engaged in the behavior.

Pedophilic disorder

Getting sexually aroused by fantasies, urges, or behavior involving sexual activity with prepubescent children (generally those age 13 or younger). This disorder consists of intense and recurring urges, fantasies, or behaviors (minimum of 6 months) that are sexually arousing, in an individual who is age 16 or older and is focused on sexual involvement with children who are at least 5 years younger; the individual has to either have acted on the urges or the urges and fantasies have resulted in significant distress in the individual or in interpersonal conflict.

Voyeuristic disorder

Getting sexually aroused by observing an unsuspecting person being naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity. This disorder includes intense and recurring urges, fantasies, or behaviors (minimum of 6 months) focused on secretly observed an individual who is disrobing, naked, or involved in sexual activity that results in sexual arousal and either marked distress for the observer or interpersonal conflict.

Sexual sadism disorder

Getting sexually aroused by the physical or psychological suffering of another individual. This disorders is characterized by intense and recurring urges, fantasies, or behaviors (minimum of 6 months) focused on real acts against another person that result in psychological or physical suffering for that other person and sexual arousal for the perpetrator.

Frotteuristic disorder

Getting sexually aroused by touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person This disorder consists of intense and recurring urges, fantasies, or behaviors (minimum of 6 months) that are sexually arousing and focusing on touching or rubbing against a person who has not given consent.

Sexual masochism disorder

Getting sexually aroused from being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer during sexual activity. This disorder involves intense and recurring urges, fantasies, or behaviors (minimum of 6 months) of being humiliated, physically hurt, or made to suffer in some manner and lead to sexual arousal. The behavior results in marked distress in the individual or impairment in functioning.

Transvestic disorder

Getting sexually aroused from cross- dressing as a member of the opposite sex This disorder involves intense and recurring urges, fantasies or behaviors (minimum of 6 months) around cross- dressing by a heterosexual male that result in sexual arousal and either marked distress or impairment in functioning.

Fetishistic disorder

Getting sexually aroused from using nonliving objects or highly focusing on nongenital body parts of a sexual partner. This disorder involves intense and recurring urges, fantasies, or behaviors (minimum of 6 months) that are sexually arousing and are focused on inanimate objects. This behavior cannot be restricted to female clothing used with cross- dressing or to vibrators and similar devices and must result in marked distress or in significant impairment in functioning.

Structured Group

Group designed with a particular purpose or agenda in mind; problem- oriented and short- term.

Open Groups

Groups in which members join and leave at different times. New members replace leaving members and can add stimulation. Examples: AA or NA.

Re-Socialization Group

Groups that allow individuals to adapt to new social norms, roles, and situations. Examples: New citizens, prisoners, military personnel and prisoners of war.

T-Groups

Groups that help people work on skills to help them interact and coexist with peers in particular settings. Example: Encounter group.

Professional Standards

Guidelines created by the Association for Specialists in Group Work, which emphasize and focus on experience, abilities and understanding. The ASGW published expanded professional standards for the training of group workers.

Hypnopompic

Hallucinations experienced while waking up

Confidentiality

Has reference to the "... The laws or rules of professional ethics that regulate the disclosure of information obtained in psychotherapy".

Joining

Has reference to the social workers' entrance into the family's interaction system. It includes forming a strong bond with family members, acknowledging the various perspectives of members, and accommodating the family's organization and patterns. Joining is ore central to Minuchin's approach.

Multigenerational Transmission Process

Has reference to the transmission, through the generations, of the family's emotional process.

Derealization

Having a distorted view of one's surroundings (e.g piercing that things are moving in slow motion, seeing things in a daze, not being aware of events that one would normally encode).

Educational groups

Help members learn specific information and skills that will be personally beneficial (e.g a group to educate adolescent's about AIDS).

Presuppositional Questions

Help the client conceptualize goal attainment (the who, what, how, why, and where). For instance, the social worker may ask, "How will your relationship with Bill be different?"

Exception- Finding Questions

Help the client to identify what has previously worked concerning the problem with which he or she was confronted and to engage in more of the effective action or behavior.

Linking

Helping members bridge common concerns and shared problems and/ or solutions and connect the work that the members do. Example: MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving).

Range

Highest score minus the lowest score plus 1. A crude device that can be misleading when a distributing contains a ver high or very low score, range is based only on highest and lowest scores.

Hx

History

Family Constellation

How the family members are arranged in the perception of the family member.

Support staff

Includes individuals who perform unskilled or semi- skilled work in an organization that facilitates efforts of other organizational staff.

Job Enrichment Theory (Herzberg)

Identified two sets of factors that exists in the work environment: A. Hygiene factors (e.g good fringe benefits and salary, job status, and work conditions), the presence of which does not necessarily translate into a motivated worker, but their absence may leave the individual feeling dissatisfied with his or her job; and B. Motivators (e.g challeng, freedoms, associated growth potential), which are tie in with people's need for self- actualization.

Eco-map

Identifies and organizes relevant environmental factors outside of the individual or family context. Are useful in clarifying the supports and stresses in the client's environments, revealing patterns such as social isolation, conflicts, or unresponsive social systems.

Compensation

If an activity viewed as rewarding is substituted for one that produces tension, compensation has occurred.

Probability of an event

If in a long sequence of repetitions the relative frequency of an event approaches a fixed number, that number is the probability of the event. A probability is always a number between 0 (the event never occurs) and 1 (the event always occurs).

Unspecified disorder

If the presentation is clinically significant and does not meet the full criteria for a disorder, and the clinician chooses not to specify the reasons that the criteria have not been met (e.g insufficient information as what might occur in an emergency room setting), the "unspecified" diagnosis would be given.

Stat

Immediately

Neurocognitive disorders

In Neurocognitive disorders there are abnormalities of the following mental processes: - memory deficits - language distrubance - perceptual distrubance - impairment in planning or organizing activities - failure to recognize or identify objects The conditions may be temporary or permanent.

Null hypothesis (Ho)

In a test of significance, the statement being tested is called the null hypothesis (Ho). The test of significance is designed to assess the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis. Usually, the null hypothesis is a statement of no difference or no effect. The probability of observed outcomes equaling the expectation of Ho were true is called the p-value. The smaller the p-value, the stronger the evidence is against Ho provided by the data. Because the strength of the evidence provided by the data is measured by the p-value, an acceptable p-value must be determined.

Unconditioned response

In an innate response to a stimulus (e.g the salivation of Pavlov's dogs when presented with the unconditioned stimulus of the meat powder).

Accommodation

In another way of learning which refers to modifying current thought structure to incorporate a new, perceived feature of the environment.

Principle of Equifinality

In communication/ experimental therapy means that the same results can be obtained via different means.

Existential Issues

In existential therapy, the issues confronted are the meaning of life, freedom and responsibility, anxiety as a condition of life, isolation, death and non- being. Existentialism is predicated on the assumption that we are free to choose and therefore responsible for our own choices. Existentialism notes that it is through our recognition of death that we find meaning in life. Example: "Is that all there is? Am I on the right path in my life? Am I really meant to be (a teacher, a doctor, an executive)?

Intrapersonal Learning

In group therapy, this leader focuses on an individual as through doing individual therapy in a group setting. Example: Dr. Joe focuses on Jean, giving her individual guidance, while the other group members learn vicariously.

Language

Includes the form, function, and use of a conventional system of symbols (i.e. Spoken words, sign language, written words, pictures) In a rule- governed manner for communication.

Sampling distribution

In repeated sampling, a sample statistic from an SRS has a predictable pattern of values. This pattern is called the sampling distribution of the statistic. Knowledge of the sampling distribution allows for statements about how far the sample proportion p is likely to wander from the population proportion p owing to sampling variability.

Validity

In statistics, validity is concerned wit the applicability of the measure to the characteristic being evaluated. This goes hand-in-hand with reliability. The conclusion of a study for the subjects of the study themselves is sometimes called internal validity. Generalization of the conclusion of a study to a larger population is sometimes called external validity.

Suppression

In suppression, the individual undoes various levels of consciousness precociousness or unconsciousness.

Development of behavior disorders

In the face of external pressures and developmental transtions, less- adaptive families increase the rigidity of structures that are no longer functional. Disengaged families living or subsystems. Boundaries are riding and the family fails to mobilize support when it's needs. Enmeshed families or subsystems Boundaries are diffuse and family members become dependent upon one another Cross- generational

Abandoment

In the medical arena, abandonment refers to the failure either to treat or to appropriately refer a patient who needs treatment when the provider knows that continued treatment is necessary.

Take charge role

In which the social worker plays a very active, directive role. He or she is responsible for changing maladaptive family organization and for solving the family's problem. The social worker must maintain his or her control in therapy.

Listening skills

Include furthering responses, reflective listening and summarizing.

Pre-professionals

Include individuals who are in the process of completing professional requirements.

Threats to internal validity

Include maturation, regression and experimental mortality.

Directives

Include orders, specific instructions, and other types of demands. Directives are particularly useful during conflicts, when efforts to arrive at consensus have failed and continued debate might have a negative impact on services to clients or on the organization. Directives usually are best received when given in private.

Paraprofessionals

Include paid staff who are trained to assist professional staff members.

Paradoxical directives (also referred to as "prescribing the symptom")

Include task assigned by the social worker that the or she wants family members to resist.

Event

Includes any specific collection of the possible outcomes of a random phenomenon.

Communication

Includes any verbal or nonverbal behavior (whether intentional or unintentional) that influences the behior, ideas, or attitudes of another individual

Identification of presenting problem

Information gathered initially should focus on why the client (sometimes called the "identified patient") was referred to the agency of setting. The social worker should find out the reason for referral from the view point of the agency, the client, and the family. Although there will likely be serval problem areas to consider, there will be one problem that will be considered the referral problem, which is the primary reasons for seeking help. That is the problem area that needs to be addressed first. The client, agency, and family members may have differing opinions about the presenting problem, but all perspectives should be stated in the social study record.

Introspection

Internal evaluation of thoughts and feelings. Example: Self- analysis.

Gathering data via interviewing and observation

Interviewing and observation are important techniques to use when writing the social history documentation. The details of these types of data gathered include _ problem areas - strenghts - support systems - attitude - motivation - relationships - use of resources - danger to self or others The top is include problem areas, client strengths, support system, attitude of the client, client motivation, client's use of recources, danger to self and others, appearance, health, and life skills.

Behavioral neuroscientist

Investigates how functioning of the brain and other organs influence behavior.

Open- ended questions Questions that have utility in practice

Invite the client to express himself or herself freely by asking questions such as, "What was it like for you to hear from you son after two years of no contact?" Open- ended questions enable the social worker to gather a larger amount of information without bombarding the client with questions. Allow the client to respond freely to express his or her interpretation of an event. The social worker then uses that information to focus the client's responses toward treatment goals.

Rituals

Involve engaging family members in repetitious behavior designed to counter dysfunctional family rules and to reinforce the positive connotation of behaviors.

Ordeals

Involve making the client's symptoms too much trouble for the client to continue to have (e.g assigning the client to exercise for hours in the middle of the night when he or she has been symptomatic that day).

Leading questions Questions that should not be used in practice:

Involve questions that have an underlying goal to obtaining client agreeing with the social worker such as, "You don't really want to hurt yourself, do you?"

Nihilistic delusions

Involve the conviction that a major catastrophe will occur

Oral Histories

Involve the interviewing of study participants who can relate firsthand experiences of the phenomenon under study (e.g interviewing survivors of Nazi concentration camps).

ABAC Design

Involves a baseline phase (A), the introduction of an intervention (B); then the withdrawal of the intervention (a second baseline), and the introduction of a different intervention (C).

Palilalla

Involves a repetition of one's own sounds and words

Echolalia

Involves a repetition of the last sound or word of another individual

Bell Shaped (or Normal) Curve

Involves a symmetrical distribution concerning a high point in the middle of the distribution and equal tails on either side. Approximately 86% of the scores in the distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean. Much in the nature is distributed in this manner.

Case (Field) Study

Involves an in-depth study of a single unit or case.

Restructuring the family

Involves changing the family structure via enactment, spontaneous behavior sequence and reframing (e.g increasing the involvement of an uninvolved father and decreasing the involvement of an overly- involved mother).

Multiple Baselines

Involves collecting baseline data on a minimum of three target behaviors: 1. Applying the intervention to a single target behavior; 2. Applying an intervention to a different target after change has been affected in the first target behavior; and 3. Applying an intervention to a different target behavior after change has been effected in the second target behavior. This design seeks to test causality by demonstrating that a given target behavior only undergoes change when an intervention is introduced.

Free association (Freud)

Involves encouraging the patient to express his or her thoughts without editing the psychoanalyst seeks to identify underlying conflict themes that may shed light on the troubles the patient is experiencing and to share this information with the patient.

Sleep maintenance insomnia (or middle insomnia)

Involves frequent or prolonged awakenings throughout the night

Decentering

Involves helping the client to break his or her pattern of seeing self as the reference point for all life events.

Classical conditioning

Involves helping the client unlearn maladaptive responses to environment stimuli (e.g fear of riding in the car following an accident). Treatments based on counter conditioning by Walpe focus on the technique of reciprocal inhibition. Classical condition entails conditioning an individual to associate pleasant feelings with a stimulus that has been anxiety- producing (e.g learning to feel relaxed rather than anxious when flying).

Copropraxia

Involves obscene gestures and words

Reflecting

Involves restating the effective section of the client's message. In reflection, the goal is to demonstrate emotional awareness of the content so that the client feels understood by the counselor. This in turn increases openness and emotional expression by the client. It has been shown that reflection allows anger on the part of the client to diminish.

Explanatory (Causal Comparative) Research

Involves searching through data in an attempt to identify possible causal factors of observed consequences.

All or Nothing Thinking

Involves seeing things as all or nothing scenarios, and in most instances the glass is always half empty. "I wanted to do well on the exam, and now that I didn't I will never get into graduate school."

Social planning

Involves studying a problem situation in a targeted community and proposing a plan. Foci planning are coordination of social services, rational problem- solving, research, system analysis, and development of expertise and leadership.

Pretest/ post- test

Involves testing study participants before the introduction of the intervention and again following the intervention.

Experimental Research

Involves the exposure of one or more experimental groups to one or more treatment interventions and the comparison of results of those obtained form one or more control groups in an effort to identity possible cause- and- effect relationships. Experimental research is a type of explanatory research design.

Reattribution training

Involves the identification of cognitive errors and distortions in thinking followed by the consideration of alternative beliefs.

Contingency Planning

Involves the identification of events that would require a response from the organization and how the organization would respond to those events (e.g media coverage of a client's suicide).

ABAB Design

Involves the initiate baseline (A) and intervention phases, (B), followed by withdrawal of the intervention for a time (second baseline phase), then reintroduction of the same intervention.

In Vivo Desensitization

Involves the paring of relaxation and real- life experience with an anxiety- producing stimulus until the person no longer responds to the experience with anxiety.

Assertiveness Training

Involves training an individual to communicate his or her feelings in a direct and honest manner. Behavior rehearsal is an important component of assertiveness training.

Premack Principle

Involves using a high- probably behavior to reinforce a low- probability behavior in order to increase the frequency of the low- probability behavior (e.g allowing a child to play a video game for 30 minutes after finishing his or her homework).

Delirium

Is a disturbance in the level of consciousness with concomitant changes in cognition. The onset is over a brief time period and often clears when the condition relents with particular impairment in attention. The disorders are defined in terms of the following etiologies: 1. Delirium due to a general medical condtion. 2. Substance- induced delirium 3. Delirium due to multiple etiologies 4. Delirium NOS (indeterminate etiology)

Hypersomnolence

Is a broad diagnostic term and includes symptoms of excessive quantity of sleep (e.g extended nocturnal sleep or involuntary daytime sleep), deteriorated quality of wakefulness (i.e. Sleep propensity during wakefulness as shown by difficulty awakening or inability to remain awake when required), and sleep inertia (i.e. A period of impaired performance and reduced vigilance following awakening from the regular sleep episode or from a nap) (Criterion A).

Gender identity

Is a category of social identity and refers to an individual's identification as male, female, or occasionally, some category other than male or female.

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD)

Is a chronic condition of the lungs in which chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the most common complaints.

"SOAP notes"

Is a commonly used formate for social workers and behavioral health professionals to use in documenting progress in a client's record. SOAP stands for "subjective" observations, "Objective" data, "assessment" and "plan".

Congestive Heart Failure

Is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to the rest of the body. Common symptoms include lethargy, extreme tiredness, swelling, and fluid retention.

Reinforcer

Is a consequence that increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated. The reinforcer needs to immediately follow the target behavior.

Reliability (in measurement theory)

Is a consistency in the measurement of a variable; in other words, the extent to which repeated administrations of an instrument with the same sample would yield the same results.

Systematic desensitization

Is a counter- conditioning intervention frequently used in treating phobias that utilizes relaxation training construction of the anxiety hierarchy, and desensitization in imagination (pairing of relaxation and mental images of items from the least to the most anxiety- producing image until the person can visualize all images without becoming anxious).

Assessment

Is a critical element in the treatment of a client. Refers to the process of arriving at tentative conclusions about the nature of the client's situation, including problems and resources. This process provides the basis for treatment planning. Assessment should be an ongoing process. Mary Richmond was one of the first practitioners in casework to concentrate on assessment and diagnosis I. Assessment should focus on many different aspects of the client's internal and external experience.

Race

Is a culturally constructed category of identity that divides humanity into groups based on a variety of superficial physical traits attributed to some hypothetical instintic, biological characteristics.

Ethnicity

Is a culturally constructed group identity used to define people and communities.

Avolition

Is a decrease in motivated self- initiatives purposeful activities. The individual may sit for long periods of time and show little interest in participating in work or school activities.

Acting out

Is a defense mechanism that allows an individual to deal with emotional conflict or stress (internal or external) by exhibiting observable behavior rather than by merely feeling or reflecting. Defensive acting out differs from antisocial behavior in the defensive acting out is directly related to stress and emotional conflict. An example would be a teenager who engaged in fighting each ion b/c he is angry with his father, rather than telling his father how he feels.

Avoidance

Is a defense mechanism that is reflected in an individual's refusal to participate in activities or encounter situations or objects that represent unconscious, aggressive or sexual impulses and that possible punishment for those impulses. According to dynamic theorists, avoidance is considered a major defense mechanisms utilized by individuals who experience phobias. An example would be an individual who has strong sexual urges for an individual of the same sex, but avoid contact with that individual b/c of fear of possible punishment.

Resistance

Is a defense mechanism that prevents the bringing of repressed (unconscious) feelings or information to conscious awareness, thus sparing the anxiety that would arise from those memories or insights. An example of this would be an individual who refuses to think about a traumatic situation, which would cause great distress.

Genogram

Is a graphic representation of family relationships that includes a minimum of three generations. Circuses represent females, squares represent males, and marriage is represented with a solid line. The Genogram often includes important information about family members, including, but not limited to, birth and earth dates, occupations, and nature of relationships between different family members.

Self- assertion

Is a healthy mechanism by which an individual deals with his or her emotional conflict or stress by expressing feelings and thoughts directly and In a non-coercive or non-manipulative manner. An example of this would be telling another individual that you could not attend a social event rather than attending and being angry about it.

Laissez- Faire

Is a leadership style in which administration is only minimally involved in decision.

Interval

Is a level of measurement that involves ranking. The intervals between adjacent ranking are equal (e.g at Fahrenheit temperature scale).

Strategic planning

Is a long- term planning method that involves the delineation of the mission, goals, objectives, and strategies of the organization, and is a team activity.

Catatonic behavior

Is a marked decrease in reactivity to the environment. This ranges from resistance to instructions (negativism); to maintaining a rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture; to a complete lack of verbal and motor response (mutism and stupor). It can also include purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause (catatonic excitement)

Substitution

Is a mechanism by which a person replaces an unacceptable goal with an acceptable one. An example would be an individual who wanted to be a tattoo artist but instead became a painter as a result of pressure from his family.

Rationalization

Is a mechanism by which a person substitutes a more socially acceptable, logical reasons for an action rather than identifying the real motivation. An example of this would be an individual who states that she is unable to attend a family outing b/c she has a work project that she has to complete, when she really does not want to attend.

Humor

Is a mechanism by which an individual deals with his or her own emotional conflict or stress by pointing out amusing aspects of the stress. An example of this defense mechanism would be an individual who laughs about the medical stress he is facing by pointing out that at least his nose has not fallen off yet.

Undoing

Is a mechanism by which an individual engages in a repetitious ritual in an attempt to reverse an unacceptable action previously taken. An example would be an individual who ritualistically washes his hands in attempt to symbolically wash off blood that was on his hands when he got into a fight.

Passive aggression

Is a mechanism by which an individual expresses aggression toward another person in an indirect and unassertively manner, which, in turn, gives the agitator the opportunity to avoid the emotional stress related to dealing with the other person's reaction. An example of this would be a grandparent who gives candy to a grandchild against the parents' wishes and tells the child not the let the parents know.

Identification

Is a mechanism by which anxiety is handled through identifying with the person or thing producing the anxiety, such as "identifying with a kidnapper". Patty Hearst is an example of identifying with an supporting her kidnappers in her famous abduction case in 1974.

Sublimation

Is a mechanism by which intolerable drives or desires are diverted into activities that are acceptable. An example of this would be an individual who has strong sexual urges and redirects those urges into sports activities.

Projection

Is a mechanism by which one's own negative characteristics are denied and instead seen as being characteristics of someone else. An example of this would be an individual who criticizes her mother for being a perfectionist when she herself is extremely compulsive about have every detail correct.

Isolation of affec

Is a mechanism by which painful feelings are separated by the incident that triggered them initially. An example would by an individual who was in a serious automobile accident but expressed no emotion regarding the accident.

Intellectualization

Is a mechanism by which reasoning is used to block difficult feelings. It involves removing one's emotions from a stressful event. An example of this defense mechanism would be a wife who refers to her husband's heart attack in medical terminology rather than expressing her emotions.

Dissociation

Is a mechanism of compartmentalization, or separation of activities or thoughts from the main portion of one's consciousness. This is often seen in the behavior of individuals who live "two lives", separating one from the other. This can be seen individuals who are married to two spouses, maintaining separate living quarters, having children with both spouses, and dividing time with both families without revealing the separate lives to either family.

Restitution

Is a mechanism of relieving stress or guilt by doing something to make up for what one considers a behavior error committed against another individual. An example of this would be taking a cake to an individual to who you previously refused to do a favor she requested.

Altruism

Is a mechanism that is seen when an individual deals with his or her emotional conflict or stress by selflessly dedicating his or her life to meeting the needs of others, thereby receiving vicarious gratification. An example would be an individual who wanted desperately to become a wife and mother but did not get married, instead dedicated her life to the profession of nursing.

Antisocial personality disorder

Is a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.

Anticipation

Is a mechanism that is utilized when an individual deals with anxiety by "practicing" his or her emotional reactions to an anticipated future event and by considering the responses or solutions that he or she may utilize to deal with that event. An example would be a high school girl who was palling to ask a boy to the prom but was unsure how to proceed or how to respond.

Aim inhibition

Is a mechanism that is utilized when an individual places a limit on his or her instinctual demands and accepts a modified fulfillment of goals or desire. An example of this would be an individual who has a desire to become a medical doctor, but who realizes that he or she does not have the finances or Intellectual ability to realized that goal. Subsequently, the individual becomes a pharmacist instead.

Projective identification

Is a mechanism that, like projection, falsely attributes to another person one's own unacceptable impulses, thoughts, or feelings. However, the individual consciously recognizes the attributes that are projected and considers them as justifiable reactions to the individual to whom they are projected. The main difference b/w projection, identified by Anna Freud, and projective identification is that the former belongs to intrapsychic dynamics, while the latter describes a very primitive form of relating. In terms of feelings experienced by the projector there is a notable difference b/w the two.

Affiliation

Is a mechanism utilized when an individual shares with others his or her emotional conflict or stress for the purpose of eliciting support or help rather than for the purpose of trying to place the responsibility on someone else. An example of this would be an individual who talks to her best friend about marital problems in an attempt to gain some insight into her problems.

Help- rejecting complaining

Is a mechanism whereby an individual deal with his or her emotional conflict or stress by asking for help and then rejecting the help that is given. Often the requests for help are disgusted feelings of hostility, which are then expressed by refusing to accept the suggestions and advice of others. An example of this would be an individual who complain about her weight, then rejects helpful suggestions made by her thin friends.

Somatization

Is a mechanism whereby an individual experiences physical symptoms of the body's sympathetic and parasympathetic system as the result of emotional conflict or stress. An example of this would be an individual who experiences headaches and dizzy spells when a school assignment is due.

Splitting

Is a mechanism whereby, in order to relate to significant others, an individual may "split" the significant other into two parts, good and bad, in an effort to cope with the painful feelings associated with that person. An example would be a child who sees the good features of a parent who abuses her.

Game

Is a metaphor to help describe how systems function.

Collaborative empiricism

Is a method during which the client and social worker in tandem to test the validity of the client's belief.

Random Sampling (or Randomization)

Is a method for assigning subjects to an experimental and a control group where every individual has an equal change of being assigned to either unit.

Confrontation

Is a method of helping a client to become more self- aware of components of the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of which the client is unaware. Confrontation may involve, among other things, identifying incongruities between a client's beliefs and his or her behavior, identifying problems in communication, addressing self- defeating patterns of behavior, and identifying client strenghts. Caring confrontation can strengthen the therapeutic relationship and help client's ace hive a higher level of functioning.

Counter paradox

Is a method of interrupting destructive paradox in disturbed families that involves prescribing the problem behavior and all the interactions that surround it.

Emotion regulation

Is a necessary skill for clients who have been diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder, as these individuals are usually emotionally labile. The focus on this part of therapy involves identify and labeling emotions, removing barriers to changing emotions, increasing positive emotional situations, becoming mindful of current emotions, reductions vulnerability and taking positive action, and utilizing distress tolerance techniques.

Statistic

Is a number computed from data used to describe samples and to test hypotheses.

Parameter

Is a number describing a population. For example, the proportion of the population with some special property is a parameter that may be called p. In a statistical inference problem, population parameters are fixed numbers, but their values are unknown.

Statistic

Is a number describing the sample data. For example, the proportion of the sample with some special property is a statistic that is called p. Statistics change form sample to sample. Observed statistics provide information about unknown parameters.

Median

Is a number that has the same number of scores above and below it (or on either side) when arranged in descending or ascending order. For example, "5" is the median in the following series of number. (Put numbers in order FIRST). 2 3 5 (Median score) 9 10 When there is an even number of numbers in a series, the median is the average of the two middle numbers. The value of the median is not even affected by extreme scores. Median can be sued on ordinal, interval and ratio scales of measurement.

Parameter

Is a numerical characteristic of the population. Although it is a fixed number, its value is usually unknown.

Schzotypal personality disorder

Is a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distoritions, and eccentricities of behavior.

Schizoid personality disorder

Is a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.

Partial remission

Is a period of time during which an improvement after a previous episode is maintained and in which the defining criteria of the disorder are only partially fullfilled.

Detriangulation

Is a process in which the social worker avoids taking sides with partners and encourages each of them to take responsibility for their part in family problems.

Locality development

Is a process of utilizing community members to create change. Community organizers work with a cross section of citizens to form relationships and identify common concerns and interests. The focus is on building a cohesive community through education, participation, and leadership. This process creates a strong community infrastructure that will be able to respond to its needs.

Guided discovery

Is a process whereby interventions are structured, including the use of a progression of questions, to enable client's to discover inaccuracies in their thinking.

Denial

Is a refusal to acknowledge an aspect of reality, including one's experience, b/c to do so would result in overwhelming anxiety. An example would be an individual who manifested symptoms of cancer but refused to accept the diagnosis b/c he or she could not face the truth.

Leading

Is a response method used by counselors whereby the counselor encourages the client to discuss a specific aspect of himself/ herself or an experience by directly or indirectly inviting a verbal response. In a direct lead, the counselor identifies the specific subject matter and encourages the client to continue in the same vein. Indirect invitations provide open parameters within which the client can express feelings and thoughts.

Restless legs syndrome

Is a sensorimotor, neurological sleep disorder characterized by a desire to move the legs (or arms) associated with uncomfortable sensations (e.g creeping, crawling, tingling, burning or itching). The frequent movements are in response to the uncomfortable sensations. The symptoms must at least 3 times per week over a period of 3 months. It reduces sleep time and sleep disturbance. The syndrome is more common in women than men.

Case management

Is a service delivery approach that involves a complete assessment of client needs. The case manger works closely with the client providing individualized assessment/ risk management, care planning, monitoring service provision, advocacy and other professional service efforts that result in service facilitation. - the client and the case manager work collaboratively to support various aspects of the client's needs ensuring the necessary services and resources are provided. - The case manager is responsible for coordinating service provision and assisting the client to secure all the services needed from basic counseling and supportive services, to linking systemic services and financial planning. - Case managers can operate in many settings (health, mental health, etc) and service provision is strongly related to the service setting and area of practice.

Active (Reflective) Listening

Is a set of listening skills used in problem resolution. The listener rephrased the message (verbal and nonverbal components) sent by the communicator. Only when the communicator confirms that the listener has correctly understood his or her message does the listener seek to communicate his or her views. Active (reflective) listening also involves being aware of and identifying the communicator's feelings.

Displacement

Is a shifting of negative feelings one has about a person or situation not a different person or situation. An example of this defense mechanism would be a husband who was angry with his boss and then berated his wife when he came home.

Hypothesizing

Is a technique where, prior to the session, the therapy team formulates its initial hypothesis relative to the presenting problem. The hypothesis is subsequently, modified by the team members based on data obtained in- session with the family.

Direct awareness

Is a technique whereby the social worker helps the client become aware of his or her immediate experience.

Null Hypothesis

Is a statement predicting that there will be no relationship between two or more variables. For example: "There will be no relationship between age at marriage and marital stability."

Research Hypothesis

Is a statement that predicts a relationship between two or more variables (e.g "Age at marriage will be positively related to marital stability").

Correlation Coefficient (r)

Is a statistic that reflects the degree to which two variables are associated or co-vary (ranges from +1 to -1). A positive sign in front of the number indicates a positive correlation. A change in one variable is associated with a change in the other variable in the same direction. A negative sign in front of the number indicates a negative correlation.

ANOVA

Is a statistical test designed to identify whether there are real differences in the mean scores of more than two groups.

Conditioned response

Is a stimulus that does not innately evoke a response in an organism but that the organism learns to respond to b/c it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus in the past (e.g Pavlov's dogs learned to respond to the ringing of a bell b/c the bell had been repeatedly paired with the presentation of the meat powder).

Secondary Reinforcement

Is a stimulus that the organism learns to value.

Diversion

Is a strategy used by resistant client's that is manifested by changing the subject, blaming someone else for their problems, guiding the conversation in another direction, or shifting the focus to the social worker rather than the client.

Aggression

Is a strategy whereby the involuntary client becomes passive- aggressive, overtly hostile, or verbally or physically assaultive.

Withdrawal

Is a strategy, which can be seen in the client refusing to talk, avoiding the expression of a deep feelings, or mini zing problems.

Sample

Is a subset of a population or a universe of individuals or objects selected to represent the population from which they are drawn as the focus of the study.

Open system

Is a system, such as a family, that accepts information from systems outside itself.

Closed system

Is a system, such as a family, that does not accept information from systems outside itself\

Sampling Bias

Is a systematic distortion of a sample, whether intentional or unintentional. Sampling bias affects the extent to which a sample is representative of the population from which it was drawn.

Shaping

Is a technique of reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior.

"Stay with it"/ "feel it out"

Is a technique that Invovles encouraging the client to allow himself to continue to feel the emotion of the movement. This technique increases the client's capacity to experience his or her feelings fully.

Positive connotation

Is a technique that involves promoting family solidarity and reducing resistance to therapy via interpreting symptoms as family- preserving efforts.

"I language"

Is a technique that involves the social worker's use of "I" statement rather than making impersonal interpretation. The social worker will often share his or her experiences of the here- and- now (e.g what the social worker sees and hears).

Decatastrophizing

Is a technique to help client see that events are really not the end of the world, even if they are relatively difficult.

Triangles

Is a term that denotes that relationships have periods of closeness and periods of distance. Triangulation occurs during periods of distance- and "outsider" takes sides with one person in the relationship (e.g a wife is irritated with her husband, shares this information with their daughter, and the daughter bands with the mother). Family problems are typically triangular.

Power hierarchies

Is a term that refers to the distribution of power in the family.

Societal emotional process

Is a term used to denote that the emotional system governs behavior on a societal level, similar to that found In a family, promoting both progressive and regressive periods in society.

Societal emotional processe

Is a term used to denote that the emotional system governs behavior on a societal level, similar to that found In a family, promoting both progressive and regressive periods in society.

Hawthorne Effect

Is a term used to describe subjects who behave differently then they normally do because they are aware they are being observed for research purposes.

Need Theory (McClelland)

Is a theory that promotes the idea that individuals are motives primarily by one of three needs: the need for power, the need for affiliation, or the need for achievement. Work incentives should take the orientation of the individual into account.

Personalization

Is a thinking error that occurs when person "A" erroneously believes that the negative of person "B" is the result of something that person "A" has done.

Single Subject Research

Is a type of evaluation measurement done on a single case to determine the effectiveness of intervention(s).

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Is a variation on participative management that has been used in many human service organizations and is a model that seeks to address the weaknesses of the Quality Assurance Model (QA). Whereas the QA Model focuses on indicators of service effectiveness (outcome measures), TQM looks at these indicators as well as other activities that contribute to the achievement of the goals of the organization. TQM, unlike QA, is imposed by the leadership of the organization itself rather than by external authorities.

Complete Blood Count or CBD (AKA Full Blood Count)

Is a very common test used to determine the chemistry of a person's blood.

Assimilation

Is a way of learning whereby a person incorporates aspects of his or her environment into an existing through the structure.

Response

Is achieved after sensitivity and understanding are accomplished. The social worker's response to the client on a feeling level (empathy) is one of the most important aspects of the therapeutic relationship. The social worker's response is not only verbal, but also a response of attitude.

Empathic Responding

Is achieved by the social worker when he is able to accurately perceive the client's feelings and communicate understanding of those feelings through accurate reflection. Effective empathic responding leads to better therapeutic outcomes.

Reaction formation

Is adapting a behavior that is the antithesis of the instinctual urge (e.g acting as if one had deep sympathies for an oppressed group when the individual actually has significant prejudices against the group). An example of this would be an individual who expresses support for a particular racial group when the individual actually has strong negative feelings about the group.

Gender- nonconforming

Is an alternative descriptive term.

Sudden onset

Is defined as change from a nonpsychotic state to a clearly psychotic state within 2 weeks, usually without a Prodrome.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) of 2004 (P.L 108-446)

Is an amended version of P.L 94-142 and further specifies children's rights regarding educational services in addition to strengthening the parent's role in the planning process of their children's education. IDEA establishes the minimum requirements that school must provide, but states may provide more services than require by federal law.

Summarizing

Is an effective method for responding to a client by connecting several topics and feelings. Summarizing should center on the themes that the client mentions more than once, connecting several components of a message or calling attention to a familiar theme from multiple messages. If a client is rambling or speeding over multiple issues, summarizing can bring focus to a counseling session.

Fictional finalism

Is an imagined central goal offering direction to behavior and unity to the personality- an image of what a person would be if he/she were perfect and perfectly secure.

Cohesiveness

Is an important and foundational factor in therapeutic outcomes. Human beings instinctually desire group acceptance and belonging. Personal development can only take place in an interpersonal context. A cohesive group is one in which all members feel a sense of belonging, acceptance, and validation.

Questioning

Is an important component of successful therapy and satisfying relationship. Different types of questioning are used to achieve different goals.

Fixation

Is an inability to progress normally from one state into another.

Emotional cutoff

Is an unhealthy way of dealing with intergenerational undifferentiation (e.g a young adult may sever ties with parents)

"BIRP" notes

Is another format used for documenting client's progress. BIRP stands for "behavior" of the client, "intervention" of the social worker on behalf of the documented behavior, "response" to the intervention, and "plan".

Anxiety

Is anticipation of future threat.

Catastrophizing

Is assuming that the worst will happen

Symbolization

Is aw any of handling emotional conflicts by turning those conflicts into symbols, which can be viewed as displacements of deeper desires. An example of this would be interpreting a specific dream as a symbol of a deeper feeling or desire.

Sleep- related hypoventilation

Is characterized by elevated carbon dioxide levels that decreases respiration so. There are frequent episodes of shallow breathing that last 10 or more seconds.

Nighttime disorder

Is characterized by recurrent dreams that are threatening, frightening, or cause dysphoria. The individual is fully oriented when awakened and can usually remember the dream.

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Is characterized by repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalization and/ or complex motor behaviors during REM sleep. The behaviors reflect action- filled or violent dreams and can result in significant injury to the individual or bed partner. Upon awakening the individual is fully alert and can usually recall the dream content.

Situational/ acute insomnia

Is condition lasting a few days to a few weeks, often associated with life events or with changes in sleep schedules. These acute or short- term insomnia symptoms may also produce significant distress and interfere with social, personal, and occupational functioning.

Group therapy

Is defined as a "goal- directed activity with small groups of people aimed at meeting socia-emotion Leeds and accomplishing tasks... Directed to individual members of group and as a whole within a system of service delivery."

Libido

Is defined as a general psychic energy and it is believed that behavior is determined by past events as well as future goals and aspirations.

Mild Neurocognitive disorder

Is defined as a modest cognitive decline form a pervious level of performance in one or more cognitive areas (i.e. Complex attention, executive functioning, learning and memory, language, perceptual- motor, or social cognition). It is distinguished from normal age related changes. The cognitive deficits do not interfere with capability for independence in everyday activities; although the individual may need to exert greater effort to develop compensatory strategies.

Unconditioned stimulus

Is defined as a stimulus that innately evokes a response in the organism (e.g the meat powder that Pavlov presented to his dogs that resulted in the unconditioned or innate response of salivation).

Significant low weight

Is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal, or, for children and adolescents, less than that minimally expected.

Traumatic brain injury

Is defined as brain trauma with specific charactericis that include at least one of the following: - loss of consciousness - Posttraumatic amnesia - disorientation and confusion In more severe cases, neurological signs (e.g positive neuroimaging, a new onset of seizures or marked worsening of a preexisting seizure disroder, visual field cuts, anosmia, hemiparesis) (Criterion B).

Major Neurocognitive disorder (formerly known as Demetia)

Is defined as progressive impairment in one or more cognitive areas with at least two areas being impaired. There is substantial impairment to the degree that it interferes with independence in everyday activities that require assistance with complex activities of daily living.

Existential factors

Is defined as the process of learning that one has to take responsibility for one's own life and the consequences of one's decisions.

Warmth

Is defined as the social worker's pleasantness with a genuine show of interest in and care for the client.

Excessive acquisition

Is defined in DSM-5 as excessive buying, acquiring items for free (or less commonly stealing) items for which there is no space, or the items are not needed.

Case management in social worker practice

Is defined in The Social Worker Dictionary as "a procedure to plan, seek, and monitor services from different social agencies and staff on behalf of a client."

Omnipotence

Is described as an individual dealing with his or her own emotional stress by feeling or acting in a superior manner. An example of this would be an individual who is under stress and who criticizes his co-workers for being not as intelligent as he is.

Retroflection

Is described as doing to oneself what one wants to do to others. Retroflection involves redirecting anger one has for another person inward. This can be exhibited in extreme self- blame response to appropriate feedback given to any person. Rather than expressing anger with the person, the anger is expressed inward and becomes self- blame.

Differentiation of self

Is described as family members' ability to discriminate between their identities and experiences and that of other family members (rather than having fused identities).

Other specified personality and unspecified personality disorder

Is diagnosed when dysfunction in personality functioning is evident and when the symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific personality disorder.

Neutrality

Is equal acceptance of all family members by the social worker. The social worker avoids allying the individual family members.

Summarization

Is essential in studying, teaching and treatment and the same concepts apply.. This technique allows for the client to state agreed upon objectives and allows quick and accurate focus on the task at hand. Summarization should also be practiced at the end of each session allowing for the client to recapitulate what she or he believes has transpired in the session, and how it relates to that stated objectives. Client's should only use their own words to summarize what has transpired. In acknowledging and summarizing the content and objectives of the session: - the client takes responsibility for his or her own actions; - repetition allows the session accomplishments to be highlighted and reinforced; - the client and the social worker ascertain that they are working together on the same objectives; and - the therapeutic environment remains flexible and open for renegotiation of contracted objectives.

Seeking Concreteness

Is important as it helps clients to discuss their experiences using explicit terms rather than abstract or general terms. Responses by the social worker that tend to help the client's achieve concreteness in their communication include exploring perceptions, clarifying terms that are unfamiliar or vague, asking the client's to share their rationale for conclusions they draw and helping clients "personalize" their communications (e.g using "I" and "me" when the client is talking about his or her experience, throughts, emotions). In addition to being a verbal following skill, is an important focus skill. This type of questioning help the client use specific terms to describe events, behaviors, and feelings. Concrete descriptions help focus on the specific problems, rather than guessing what the issues are for the client.

Information

Is important because the provision of knowledge can resolve problematic staff behavior when the misbehavior is the result of misinformation or a lack of information.

Gambling disorder

Is included in the substance- related and addictive disorders because like substance use, gambling activates the reward center's of the brain. Gambling behavior becomes problematic when the individual engages in persistent and maladaptive gambling behavior that is excessive.

Alogia

Is manifested by diminished speech output

Restraining

Is meeting the family's resistance to change with warning of the dangers implicit in change and the need to change slowly.

Quasi-Experimental Research

Is one in which the research attempts to approximate the conditions of experimental research in a setting in which he or she is unable to control and/ or manipulate all relevant variables.

Incorporation

Is one of the earliest mechanisms used in the developmental process whereby a child, through the process of abservation, assimilates into his or her own ego and superego the values, attitudes, and preferences of the parents. This is a primary defense mechanism and may be seen in a child absorbing his or her mother's loving nature into his own personality.

All-or-nothing thinking and Black- and- white (or dichotomous) thinking

Is the belief that it is either one way or another, but there is no gray area.

Clarifying

Is one response method used by counselors to define vague or perplexing words client's use in their conversations. Some messages that may need clarifying are made up of inclusive terms such as the pronouns "they" or "them", ambiguous phrases such "you know", or words that have more than one meaning such as "stoned" or "trip". Any time a counselor feels the message is unclear, he/ she use clarification to extend comprehension.

Reframing

Is providing an alternative, more positive explanation of behavior to the family so that it will be more amenable to change.

Action research

Is research designed to find solutions or to develop new approaches to solving problems typically in an agency or other practice setting.

Qualitative Research

Is research from a non-statistical perspective designed to understand the phenomenon under investigation from the perspective of the respondent.

Historical Research

Is research that attempts to develop an accurate reconstruction of the past. A historic perspective is used to interpret and organize data obtained in the course of research.

Quantitative Research

Is research that can be summarized using numbers and statistics.

Correlational research

Is research that seeks to identify the extent to which changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable or variables using correlation coefficients.

Ethnography

Is research that seeks to understand individuals in their own social or cultural context. This type of research involves a blending of two perspectives- an emic perspective, or the perspective of an individual who is part of the group being studied, and the etic perspective, or the perspective of an outsider to the group being studied. The researcher is a participant- observer in this research.

Regression

Is reverting to more primitive models of coping associated with earlier and safer developmental periods. An example would be an individual who when upset, clutches her blanket for security.

Compensation

Is seeking of success in one area of life as a substitute for success in another area of life that has been limited b/c of personal or environmental barriers. An example of compensation would be a disabled athlete becoming a computer expert.

Sibling Position

Is seen as associated with the development of specific personality characteristics.

Imitation

Is seen both in unconscious and conscious modeling of another person's behavior or style, but often is a less intense or complete manner than would be seen in pathological identification. An example of this would be a student who emulates his or her teacher.

Authenticity/ genuineness

Is shown when the social worker responds in a natural, open, and genuine manner to the client. Verbalizations of the social worker are spontaneous and congruent (consistent with social worker's feelings and thoughts). The social worker makes appropriate self- disclosures.

"Life tasks"

Is that all humans must face and solve certain problems universal to human life, including the tasks of friendship, wor, and intimacy.

Ego strength

Is the ability of the ego to effectively deal with the deadman of the id, the superego, and reality. Those with little ego strength may feel torn b/w these competing demands, whereas those with too much ego strength can become too unyielding and rigid.

Empathy

Is the ability to understand and then demonstrate an understanding of the communicator's message including underlying feelings.

Confluence

Is the absence of a boundary between self and the environment. This causes intolerance of any differences between oneself and others and often underlies feelings of quilt and resentment.

Empathy

Is the action of accurately reflecting the surface. Feelings of the client. High- level empathy involves the reflection of surface and underlying feelings and involves interpretation. Simply stated, empathy is the ability of the social worker to accurately receive the client's feelings, and the ability of the social worker to then communicate understanding of the client's feelings through accurate reflection.

Mean

Is the arithmetic average (sum of the scores divided by the number of scores). Every score in the distribution affects the mean. The mean can be used only on interval and ratio scales of measurement.

Anhedonia

Is the decreased ability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli or a degradation in the recollection of pleasure previously experienced.

Reliability

Is the degree to which a test is consistent, dependable and repeatable. In other words, reliable is the "degree to which test scores are free from errors of measurement". A reliability coefficient is expressed as a number from 0 to 1; the higher the coefficient, the more reliable the test is. It is usually paired with validity.

Range

Is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in the distribution.

Phenomenology

Is the direct study of experiences taken at face value.

Fear

Is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat.

Catharsis

Is the experience of relief from emotional distress through the free and uninhibited expression of emotion; members tell their story to a supportive audience, resulting in relief from chronic feelings of shame and guilt.

Speech

Is the expressive production of sounds and includes and individuals articulation, fluency, voice, and resonance quality.

Validity (in measurement theory)

Is the extent to which an instrument being used measures what it intends to measure.

Fixation

Is the interruption of normal personality development at a stage of short of mature independence. An example of this could be an adult male who shirks his family responsibilities to spend time with his high school buddies.

Independent Variable (I.V)

Is the item that is thought to influence or cause a behavior or outcome. In mental health research, "I" is frequently the intervention.

Juvenile Court

Is the legal venue for investigating, charging and adjudicating child abuse and neglect, as well as youth offenders.

Introjection

Is the mechanism of unconsciously incorporating ideas, attributes, or mental images into one's own personality. An example of this might be a wife who was criticized by her husband and in turn criticizes herself excessively.

Line- item budget

Is the most common form of budget, in which the budget is broken down into various categories of expenditures, such as staff salaries, office supplies, etc.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea

Is the most common type of breathing related sleep disroder. It is characterized by a total absence in breathing (apnea) or decrease in airflow (hypopnea). When the brain registers impaired breathing it briefly arouses the individual from sleep. Snoring is a central feature of this breathing related sleep disroder.

Mode

Is the number that occurs most often in a series of number (e.g "5" is the mode of the following series of numbers 11, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 9). A series of numbers may have more than one mode (e.g in the number of series 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9, the number "1", "5", and "9" all appear three times; thus this series has three modes).

Conditioned response

Is the organism's learned response to a conditioned stimulus (e.g Pavlov's dogs learned response to the ringing of the bell was salivation).

Dependent Variable (DV)

Is the outcome or behavior thought to be caused or influenced by the influence by the Independent Variable (e.g Diana Baumrind conducted research on the impact of different parenting styles on a child behavior; in her studies, Parenting style is the Independent Variable and Child Behavior is the Dependent Variable).

Reorientation

Is the phase of the therapeutic process when client's are helped to redirect their mistaken goals and basic beliefs with more objective outlooks.

Statistical Significance

Is the probability that a difference in scores (e.g the mean score of a control group as opposed to the mean score of a experimental group) could have resulted from sampling error alone.

Problem formulation

Is the process by which researchers develop a precise statement that can be sued in an experiment.

Social reform

Is the process of working with other agencies to create change. Social workers can be instrumental in rearranging social institutions of changing institutional policies in order to achieve social justice or eliminate structural inequalities.

Family Projection Process

Is the process through which parents transmit their lack of differentiation onto their offspring.

Universality

Is the recognizing of shared experiences and feelings among group members and the acknowledging that the "problems" may be widespread or be universal human concerns. There are reduced feelings of isolation, a validation of experiences, and increased self- esteem.

Negative Reinforcement

Is the repetition of a behavior because of the behavior's power to turn off negative stimuli.

Positive Reinforcement

Is the repetition of a behavior because the behavior is followed by a pleasant stimulus.

Dystonia

Is the simultaneous sustained contracture of both agonist and antagonist muscles, resulting in a distorted posture or movement of parts of the body. Dystonic postures are often triggered by attempts at voluntary movements and are not seen during sleep.

Variance

Is the standard deviation squared.

Homeostasis

Is the tendency of a system, such a family, to maintain internal stability.

Representative Sample

Is the term used to refer to the extent to which a sample is important in ways similar to the population from which it was drawn (e.g racial/ ethnic composition; age distribution; income distribution). The more similar the sample is to the population, the more confidence the researcher can have that a study of the entire population would yield the same results.

Conversion

Is the transformation of anxiety into a physical dysfunction, such as paralysis or blindness, which does not have a physiological basis. An example would be an individual who was abused and became blind as a defense against further abuse.

Social action

Is the use of power and control techniques to bring about change. Many areas of significant social change have been accomplished by aggressive social action (e.g women's suffrage, civil rights, social protests, etc). Leadership and establishment ways of doing things are challenged.

Socratic dialogue

Is the use of questions to lead the individual to discover a reality.

Repression

Is unconscious pushing of anxiety- producing thoughts and issues out of the conscious and into the unconscious. (Sigmund Freud is accurately credited with identifying this defense mechanism, although Anna Freud also addressed this mechanism frequently in her work). An example of this would be an individual who cannot remember being sexually abused as a child b/c she has pushed those memories into her unconscious. The memories may not be recalled except through psychoanalysis or hypnosis.

Remedial model

Is used in clinical outpatient and inpatient settings. The goal of this model is to restore or rehabilitate individuals exhibiting dysfunctional behavior. The group leader is a change agent and utilizes assessment and interventions to assist group members to achieve their treatment goals.

Sensate Focus and Nondemand Pleasuring (in Sex Therapy)

Is used in the treatment of performance anxiety or spectator role. This type of therapy initially involves having couples focus on pleasuring each other using sensual message, hugging, and kissing while refraining from having intercourse or caressing genitals or breasts and, over time, gradually rebuilding their sexual repertoire while continuing to focus on sensual pleasure rather than on achieving an erection or orgasm.

Homeostasis

Is used to define a balance and steady state of equilibrium in the family system.

Identified patient

Is used to defined the symptom-bearer or official put as identified by the family. According to Milan Systematic therapists, the identified pt's symptoms usually serve a homeostatic or protective function for the family that prevents change from happening and maintains the equlibirum in the system.

Gender

Is used to denote the public (and usually legally recognized) lived role as boy or girl, man or woman, but, in contrast to certain social constructionist theories, biological factors are seen as contributing, in interaction with social and psychological factors, to gender development.

Alert and Oriented (oriented x3)

Is used to describe a client that is fully aware and oriented to person (who they are talking to), place (where they are), and time (date).

The Miracle Question

Is used to help the client start to envision what he wants to be different in his life (e.g if you were to wake up tomorrow morning to find things were better because a miracle had occurred while you were asleep, what would be the signs that a miracle had indeed occurred? What would be different?).

Suppression

Is viewed as the conscious and intentional exclusion of data from consciousness. This defense mechanism may be seen in an individual who refuses to think about something that is temporarily interfering with his or her current functioning. An example of this would be a young woman who just broke up with her boyfriend but refuses to think about the pain because she has to perform a piano recital.

Feedback

Is what keeps a system functioning the way it does according to the Milan model. The believed that recursiveness and feedback were important, as was negative feedback.

Referral for additional evaluations

It may be necessary to obtain additional information through formal psychological testing, psychiatric evaluation, vocational testing, or medical evaluations. In this case, the intake social worker may need to refer the client to another MH professional, medical doctor, or agnency. The social worker should explain to the client why this type of referral is necessary and facilitate the referral process. The social worker should then follow up with the individual with whom the client was referred and use that information to complete the intake process.

Predictive knowledge

Knowledge that allows management to make increasingly accurate guesses about the impact different types of management decisions will have under various conditions.

Descriptive knowledge

Knowledge that consists of common patterns of management that have been observed in human service organizations with minimal controls.

The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 (MEPA) (P.L 103-382) and the 1996 provision on Removal of Barriers to Interethnic Adoption (P.L 104-188)

Laws were passed to prevent delays in foster placement or adoptions due to racial or the ice reasons, in federally- funded agencies. The intent of the legislation was to increase the adoption rates of children of color and to decade the amount of time they spent in foster care waiting to be adopted. The Act prohibited adoption of foster care placement on the basis of race, national origin, or color, and provided for diligent recruitment of appropriate homes which reflect the racial and ethnic diversity of children waiting for placement.

Paraphilia

Literally. Means love (Philia ) beyond the usual (para) Is the description of specific sexual arousal and behavior (Criterion A of each paraphilic disorder, which requires a duration of at least 6 months).

Dorothea Dix

Lobbied internationally for improved conditions and services for the mentally ill. She was directly responsible for the creation of 32 institutions of the care of the mentally ill.

Contingency Theories

Maintain that managers need to be flexible inasmuch as different situations require different decisions and behaviors. Managers need to carefully assess such situation and have thee requisite skills to make good decisions.

Major and mild Neurocognitive disorders

Major and mild Neurocognitive disorders are described as a progressive impairment in cognitive functioning that do not affect level of consciousness. It results in increased impairment in social and occupational functioning over time. The individual's memory is compromised with an inability to learn new information and recall previously learned information.

Criminal Courts

May be of help to victims of domestic violence and child abuse and neglect, by issuing order of protection and adjudicating the guilt or innocence of accused perpetrators of these crimes.

Confrontation

May be used to call a pt out on discrepancies Often used with substance abusers in order to break denial and/ or rigid defenses Confrontation also may increase anxiety and avoidance, but is necessary and can be constructive.

Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

May manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from chi like "silliness" to unpredictable agitation.

Positive feedback loop (also called "Amplifying")

Means input that forces a system, such as a family, to change.

Negative feedback loop (also called "Attenuating")

Means input that maintains the status quo of a system

Reframing

Means redefining the family's perspective on problems (I.e that they are the problems of individual family members or caused by the environment) as problems with the structure of the family.

Differential Reinforcement for Alternative Behavior's (DRA)

Means that alternative behavior's are reinforce while the target behaviors are not.

Equifinality

Means that different beginning points may lead to the same result.

Multifinality (Equipotentiality)

Means that the same beginning point may lead to different results.

Enactment

Means that the social worker has the family or a subsystem of the family act out, in session, how they typically deal with a specific type of problem. The enactments are defined and directed by the social worker. When the enactment creates a problem, the social worker may push family members to continue in the vein they are going or alternatively, he or she will comment on the problem.

Active avoidance

Means the individual intentionally behaves in ways that are designed to prevent or minimize contact with phobic objects or situations (e.g takes tunnel so instead of bridges on daily commute to work for fear of heights; avoids entering a dark room for fear of spiders; avoids accepting a job in a locale where public stimuls is more common).

Sensitivity

Means the social worker is able to accurately understand the feelings of the client. Sometimes client's are unable to verbalized their feelings, either because they do not feel comfortable or because they a re not able to articulate what they feel. Even if the client does not verbalized his or her feelings, he does communicate in other, often non-verbal ways.

Standard Deviation

Measures the spread of a set of data around the mean of the data. In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of scores fall within plus or minus one standard deviation of the mean, and 95% fall within plus or minus two standard deviations of the mean. Standard Deviations is the most common measure of the statistical dispersion.

Pre- Group Interview

Meeting between members and leaders on an individual basis in order to select members for the group who have common concerns. The pre- group interview is a time to discuss the importance of members' own preparation for the group. Examples: Job interview or a college entrance interview.

Disengagement

Minuchin's term for psychological isolation that results from overly riding boundaries around individuals and subsystems in a family.

Enmeshment

Minuchin's terms for loss of autonomy due to a blurring of psychological boundaries. Enmeshment encourages Somatization, disengagement and acting out.

Mood and affect

Mood is described by the client in his or her own words. It is an internal emotional state. Types of mood states include neutral, euthymic (normal mood), depressed or dysphoric, euphoric, angry, anxious, indifferent (apathetic), or anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure). Affect is the emotion conveyed by the client's nonverbal behavior. The affect is evaluated by appropriateness, intensity, range, reactivity, and mobility. Types of affect include full range, restricted, blunted, flat, labile, congruent, incongruent, exaggerated, or dramatic. Affect is subject to cultural influences.

Psychological Eduation

New teaching techniques for the large groups in the mental health arena. These techniques are provided to teachers, laypersons,, couselors,, etc in hopes of giving each of them an insider's perspective on the symptoms of mental disorders. This foundation reaches a broader population of people who may come into contact with these individuals. Example: Participation in experiential training workshops.

Biopyschosocial model

Of assessment considers three elements of the client's situation: 1. The biological component of how the body's functioning may be contributing to the client's current problems. 2. The psychological components, or the emotions, the thinking process, and the behaviors of the client. 3. The social component, or the role of the environment, culture, socioeconomic status, poverty, and spirituality of the individual's health. After gathering the previous information, the social worker then identifies the client's current level of functioning, strengths and weaknesses, MH status (including previous problem areas), and the client's needs.

Medical model

Of assessment forces on the client's pathology of what is "wrong" with the client. Most standardized assessment instruments are concerned with the problem areas and inadequacies of the cleints. In the process of gathering data and formal ting a diagnosis, social workers have traditionally identified problem areas, but sometimes without enough of consideration of the client's strenghts, resiliency, and positive life factors.

Strength perspective

Of assessment is based on the notion that client strengths are essential ingredients in the healing process and that incorporating the strengths of the client will aid in empowering the client to reach the desired goals. Focusing on what is wrong with the client often reinforces the powerlessness of the client in his or her current situation.

Attitude

Of the client also needs to be assessed. If the client has a positive attitude about his or her current situation and has the ability to see things as being able to get better, he or she will have a greater chance of being able to deal with the problems. If the client has a negative, defeatist, or persecutory attitude about his or her situation, the prognosis is generally not as good. There are, however, many treatment strategies and methods that focus on changing clients' attitudes.

Strenghts

Of the client and the client's support system need to be identified. The client may be able to readily identify strengths or. May need direction from the social worker to assess the client's strengths. The client's coping mechanisms, both adaptive and maladaptive, should be assessed and can shed light on their effect on the client's presenting problems. Identifying client strengths can provide encouragement and lead the client to believe that he or she is the driving force in dealing with current problem areas.

Appearance

Of the client is an important factor for the social worker to consider. The worker should note any condition relevant to understanding the client., such as body weight, physical disabilities, apparent healthiness, facial affect, grooming, etc.

Support system

Of the client is one of the most important aspects of the treatment process and needs to be thoroughly explored. If a client has at least one significant individual in his or her life, his or her ability to be reliant is greatly enhanced. Support systems included biological family members, friends, religious affiliations, caretakers, pets, helping professionals, etc. all of these supports are important factors in the treatment plan. The social worker needs to assess how willing and able the client's family and social network are to support the client's treatment process and goals.

Circularity

Part of the Milan group's multidimensional mode- it incorporated history, individual and immediate events.

Integrated Congruent Relationship

Pertains to perceived genuineness of group members. Example: Suzie reaches out out to Martha, understand her problem even though this had not happened to her personally.

Appearance

Physical appearance included a client's age, height, weight, and overall grooming.

Giftedness

Possession of advanced metacogntive skills and abilities to select evaluate and apply cognitive strategies. Gifted children have mild elevations in self- concept.

Authoritarian

Refers to unilateral decision- making by administration, where rewards are given for compliance and punishments are given for noncompliance.

Rx

Prescription

Positive Feedback

Proactive behavior that rocks the equilibrium of the family system and causes issues within the system. Designed to cause an imbalance in the family unit and redefine it in a positive way. For example: a man who is self- employed agrees to work from home and take care of the kids so his wife can get a job, which changes the way the family operates.

Staff evaluations

Provide feedback to staff members regarding how they are performing relative to established standards. These evaluations provide useful information to staff and managers about areas where employees need to change their behavior, as well as areas where the managers need to exert additional control. It is important that staff evaluations be used in such a way that staff members see them as useful aids.

Growth groups

Provide group members with personal growth opportunities as opposed to remediation (e.g a marriage enrichment group).

Therapy groups

Provide members with remediation and/or rehabilition (e.g a group of adults molested as children)

The Medicaid Act of 1965

Provided federal grants to assist states with the provision of medical services for the poor.

The Runaway and Homeless Youth Act of 1974 (Title III of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974) as last amended by the Reconnecting Homeless Youth Act of 2008 (P.L 100-378)

Provided grants to create runaway and homeless youth centers; shelters; counseling services; street- based and home- based services; drug abuse education; transitional living programs; rural demonstration projects; and research and training.

Summarizing

Provides the client with condensed version of a segment of an interview. The social worker highlights the client's main ideas and theme. Summarizing is useful as a method of organizing interview data, providing an opportunity for client verification of content, and differentiating between relevant and irrelevant content.

Deflection

Refers to a group member who redirects attention alway from himself or herself and on to another group member. An example would be an individual who, when asked a personal question that would cause embarrassment, turns the conversation toward another individual.

Nominal

Refers to a level of measurement involving categories that are distinguished only by name, such as male or female.

Rationalization

Rationalization is giving to behavior a socially acceptable motive.

Records

Records pertinent to the client and his or her situation, both current and past, are vital to the social history as they provide information that may not be readily attainable through the interview process. Relevant records to be obtained, with client permission, include school, medical, abuse and neglect, substance abuse treatment (psychiatric and medical), and criminal records. All records requests and evaluations should be compliance with HIPAA regulations.

Quality Circles

Refer to a Japanese variation on participative management and consist of a group of volunteers, headed by a supervisor, who meet on a regular basis during work hours to resolve production- related problems.

Need for Affiliation Orientation

Refers to individuals who engage in activities designed to make others love them and to avoid rejection. The are uncomfortable with interpersonal conflict and tend to have well- developed social skills. They are very productive in a pleasant work environment but may be immobilized by an overly conflictive environment.

Need for Power Orientation

Refers to individuals who seek positions and activities that provide them with the opportunity to control and influence others. These individuals tend to be outspoken and demanding. They are hard workers but run the risk of alienating others if their need for power is very evident.

Democratic (participative)

Refers to leadership style where staff members participate in decision-making.

Imparting information (AKA Guidance)

Refers to learning factual information from other members in the group (e.g learning about treatment options or services)

Eingenwelt

Refers to one's relationship with himself/ herself (in German, the word literally means elf- world).

Mitwelt

Refers to one's relationship with other people

Unwelt

Refers to one's relationship with the environment

Generalized

Refers to sexual difficulties that are not limited to certain types of stimulation sitatuion, or partners.

Situational

Refers to sexual difficulties that only occur with certain types of stimulation, sitatuion said, and partners

Identification of goals

Refers to short- term as well as long- term goals, based on the client's needs as the available resources.

Gender- atypical

Refers to somatic features or behaviors that are not typical (in a statistical sense) of individual with the same assigned gender In a given society and historical era; for behavior.

Primary Reinforcer

Refers to stimuli required to sustain life or to satisfy physiological needs. Primary reinforcers are naturally reinforcing (e.g water, food, sleep).

Culture

Refers to systems of knowledge, concepts, rules, and practices that are learned and transmitted across generations.

Internal Validity (in research design)

Refers to the amount of confidence we can have that variations in a dependent variable can be explained by the variations in the independent variable. There are many factors that pose a threat to internal validity.

External Validity (in research design)

Refers to the amount of confidence we can have the findings of a study are applicable to the larger population form which the study sample was drawn.

Associality

Refers to the apparent lack of interest in social interactions and may be associated with avolition, but it can also be a manifestation of limited opportunities for social interactions.

Exploration

Refers to the assessment of the motivation of the client and the capacities and opportunities available.

Transgender

Refers to the broad spectrum of individuals who transiently or persistently identity with a gender different form their natal gender.

Cultural concepts of distress

Refers to ways that cultural groups experience, understand, and communication suffering, behavioral problems, or troubling thoughts and emotions. Three main types of cultural concepts may be distinguished.

Distress tolerance

Refers to the client's ability to accept the reality of circumstances that cannot be changed, find meaning in the situation, and tolerate the distress. Distress tolerance behavior's include distracting, self- soothing, improving the moment, and identifying positives and negatives. Acceptance behaviors include fundamental acceptance, attitude adjustment, and willingness rather than willfulness.

Identification of proble(s)

Refers to the client's perception, input from others, social worker's viewpoint.

Complementarity

Refers to the extent to which different family roles (e.g husband- wife patterns of providing support to each other) are in harmony with each other.

Leader Skills

Refers to the group leader's competency in interventions that facilitate the group process. Example: Active listening, restating, clarifying and summarizing.

Development of socializing techniques (AKA int personal output)

Refers to the group setting that provides a safe and supportive environment in which members can take risks by extending their repertoire of interpersonal behavior and improving their social skills.

Judgement

Refers to the individual's ability to make sound, reasoned and responsible decisions. A typical question might be, "If you were in a movie theater and smelled smoke what would you do?" Or "What would you do if you won the lottery?"

Insight

Refers to the individual's understanding of his or her problems and treatment options. Insight is on a continuum (e.g good, poor, no insight).

Gender assignment

Refers to the initial assignment as male or female.

Contract

Refers to the initial contract which clarifies the agency's role in providing resources and committing to study the problem further.

Evaluating family structure

Refers to the mapping of underlying structures of the family (structural diagnosis, or the identification of the problem and its structural dynamics).

Understanding

Refers to the necessity of the social worker to understand the meaning of the client's feelings. The social worker needs to have a thorough knowledge of human behavior in order to be able to understand and help this particular client, with his or her unique and individual qualities. When the social worker thoroughly understands the client's feelings, he or she can respond to the client with an appropriate emotional response.

Sampling Error

Refers to the normal differences that exist between a population and a sample. (Normally a sample is unlikely to be perfectly representative of the population from which it was drawn).

Levels or Scales of Measurement

Refers to the precision with which a variable is measured and dependent on the nature of the variable on the method of measurement.

Idealization

Refers to the process of over- estimating the desirable qualities and under- estimating the limitations of something that is important to the individual. An example of this would be a young woman that her fiancé is extremely intelligent when he is only average intellectually.

Receptive ability

Refers to the process of receiving and comprehending language messages.

Expressive ability

Refers to the production of vocal, gestural, or verbal signals.

Thought process

Refers to the quantity, rate and form (logical or coherent) of thought. It cannot be directly observed, only inferred from the client's speech. Rate can be described as "flight of ideas" (i.e. Thought are rapid and pressured). Poverty of thought is a term used to describe a reduction in the quantity of thought. Perseveration is noted if the client keeps returning to the same limited set of ideas. A formal thought disorder may be exhibited by thought blocking (where the client's thoughts seem to be interpreted without apparent cause; frequently mid- sentence); loose associations (thoughts appear unconnected unbeknownst to the speaker), tangental thinking (replying in an oblique or irrelevant way), derailment, and circumstantial (where the client includes a great deal of irrelevant details and makes frequent diversions).

Paraphrasing

Refers to the social worker restating the client's message succinctly in his or her own words. This technique tends to focus on the content of the message rather than underlying feelings. Paraphrasing allows the social worker to check out the accuracy of his or her understanding of the client's statement, which demonstrates that the social worker is listening and tracking.

Physical environment

Refers to the stability and adequacy of one's physical surroundings and whether the environment Foster's or jeopardizes the client's health and safety.

Identified patient

Refers to the symptomatic family member or the individual the family identifies as having a problem.

Directives

Refers to the tasks that the social worker tells family members he or she wants them to perform.

Interpersonal effectiveness

Refers to the teaching and learning of skills that allow an individual to be assertive in asking for another person to do something (e.g requesting a change) or effectively problem- solving with another person without damaging the relationship or the person's self- esteem (e.g being able to say "no").

Corrective recapitulation of the primary family experience

Refers to when members unconsciously identify the group social worker and other group members with their own parents and siblings, which is a form of transference specific to group psychotherapy. The social worker's interpretations can help group members gain understanding of the impact of childhood experiences on their personality and they may, in turn, learn to avoid unconsciously repeating unhelpful past interactive patterns in present- day relationships.

Positive Reinterpretation

Reframing a member's negative behavior into a positive light. The member is able to view his behavior as more manageable, and the leader is able to see the behavior in compassionate rather than threatening terms. Example: The glass being half- full as opposed to half- empty.

Regression

Regression is a retreat to an earlier stage of development where the individual feels more comfortable.

Family rules

Regular patterns of interactions, functioning as rules in which families are generally unaware of in their attempt to stabilize relationships.

Generic and idiosyncratic rules

Regulate transactions and govern structure

Variable ratio

Reinforcement happens at a rate tied to the number of responses (the actual number of responses to each reinforcement may fluctuate like payments on a capped variable rate mortgage, but the ratio, on average stays constant.).

Variable interval

Reinforcement interval changes (such as reinforcement after 2 seconds, then after 7 seconds, then after 4 seconds, and so on).

Fixed interval

Reinforcement is repeated at timely intervals (eg every 10 seconds.)

Fixed ratio

Reinforcement occurs at fixed responses intervals (for example, giving reinforcement after every fifth response).

Symmetrical relationships

Relationships based on similarities where behavior of one mirrors that of the other.

Catharsis

Release of accumulated emotions. Catharsis is used in Gestalt therapy. One of the potential dangers of Gestalt therapy involves catharsis. Sometimes an inexperienced therapist may lead a person to the point of catharsis, releasing intense emotion without knowing how to take the client from there. It is very important that a therapist know what to do in the face of the potential unleashed anger or rage of sadness. Example: A sudden outburst of crying or laughing. The client may just have broken down one of the defense mechanisms that he/ she has used for years. Once the catharsis has taken place, if cognitive direction is provided, behavior change can take place.

Inter-rather reliability

Reliability is determined by the rafters judgement in easy tests, behavioral observational scales, or projective personality assessments. The correlation between two or more raters is discovered. Problems with this method include lack of motivation on the part of the rater or rater bias, as well as characteristics of the measuring device itself.

Palilalla

Repeating one's own sounds or words

Echolalia

Repeating the last-heard word or phrase

Restatement (paraphrasing)

Rephrase what the client says Accurately "give back" to that person what he/ she has said Demonstrate you are actively listing Paraphrase can serve three purposes: - convey to the client that you are with him - crystallize a client's comment by making it concise - provide a check on the accuracy of the perceptions of the session

The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF, 1996)

Replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children, an outgrowth of a New Deal program. The act placed time limits affixed to public assistance and required that those who were enrolled in the program be employed.

Chorea

Represents rapid, random, continual, abrupt, irregular, unpredictable, unstereotyped actions that are usually bilateral and affect all parts of the body (I.e face, trunk, and limbs). The timing, direction, and distribution of movements vary from moment to moment, and movements usually worsen during attempted voluntary action.

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLa) of 1993

Requires employers who participate in this program to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to legible employees for certain family and medical reasons, without fear of losing their jobs.

Evaluation Research

Research that relies on subjective observation rather than an objective, statistically standardized instrument. Examples: Self- reporting by group members on the value of their group experience or inferring a child's social attitudes from a clinician's observations of a child's social interactions rather than giving the child a written questionnaire to complete regarding his/ her social attitudes.

Reflection

Restates the pt's cognitive or emotional material. Identifies and feeds back the underlying emotional experience. Demonstrates empathetic understanding Some therapists rely heavily on pt reflection Overuse is counter- productive - important areas are left unaddressed Reflection is a type of intervention that clarifies and joins themes.

Seven Stage Crisis Intervention Model

Rogers proposed another widely used model for working through a crisis: He suggests that social workers do the following: 1. Conduct a thorough Biopsychosocial and imminent danger assessment 2. Rapidly establish rapport with the client 3. Identify the major problems or crisis precipitant 4. Deal with the client's feelings and emotions 5. Generate and explore alternatives and new coping strategies 6. Restore functioning through implementation of an action plan 7. Plan a follow- up time to meet with the client

Leader Roles

Roles played by a group leader, including modeling, helping identifying goals, division of responsibility and structuring. Example: Dr. Joe demonstrates empathy instead of describing it

Family homeostasis

Rules maintain family homeostasis and keep things the same. Negative feedback: conservative efforts to keep things from changing.

Couples Group Therapy

Several Couples meet in a group to work out problems they have in common. Example: A group comprised of couples whose marriage has been threatened by the death of a child.

Disorganized/ disoriented attachment

Signs of fearing their caretakers, confused facial expressions and a variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors mark these children. 80% of infants who have been mistreated by their caregivers exhibit this pattern.

Counter transference

Similar to transference but the social worker is the one who attributes these feelings to the client, generally seek assistance (supervision or peer - support) and generally do not confront the client. Steps to address: 1. Recognize 2. Process (usually do not use to help client) 3. Seek supervision or professional support to discuss and process

Subsystems

Smaller units of families determines by generations, sex or function.

Phoneme

Smallest unit in a language (in English "st" but not "sb")

Female orgasmic disorder

This disorder is characterized by marked infrequency of organisms and reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations. There is significant distress or interpersonal conflict.

Sexual history

Social workers may be uncomfortable completing a sexual history account for a client, but the data gathered may provide information that is vital to the treatment plan. The taking of a sexual history may depend on the client's age and reason for treatment. A social worker should prepare a client that he will be asking several different kinds of question and may then embed sexually- related questions among other general questions. The social worker should not ask questions of a personal sexual nature until well into the assessment process. The client should be made as comfortable as possible, and the questions can be open- ended or specific. If a client is receiving social worker services for a sexual offense- or if a history of sexual abuse or sexual perpetration is noted in the client's referral information, it is vital to take a sexual history. Sex offenders may be reluctant or unwilling to admit to sexual behavior and may become angry when confronted. When working with a child who has been sexually abused, the social worker may want to use strategies such as engaging the child Ina. Play situation (perhaps with puppets or objects that represent the child and others) or having the child draw pictures and describe what he has drawn. Social workers can also ask parents about their child's sexual knowledge, including whether the parent suspects that the child has been molested.

Standardized testing

Social workers must be trained and licensed in order to administer and interpret certain standardized tests related to client functioning. Social workers generally are not licensed to administer tests such as the following: - psychiatric evaluations - intelligence (IQ) tests - communication disorders tests - adults and child ADHD tests - personality tests such as the MMPI The results of such tests can be helpful in arriving in an accurate diagnosis and, therefore, social workers may seek information from professional, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, medical doctors, and other allied professionals. Social workers should be trained in understanding the results of such tests and using the information to make an accurate diagnosis of the client's situation. Depending on the social workers level of training and scope of practice, social workers may, with some specific training, admin sister tests as depression inventories, behavioral checklists, personality inventories, alcohol use invent tortes, etc. Internet tests are available for client to self- diagnosis; social workers should be cautions about utilizing diagnostic information obtained from such sources.

Speech

Speech is assessed by listening to the client. The focus is on the production of speech rather than the content of speech (which is related to thought).. Examples of speech include loadness, rhythm, pitch, articulation, quantity, rate, and spontantiety. This category also includes the client's ability to name objects, produce specific words in a set time, and repeat short sentences. Abnormalities of speech may include stuttering, mutism, echolalia (repetition of another person's words), palilalla (repetition of the individual's own words), and neologisms (made- up words that have specific meaning to the individual).

Incoherence or "word salad"

Speech may be so severely disorganized that it is nearly incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia in its linguistic disorganizations

The Helping Process Stages

Stage 1: Relationship-Building, Exploration, Engagement, Assessment, and Planning Stage 2: Implementation and Goal Attainment Stage 3: Termination, Planning Maintenance Strategies, and Evaluation

TACT

Stands for timeliness, appropriateness, consent and theory, all necessary for good therapy.

Jane Addams

Started the Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr. Ms. Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her contributions as a social workers.

Ellen Gates Starr

Started the Hull House with Jane Addams.

Early- onset gender dysphoria

Starts in childhood and continues into adolescence and adulthood; or, there is an intermittent period in which the gender dysphoria desists and these individuals self- identify as gay or homosexual, followed by recurrence of gender dysphoria.

Equifinality

States that the same results can be accomplished by different family systems. The therapy process and what is currently happening within the family is more important than the what's what whys of the actual family exchanges.

Human Relations Theories

Stress the complexity of human motivation. Social needs are seen as critical factors in the behavior of people in organizational settings. Conflict in an organization can largely be avoided through the establishment of an environment that support worker trust and open communication.

Neutrality

Stresses the ability to define self without being emotionally invested in one's own viewpoint or in changing the view point of others. It refers to a balanced acceptance of mainly members and to define the behavior of a therapist who remains unbiased and does not take sides.

Substance- related disorder

Substance- related disorders include reversible, substance- specific mental disorders caused by substance intoxication and those caused by substance withdrawal. Common behavior and psychological changes associated with intoxication include belligerence, heightened emotions, impairment in cognitive abilities, and social and occupational functioning. Withdrawal is typically associated with substance dependence and involves a craving for more of the substance as a means to alleviating the symptoms.

Financial Programs

Such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Supplemental Security Insurance, Social Security Survivors Benefits, Disability Insurance, Worker's Compensation and Food Stamps, provide financial help to legible individuals and families.

Suicide risk

Suicide risk requires a timely assessment. It is important to take the necessary steps to prevent harm. A "no harm" contract is sometimes created for those who are having suicidal ideation so, but some research suggests that this is ineffective. If a client has a specific plan, it is important to have the client admitted to the hosptial. If the client refuses to voluntarily admit him or herself into the hospital, it may be necessary to contact emergency services and a family members or friends to assist with the process. Drastic changes in mood Amy also indicate a problem in a client who has a history of suicide or is coming out of Major depression. An individual who has formulated a plan to commit suicide may also display calmness and happiness, and could have all of his or her affairs in order.

Mind reading

Takes place when an individual assumes that he or she knows another person's thoughts on an issue.

Sx

Symptoms

Systems theory

Systems theory refers to the relationship of the parts of a system to one another and the effects of those relationships on the system. On the micro level, social workers use systems theory to view families in terms of roles, relationships, and family dynamics, and the effect that those factors have on individual family members. On a macro level, social workers use system theory in understanding the interrelated social structure of communities, and then use policy and advocacy to improve the welfare of society and communities.

Postive connotation

Takes a symptom and puts a positive spin on it (or positive reframe) so as to encourage the homeostatic tendency of the system.

Death instinct

Thanatos, which is Greek for "death". The death instinct is seen in repetitive acts that result in self- destructive behavior. Thanatos also shows itself in aggression.

The active crisis state

The event becomes a threat, looks or challenge. These reactions can bring about new energy for problem solving and challenge stimulates a moderate degree of anxiety plus a kindling of hope and expectionat. The actual state of disequilibrium will last 4-6 weeks until some type of adaptive or maladaptive solution is found. They say values can be changed at this stage.

DSM Classification System

The DSM-5 is divided into 22 diagnostic categories (including Z codes or Other Conditions That May Be of Focus of Clinical Attention). The disorders are organized by similarity in symptoms or etiology and from a life span approach. For example, disorders that first manifest in children are addressed first, such as Neurodevelopmental Disorders. These are followed by disorders seen in adolescence, early adulthood and later adulthood, such a Neurocognitive Disorders. If there is a diagnoses that manifest differently as the individual ages, DSM-5 specifies the signs or symptoms that are present (e.g ADHD). For disorders that do not meet the full criteria, the clinician uses "Other Specified (disorders)" or "Unspecified (disorder)". If the disorder is associated with substance use or a medical condition, the terms "Substance/ Medication Induced (disorder)" or "(disorder) Due to Another Medical Condition" are used. The DSM-5 no longer used the multi- axial formulation found in the DSM-IV-TR. The DSM-5 authors made the decision to remove what was perceived as artificial distinction/ boundaries b/w each axis. Subsequently, Axes I, II, and III are combined, making the formulation more consistent with ICD-9 and ICD-10 Codes (International Classification of Diseases). Axes IV and V were also eliminated. Psychosocial stressors are accounted for by the expanded section in "Conditions that May be the Focus of Clinical Attention" (Z-Codes). Although there are sclaes in the DSM-5 that address the level of functioning in a variety of areas, no specific scale has currently be adopted by the APA. Individuals are viewed from a bio-psychosocial perspective in which psychosocial stressors, medical condition, strengths, daily functioning, and mental disorders all interact. Subsequently, any mental disorder or medical condition can be listed. As a social worker you may want to include any medical diagnosis I of a chronic nature (e.g diabetes, congestive heart failure, hepatitis C) that impacts that individual's ability to function. It is important that you also indicate where you obtain this information, such as client report, prior medical records or family report. By indicating the source of the information, you are relating a medical diagnosis from another source.

Metamemory

The ability to reflect on memory as a process

Metacognition

The ability to think about thinking

Norms

The acceptable/ unacceptable standards of behavior agreed upon by leader and members. Some norms may pose problems for members of different cultural backgrounds. Examples: Responsibility of group rules.

Identity diffusion

The adolescent has not yet experienced an identity crisis, explored alternatives or committed to an identity.

Probability sample

The all- inclusive framework for sampling is called the probability sample. A probability sample is a sample chosen in such a way that every unit in the sampling frame has a known non-zero chance (or probability) of being chosen.

Attending

The counseling needs to merely listen closely to the client. Sitting forward slightly in a relaxing manner and making eye contact with the client are components of the response.

Repression

The determinate of all defense mechanisms, repression occurs when a person forces painful perceptions, constructs and feelings into the unconscious.

Urinary incontinence

The diurnal- only subtype occurs in the absence of nocturnal enuresis

Population

The entire group of objects about which information is desired.

Sampling frame

The list of units from which the sample is choosen.

IP, or the identified Patient

The family member with the symptom that has brought the family into treatment. The concept of the IP is used by family therapists to keep the family from scapegoating the IP or suing him/ her as way of avoiding problems in the rest of the system.

Ecological context

The family's church, school, work, and extended family members.

Phobic stimulus

The fear or anxiety is circumscribed to the presence of a particular situation or object

Ida M. Cannon

The first social worker to provide medical social services, was hired by Dr. Richard C. Cabot of Boston's Massachusetts General Hospital (1905).

Stage 1: Relationship-Building, Exploration, Engagement, Assessment, and Planning

The first stage in the helping process provides a basis for intervention. This procedure consists of the collection of data via the interview process with the client and identification of the primary problem(s) and external contributing factors. The stages in the process include the development of rapport with the client; the completion of multidimensional assessment; the identification of mutually agreed-upon treatment goals; the formation of a treatment contract; and referral to other entities when the client has needs that the social worker is unable to meet.

Social history

The following is an outline for a social study to be used by social workers. The study should focus on the strengths of the client, as well as the problem areas, and should include information gathering from multiple sources. - gathering data via interviewing and observation - identification of presenting problem - family history - sexual history - records - collateral history - suicide risk

The Tarasoff Case

The foundation for duty to warn if a client poses a threat to another because of their metal health status.

Relative frequency of an event

The fraction or proportion of repetitions during which the event occurs; always expressed as a number between 0 and 1.

Frequency

The frequency of any value of a variable is the number of times that value occurs in the data. Therefore, frequency is a count.

Family structure

The functional organization of families that determines how family members interact.

Primary Empathy

The giving of empathy through thoughtful, sincere listening and reception; being sincere enough to relay to the client what he/ she has been heard and understood. A background that includes a wide range of experiences can help leaders to identify.

Core Group

The group that stays the same regardless of the movement of other members.

Identity achieved

The identity crisis has been resolved by evaluation of alternatives and commitment to an identity.

The vulnerable state

The imp[act disturbs the individual and traditional problem solving and coping methods fail. Tension and anxiety continue to rise. Functioning is hampered.

The hazardous event

The individual (family or group) is subjected to periods of stress, which disturbed his/ her sense of equilibrium. The event can be an anticipated catastrophic event (e.g marriage, retirement) or an unanticipated one (e.g the sudden loss of a family member).

Selective amnesia

The individual can recall some, but not all, of the events during a circumscribed period of time. Thus, the individual may remember part of a traumatic event but not other parts.

Sublimation

The individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by channeling potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior (e.g contact sports to channel angry impulses).

Sysematized amnesia

The individual loses memory for a specific category of information (e.g all memories relating to one's family, a particular person, or childhood sexual abuse).

Derailment or loose association

The individual may switch from one topic to another

Insecure (anxious/ ambivalent) attachment

The infant becomes very disturbed when left alone with a stranger but is ambivalent to the mother's return and may resist her attempt to physical contact. Mother's of these children are often moody and inconsistent in their care taking.

Communication

The input and output of feedback as a mechanisms for power struggles within families. Resulting in the main ting of dysfunctional cycles.

Counter transference

The irrational reactions therapists have toward their clients.

Anosognosia

The lack of awareness of neurological deficits following brain damage.

Infantile amnesia

The lack of memories earlier than the first three years of life, generally experienced by children and adults.

Interpersonal Leader

The leader focuses on the group process rather than individuals in the group. Example: Dr. Joe observes the group becoming agitated, some tapping their feet.

Variance

The mean of the squares of the deviations of observations from their mean. Variance is not as reliable as standard deviation in describing the variability.

Mental Status Examination

The mental status examination is a part of a psychiatric clinical assessment. The purpose of the examination is to obtain evidence of symptoms and signs of mental disorders, including dangers to self and others, that are present at the time of the interview. Furthermore, information on the pt's insight, judgement, and capacity for abstract reasoning is considered in developing the treatment strategy and the choice of an appropriate treatment setting. The mental status exam can be used in out patient and inpatient settings. Mental status exams consist of an informal inquiry, using a combination of open and closed questions, supplemented by structured tests to assess cogntition. The domains examined are as follows: -appearance - behavior - mood and affect - speech - thought process - thought content - perception - cognition - insight - judgment

Nonmonosymptoma tic enuresis

The nocturnal- and diurnal subtype

Mono symptomatic enuresis

The nocturnal- only subtype of enuresis. Is the most common subtype and involves incontinence only during nighttime sleep, typically during the first one- third of the night.

Calibration (Systems Theory)

The normal or standard operational system of the family.

Frequency of an event

The number of times an event occurs in a sequence of repetitions of a random phenomenon.

Reciprocal interaction

The person acts upon and responds to the external world, and the quality of those actions affects the external world's reactions (and vice versa).

Personhood

The personal style the therapist brings to therapy instead of dry therapeutic skills. Examples: Michael Jordan brings his own personhood to basketball and Albert Ellis, Fritz Perls and Carl Rogers each bring their own personhood to therapy.

Script

The planning of one's life by someone or some force from time of birth, resulting in rigid and stereotypical responses. Examples: Girls should be polite and every angry.

Equifinalty

The principle assets: The goal of a system of its own survival- family members tend to develop habits and ways of communicating and relating to each other regardless of how a situation stats, the tendency is to end in a characteristic way.

Group Stages

The process for the development of a group from beginning to end. Example: Stage I is the introductory stage during which rapport is established, confidentiality is explained, parameters are set and cohesion starts being built.

Randomization

The random allocation of experimental units among treatments, most simply by assigning a simple random sampling (SRS) of units to each treatment.

Corrective Emotional Experience

The replacement of an old emotion with a new, more productive and positive one.

Test/ retest

The same test is given twice with a time interval between tests. The coefficient measured by this is stability. Problems related to this procedure include the effect on memory, the effect of practice and change over time.

Self- disclosure

The sharing of personal experiences by the therapist to the pt relative to the session with the purpose of helping him/ her understand It is intended to help the pt be more open and more comfortable disclosing personal issues However, it should be used minimally The therapists must be careful not to cross boundaries

Phases of Crisis Intervention Phase III: Treatment Phase (the last interview or two)

The social worker and client make the decision to terminate treatment. The social worker monitors the passage of time, reminding the client of the number of interviews left as stipulated in the original contract, if applicable. In no agreement was made relative to duration of treatment, the social worker recommends less frequent meetings and discusses a termination plan with the client. In the last meeting or two, the social worker reviews progress including key themes and affective issues. The social worker also summarizes tasks completed to date, goals reached, and work yet to be completed. The social worker discusses the client's future goals and objectives. The social worker communicates that treatment in the crisis situation is completed while at the same time letting the client know that additional services are available in the future, if needed.

Broker

The social worker assists the client in locating resources in the community and/ or makes referrals.

Phases of crisis intervention Phase I: Formulation of Problem/ Crisis Identification (often completed in first interview)

The social worker elicits the client's subjective reactions to what happened and the role the client and other splayed in the event. The social worker determines that nature and duration of the vulnerable state (e.g early and later efforts to cope, including previous assistance received or sought). The social worker assess the present or active state of crisis, evaluates the client's current life circumstances, develops a contract of joint activities including goals and related tasks, and establishes a specific, concrete, working plan of activities.

Reflection

The social worker helps the client to further realize and understand what he/ she is feeling and encouraged further understanding and expression, can paraphrase what client I saying, that is process associated, where summarization is outcomes focused. Example: Client states "I am having a bad day." Reflection: It sounds like you are having a bad day. Paraphrasing: What about your day is so disturbing to you? Summarization: You have just told me three things about your day, which one is bothering you the most?

Phases of Crisis Intervention Phase II: Implementation Phase (first to fourth interviews)

The social worker organizes and evaluates information gathered from the client, obtaining additional background data relevant to the client's current life situation and the crisis event, if needed. The social worker identifies if there are themes apparent in the client's pre- crisis past. The social worker intervenes to bring about a behavior change, learns how the client has coped in the past with the crisis situation, as well as the outcome of previous coping efforts. The social worker and client develop specific action- oriented and thinking- oriented tasks to achieve short- term goals.

Gathering data via observation

The social worker should observe the client over time and in multiple situations. It is very difficult to make an accurate assessment of a client and his or her situation based on one interview, which is why the assessment process is ongoing. Observation based data gathering included evaluating the following areas: - appearance - health - life skills

Client advocate

The social worker works with or on behalf of the client to access resources that he or she otherwise would be unable to access.

Therapeutic Factors

The sole implementations of skills,, techniques and style that facilitate therapy. Factors include if a member has a supportive family or not and if he/ she is employed or not.

Transactions

The spoke and unspoken communication that takes places between individuals during a session. Examples: Feedback, confrontation and support.

Morphology

The study of morphemes, or the smallest combinations of sounds that have meaning within a language (prepositions, prefixes and suffixes)

Phonology

The study of sounds of a language

Regression Techniques

The technique of retrieving data from an earlier time in one's life in order to bring about a possible change in the present; a technique for examining causes and formation. Reaction to members and leader reveal symbolic clues to relationships of significant people in family origin.

Paradoxical prescription

The therapist prescribes to the family to "do more of the same"- this is intend to produce a paradoxical effect.

Relabeling

The therapist reframed the behavior and problems of the client so they may perceive it Ina different light, stressing the positive.

Exploration

The therapist tests the limits of what the client is willing to process. May be used to determine the client's level of insight.

Personality Reconstruciton

Therapy where the basic structure of the client is restricted to create an integrated individual. Therapy makes the unconscious conflicts conscious and examines them. Example: Analytic group or Boot camp.

Pragmatics

The use of language in different social contexts (turn- taking, nonverbal communication and slang)

Group Therapy

Therapy in which the goal are remediation, treatment and personality reconstruction.

Humanistic Therapy

Therapy that emphasizes the client and the relationship between client and therapist. It sees the quality of that relationship as sufficient in itself to affect change. Gestalt, existentialist and person- centered therapy are all types of humanistic therapies.

Shaping

This conditioning is used to encourage specific behavior by rewarding actions that come increasingly closer to the desired behavior.

Substance- related and addictive disorders

These disorders are brought on by the ingestion of an illegal drug or a medication or by exposure to a toxin (e.g specific rat poisons, specific pesticides, nerve gases, carbon monoxide). The criteria includes "craving" as a symptom whereas legal involvement was deleted from the criteria previously listed in DSM-IV-TR.

Dissociative disorders

These disorders are characterized by a disruption in one or more of the following: - consciousness - memory - identity - or perception The disruption can be suddenly or gradual, transient or chronic. The symptoms are frequently caused by trauma. The disruption is not the result of a medical condition or a substance.

PARASOMNIAS

These disorders are sleep disorders that involve abnormal behavior, experienced or physiological events, sleep, specific stages or sleep- wake transtions.

Paraphilic disorders

These disorders cause intense sexually- oriented urges, fantasies, or behaviors associated with objects and situations not typically associated with sexual arousal.

Breathing- retailed sleep disorder

These disorders share respiratory control instability as a common risk factor but have different physiological and anatomical causes. All of these disorders are diagnosed with Polysomnography (sleep study)

Other specified disorder

This category enables the clinician to identify presentations in which the symptoms are clinically significant, but do not meet the full criteria for a disorder, and to state the specific reason why the diagnostic criteria for any given disorder has not been met.

Tricyclic Antidepressants

This class of medication inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Tetracyclic Antidepressants

This class of medications affects serotonin and norepinephrine

Gender dysphoria diagnosis

This diagnosis refers to emotional distress based on a mismatch between one's assigned gender and how the individual perceived his or her true gender. There are different behaviors that express this distress based on the individual's age.

Conduct disorder

This disorder involves a pattern of repetitive and persistent behaviors in which the basic rights o others are violated. The behaviors can be aggressive, causing or threatening harm to others or animal, or no aggressive behavior resulting in property damage, Deceitfulness or theft, or serious violence of rules. There is evidence of 3 or more behavior present in the past 12 months and the pattern of behavior is preventive and persistent.

Gender dysphoria in adolescent's and adults

This disorder is a marked incongruence between one's experience/ expressed gender and assigned gender. There is a strong desire to be rid of one's primary and/ or secondary sex characteristics. There is a strong desire to be the other gender and to be treated as the other gender. The individual has a strong conviction that he/ she has typical feelings and reactions of the other gender.

Kleptomania

This disorder is a repeated failure to resist the impose to steal items the individual does not have reasons to steal. The theft is not a way of expressing anger or getting vengeance and is not related to a delusion or a hallucination. The behavior is associated with increased tension just before the theft and a sense of pleasure or relief in the satisfaction of the impulse. Most individuals with this disorder are women.

Reactive attachment disorder

This disorder is characterized as a disruption in a child's normal attachment behavior. It is a result of grossly negligent parenting and maltreatment. The child exhibits a pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers. There is minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others, episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness or fearfulness with adult caregivers.

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

This disorder is characterized as a disruption in a child's normal attachment behavior. It is the result of grossly negligent parenting and maltreatment. The child engages in an inappropriate pattern of behavior where he/she actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults, violating cultural boundaries. The child does not check back with adult caregivers after venturing away and exhibits a willingness to go off with an unfamiliar adult with minimal or no hesitation.

Paranoid personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by a general distrust/ suspiciousness of others and is more common in males. The individual must exhibit a minimum of four of the following: - believing that others are exploiting or harming him or her in the absence of convincing evidence - consistently without justification questioning the locality and trustworthiness of others. - avoiding confiding in others b/c of unjustified beliefs that they will use information against him or her - perceiving benign remarks or events as demeaning and threatening - bearing grudges - interpreting innocuous remarks as personal attacks - having unwarranted doubts about spouse or partner's fidelity

Avoidant/ restrictive food intake disorder

This disorder is characterized by a lack of interest in food, or avoidance based on the sensory features of the food or perceived consequences of eating. It is a persistent failure to meet nutritional or energy as evidenced by one or more of the following: significant weight loss or achieved expected weight, nutritional deficiency, dependence on nutritional supplements, or marked interference with psychosocial functioning. The individual may outright refuse food, be selective in what food will be consumed, eating too little, avoid food, or delayed self- feeding.

Female sexual interest/ arousal disorder

This disorder is characterized by a lack of, or significantly reduced, sexual interest/ arousal in sexual activity. Some experience dysfunction across the entire range of sexual response/ pleasure (decrease or absence of erotic feelings, throughts, fantasies, decreased impulses to initiate sex, decreased or absent receptivity to partner overtures or inability to respond to patent stimulation).

Schzotypal personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by a pattern of deficits in interpersonal skills and a decreased capacity for close relationships. Cognitive and perceptual distortions and eccentric behavior are also evident. Common symptoms include the following: - ideas of reference (the belief that causal events have a special meaning to the individual) - odd beliefs or magical thinking that impacts behavior - unusual perceptual experiences - oddities of thought and speech

Antisocial personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by a pattern of disregard for a violation of others' rights evident since at least age 15 and the individual is at least 18 years of age. If the individual's behavior is consistent with this diagnosis, but he or she is younger than 18, the diagnosis of conduct disorder should be used. This disorder is more common in males. Common symptoms include the following: - frequent violations of the law - Deceitfulness of personal gain or pleasure - impulsive behavior or lack of planning - irritability or aggressiveness - consistent irresponsiblity - absence of remorse

Encopresis

This disorder is characterized by a pattern of expelling feces voluntarily or involuntarily into places deemed inappropriate (e.g clothing, floor) by an individual who is at least 4 years old. There must be a minimum of one of these events each month over at least three months and it must not be directly related to the effects of a substance or a medical condtion. It is more common in males.

Hoarding disorder

This disorder is characterized by a persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions. The accusation of possessions interferes with living areas of the home. The hoarding creates clinically significant distress and impairment.

Illness anxiety disorder

This disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with being sick or with developing a disease. There are a few or no somatic symptoms present, but the individual is primarily concerns with the idea that he or she is ill. The diagnosis can be used for individuals who do have a medical illness but whose anxiety is out of proportion to the diagnosis and who assume the worst possible outcome.

Gender dysphoria in children

This disorder is characterized by a strong desire to be the other gender or an insistence that one is the other gender (different from one's assigned gender). In boys there is a stone preference from cross- dressing in female attire. In girls, there is a strong preference for wearing only typical masculine clothing and resistance to wearing typical feminine clothing.

Intermittent explosive disorder

This disorder is characterized by aggressive outbursts that are rapid onset and short duration. The aggressiveness is clearly out of proportion to the precipitating factors.

Dependent personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by an extreme need to be taken care of which lead to submissive behavior and clinginess as well as fears of separation. It is more common in females. Common symptoms include the following: - an excessive need for advice and reassurance when faced with decisions - the need for others to take responsibility for much of his or her life - tendency to express agreement with others when in disagreement b/c of the fear of losing approval and support - exhibiting problems taking on projects, especially independently b/c of low self- confidence - often volunteering for unpleasant tasks in hopes of gaining the nurturance and support of others - discomfort with being alone b/c of fear of not being able to care for oneself - seeking to fill the gap created by lost close relationships by urgently seeking a replacement relationship - preoccupation with the require independent care for self

Dissociative amnesia

This disorder is characterized by an inability to remember important information of a personal nature (typically associated with a traumatic or stressful event) on one or more occasions.

Obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD)

This disorder is characterized by anxiety- producing obsessions (persistent thoughts, urges, or images) or compulsions (behaviors the individual feels compelled to do repeatedly according to riding rules). The obsessions or compulsions are time- consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

This disorder is characterized by diminished desire for sexual activity and few if any sexual thoughts or fantasies.

Insomnia disorder

This disorder is characterized by dissatisfaction in the quantity and quality of sleep through difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, or non-restorative sleep that persists for at least three times per week for three months despite adequate opportunities for sleep. It results in marked distress or impairment in functioning, and is not due to Narcolepsy, Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, or a Parasomnia.

Anorexia nervosa

This disorder is characterized by either explicit refusal to maintain an appropriate body weight or failure to gain the amount of weight appropriate to a given growth period (85% of appropriate body weight or less). It also involves a distorted image of one's body (weight and shape), intense fear of becoming fat, negative self- evaluation based on this image, or refusal to acknowledge that the low body weight is a problem that has significant medical consequences.

Depersonalization/ derealization disorder

This disorder is characterized by episodes of depresonalization (I.e sense of being detached from one's body or mental processes) and/ or derealization (feelings of unreality or being detached from the environment) while reality testing remains intact.

Hypersomnolence disorder

This disorder is characterized by excessive sleepiness that persists for a minimum of 3 times per week for at least 3 months. The person experiences either recurrent sleep or lapses into sleep within the same day. Also characteristic of this disorder are prolonged main sleep episodes of more than 9 hours per day that is not restorative, and the person has difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening.

Narcissistic personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a need to be admired by others, and absence of empathy. It is more common in males. Common symptoms include: - an exaggerated sense of importance - fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, etc. - perception of being special and belief that he or she can only be understood by specific, high- status others - sense of entitlement - using others to achieve personal goals - envy of others or perception that others envy him or her - arrogance and haughtiness

Histrionic personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by high emotionality and attention- seeking behavior. It is more common in females Common symptoms include the following: - discomfort when he or she is not the focus of attention -Inappropriate seductiveness or provocative behavior - rapid shifts in emotion and emotional shallowness - use of psychical appearance to attract others' attention - speech that is impressionistic and devoid of detail - dramatic behavior and expression of emotion - suggestibility - perception that relationships are closer than they are in reality

Borderline personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by instability in relationships, self- image and affect, as well as impulsive behavior. It is more common in females. Common symptoms include the following: - frantic efforts to avoid abandonment - unstable and intense relationships - disturbance in identity - impulsive behavior that has the potential for self- harm - repeated sucide like threats, gestures, behavior or, alternatively, self- mutilation - unstable affect caused by reactivity of mood - persistent feelings of emptiness - chronic anger that the individual has difficulty controlling - brief episodes of paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms in response to stress

Conversation disorder (Functional Neurological Symptoms Disorder)

This disorder is characterized by loss of functioning in voluntary motor and sensory functions deemed to be fully the result of a medical condition, a substance, or a phenomenon sanctioned by a culture. The loss of functioning is initiated or exacerbated by a stressful event and is not caused exclusively by pain or sexual dysfunction. The disorder is more common in women than in men.

Delayed ejaculation

This disorder is characterized by marked delay in ejaculation or marked infrequency or difficulty in maintaining an erection until completion of sexual activity or a marked decrease in erectile rigidity. The disorder can interfere with fertility and produce low self- esteem. It results in significant distress or in interpersonal conflict.

Enuresis

This disorder is characterized by pattern of urinating in bed or clothing by an individual who is at least 5 years of age. Urination must occur at least twice a week over at least three consecutive months or must result in significant distress or impairment. Urination may be voluntary or involuntary. There are three subtypes: - nocturnal only (during nighttime) - diurnal only (during waking hours) - nocturnal and diurnal (waking hours and nighttime)

Obsessive- compulsive personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by perfectionism, preoccupation with orderliness and considerable effort to control self and others, resulting in reduced flexibility, openness and efficiency. This is more common in males. Common symptoms include the following: - preoccupation with rules, details, lists, etc - perfectionism that makes completion of tasks difficult or impossible - excessive devotion to work at the expense of other activities/ relationships - rigidity around morality, ethics, values - inability to let go of worthless or worn- out items - reluctance to delegate or work with others - miserliness - rigidity and stubbornness

Body dysmporhic disorder

This disorder is characterized by preoccupation with a slight or perceived physical defect judged by the individual to negatively affect his or her appearance.

Binge- eating disorder

This disorder is characterized by recurrent binge eating over a short period. Binges consist of eating more rapidly than normal to the point of being uncomfortably full, eating large amounts of food even when not hungry, eating alone, and feeling guilty or upset about the episode. The behavior must occur at least once a week for 3 months. There is no compensatory behavior utilized after the binge.

Rumination disorder

This disorder is characterized by repetitive instances of regurgitation, re-swallowing or spitting out food. The onset must have been preceded by a period of normal functioning and the behavior should not be the result of a medical condtion. The symptoms have persisted for at least 1 month. In infants, the behavior may be the result of inadequate emotional interaction and the infants have learned to self- soothe through rumination.

Schizoid personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by restricted range of emotions and a pattern of detachment from others. Common symptoms include the following: - lack of interest in close relationships - preference of solitary activities - minimal interest in sexual activity - the absence of friends or confide acts with the possible exception of close kin - indifference to praise or criticism - emotional detachment, coldness, or flat affect

Somatic symptom disroder

This disorder is characterized by six or more months of a general preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease that has not been detected based on the individual's misinterpretation of bodily symptoms (Previousy known as hypchondriasis). The conviction persist despite negative physical and laboratory findings. It causes clinically significant distress and impairment.

Avoidant personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by social inhibition, low self- esteem and excessive sensitivity to cricism. Other common symptoms include the following: - avoidance of interpersonal relationships b/c of oversensitivity to rejection, disapproval, or criticism. - guardedness in intimate relationships out of fear of being shamed or ridiculed - perception of inferiority to others - avoidance of new activities or taking risks b/c of fear of embarrassment

Narcolepsy

This disorder is characterized by sudden, recurrent periods of irrepressible need to sleep, lapses into sleep or naps that occur 3 times per week for a minimum of 3 months. The individual experiences extreme drowsiness ever 3-4 hours, sleep paralysis, loss of muscle tone (cataplexy) and sleep attacks. There exists the occurrence of component to of REM sleep as the individual moves from sleep to wakefulness.

Bulimia nervosa

This disorder is characterized by the eating or large amounts of food in a brief period of time (i.e binging) and a subsequent feeling of having lost control of eating during a binge episode. The individual engages in recurrent efforts to compensate (self- induced vomiting, laxative abuse, diuretics, and strenuous exercise) for binging to avoid weight gain. The binging and purging occurs an average of 1 (mild) to 14 or more times (extreme) a week over a 3- month period.

Dissociative identity disorder

This disorder is characterized by the presence of two distinct identities that alternately take control of the individual's behavior accompanied by extensive forgetting of personal information. In general, this disorder is the result of a traumatic experience(s) in which dissociation is a defense mechanism. The symptoms are not the result of a medical condition or a substance.

Factitious disorder

This disorder is characterized by the repeated feigning, including, or aggravating physical and psychological symptoms motivated by a desire to receive medical care and be involved in the medical system, in the a absence of finial or other incentives. Sometimes referred to a Munchausen Sydome, individuals embellish their person history, chronically fabricate symptoms to gain hospital admission and move from hospital to hospital. The onset is typically in the 20s and 30s.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

This disorder is defined as exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one or more of the following ways: - directly experiencing a traumatic event, - witnessing the event that occurred to others - learning that the traumatic event occurred to a close family member or close friend - experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events.

Oppositional defiant disorder

This disorder is presented by angry/ irritable mood, argumentative/ defiant behaviors and vindictiveness that is not typical for the child's developmental level. In children younger than age 5, the behaviors must be present on most days for at least 6 monhts. In children older than 5, it must occur at least once per week for at least 6 months.

Pyromania

This disorder is the deliberate setting of fires on more than one occasion and the experiment of pleasure or relief while setting the fires or in the aftermath of the fire setting. Behavior involves a fascination with or attraction to fire. The individual spends significant time planing, setting, and watching fires. The person fails to resist an impose to set fires.

Pica

This disorder is typified by the age- inappropriate, persistent eating of at least one nonfood item (e.g dirt, hair, insects, and paints) for at least a 1- month period. The individual does not display an evident aversion to food. Pica may occur with another mental disorder and must be severe enough to require clinical assistance.

Hoarding disorder

This disroder is characterized by a persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions. The accumulation of possessions interferes with living areas of the home. The hoarding creates clinically significant distress and impairment.

Dream work

This is a process whereby latent dream content becomes apparent. An individual gain understanding of the fundamental meaning of a dream by exploring early experiences, attitudes toward parents and siblings and defenses and conditions, as well as emotionally charged current life experiences, interpersonal dynamics and repressed unconscious impulses.

Genito- pelvic pain/ penetration disorder

This is characterized by pain or discomfort, muscular tightening, or fear or anxiety about pain when having sexual intercourse.

Partializing

This is the process of identifying goals and breaking them down into deliverable, accomplishable tasks.

Token economy

This method reward desired behaviors with tokens such as poker chips, stars and scrip that can be saved and traded for another reinforcemtn, such as an outing to a restaurant or a movie.

Crisis Intervention and Couseling: Assisting Client's in Crisis

This model deals with the crisis period and restoring equilibrium for the client and with or without professional help the situation will resolve. Crisis intervention is not the same as brief treatment; in the latter the focus is on learning new treatment strategies to move the client beyond equilibrium. Crisis by definition is short- term and overwhelming and involves a disruption of an individual's normal and stable state where the usual methods of coping and problem solving do not work. Crisis intervention is generally characterized by: (a) a here and now orientation, (b) a time limited course (typically one to twelve sessions), (c) a view of the client's behavior as understandable (rather than pathological) reaction to stress; and (d) the therapist is very active and directive. Initial interest in crisis intervention grew out of military need to predict the performance of soldiers who might break under battlefield conditions (mid 1940s). Lindermann (1940s) and Caplan (1950s) were foremost in dealing with families who suffered from some type of crisis. Lindermann designed a program to help the family members of those who were involved in the coconut grove fire (1943, in Boston 100+ people killed) to deal with crisis without unresolved or pathological grieving. Cap[lain developed a core theory of intervention involving an individual facing an obstacle or important life goals/ events considered insurmountable to customary problem solving methods.. Two types of crisis situations are identified: those precipitated by the normal life course (i.e. School entry, retirement, and natural death), or those brought about by accidental or hazardous events (I.e acute illness, and accidents or family dislocation). Crisis intervention is strongly interdisciplinary and is believed to be the future in unifying mental health professionals from all disciples. All models of crisis intervention follow: assessment, implementation, and termination.

Primary vicarious conditioning

This occurs when an observer sees the model's behavior reinforced and then performs the same behavior. On the flpside, in vicarious punishment an observer watches the model get punished for a particular behavior and chooses not to do the same thing.

Secondary vicarious conditioning.

This occurs when symbiotic representations of behavior and its consequences are absorbed through reading, looking at maps or other images or from a verbalized description. Direct classical and/ or operant conditioning can modify behaviors received from observational learning.

Biopsychosocial and Spiritual Approach

This perspective for approaching social work practice, especially in health care and mental health, takes into account placing appropriate emphasis treating the client as a whole taking into account the: - biological (often physical health and medical aspects of the client's sitatuion) - psychological (the mental health aspects of the client situation) - the social or environmental aspects of the client's situation (including the support system and recognition of the person-in-environment) - as well as the spiritual aspects identified by the client that are essential to his/ her own spiritual wellness.

Differential reinforcement

This program combines extinction of wanted behavior with positive reinforcement for desirable behavior..

Sleep inertia (i.e. Sleep drunkeness)

This prolonged impairment of alertness at the sleep- wake transition is often referred to as

Stage 2: Implementation and Goal Attainment

This stage is also referred to as the "action-oriented" or "change-oriented" stage, where the treatment plan is put into action. This stage often involves breaking goals down into specific tasks to be accomplished.

Unconscious

This term refers to feelings, thoughts, memories, and desires of which we are unaware. Freud was primarily focused on this level of consciousness.

Conscious

This term refers to mental activities of which we are fully aware.

Tid

Three time a day

First order change (Systems Theory)

Transformation happening inside a family system but having no effect on the family system itself, leaving it unchanged.

Evidence based practice

Treatment decisions based on clinical and research findings.

Bid

Twice a day

Group Work

Two or more individuals who are in contact with one another, who take one another into account, and share the belief that they have something important in common. Types of groups: - Social Conversation: These groups are rarely therapeutic, and this is sometimes referred to as a TEAM group or a team SUPPORT group. - Socialization: The "object" is generally to develop behaviors and responses in- group members that are socially responsible. These groups generally require a skilled- trained leader. - Recreation Skill Building: Combines the recreational and skill building groups. - Education: All of these groups teach specialized skills and knowledge and are led by a professional person with expertise in that area. Education groups are often large per than therapeutic groups. - Self- Help: This movement has become very popular over the years. The generally are self- directed and "cause" oriented. Examples include Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Tough Love (TL). - Problem Solving and Decision- Making: There is a format leader and each member has an interest and/ or stake in the group. - Sensitivity and Encounter Training Groups: This refers to a group experience where people are encouraged to relate to each other on an inter- personal basis and self- disclosure is required. There are three stages in these groups: (1) unfreezing, (2) change, and (3) refreezing. Therapy Groups: Similar to individual therapy, individuals explore personal problems in relation to the group.. Several advantages over individual therapy is that it is easier to change attitudes in a group setting; members can interchange roles and experience helping the other person; and cost- savings. In all GROUPS- the focus is generally in the "here and now".

Multimodal

Two or more most- frequently occurring scores.

Millieu Therapy

Type of treatment for socially and mentally disorder individuals, usually in an institution. Group counseling is typically the setting. Example: Lock- up facility.

A measurement process

Unbiased if it does not systematically overstate or understate the true value of the variable. Additionally, a measurement process is reliable if repeated measurements on the same unit give the same or approximately the same results. If a scale always weighs pounds heavy, it is biased, but reliable. If a scale gives widely different readings each time exactly the same weight is placed on it it, it is considered unreliable.

Extinction

Unwelcome behaviors receive no reinforcment. This is most effective when all reinforces of a behavior are eliminated all the time.

Bibliotherapy.

Use of books, poems and any written material to help personal growth. Example: Reading poems about death to deal with grief. This can lead members to realize they are not alone in their feelings.

Scaling questions

Used primarily in solution- focused brief therapy, scaling questions are used to track differences and progress in the client.

Defense Mechanisms

Used to control anxiety and can influence and individual's reaction to emotional conflicts as well as responses displayed toward internal and external stressors found in daily living. The identification and subsequent documentation of the defense mechansism(s) can facilitate the most accurate diagnostic assessment. Selected definitions below are summarized from the DSM published by the APA in 2000. - acting out - sublimation - displacement - passive aggression - Intellectualization - idealization - denail - rationalization - devaluation - suppression - repression - reaction formation - projection - projective identification

Questioning

Uses process questions to explore the dynamics of family relationships. The purpose of these questions is to shift the focus of family members from how others are causing them grief to what they are doing to contribute to family difficulties.

Art Therapy

Using art to reveal the unconscious or to express emotions the client cannot otherwise articulate. Examples: Painting a picture of one's family to reveal family dynamics or sculpting one's inner feelings or drawing to express oneself. Drawing, painting and sculpting help many people to reconcile inner conflicts, release deeply repressed emotions and foster self- awareness as well as personal growth. Some therapists employ art therapy as both a diagnostic tool and to help treat disorders such as depression, abuse- related trauma and Schizophrenia.

Type II Error

Usually associated with a null hypothesis. This error occurs when an observer detects a false negative. That is to say, the observer perceives that the evidence supports accepting the null hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is wrong.

Type I Error

Usually associated with a null hypothesis. This error occurs when an observer detects a false positive. That is to say, the observer perceives that the evidence supports rejecting the null hypotheses when the fact the null hypothesis is correct.

Initial contact

Usually initiated via telephonic process. Someone in the family makes initial contact; the therapist then must work hard to be neutral to this and the other family members so the system doesn't feel the therapist is in coalition with the caller.

Coprolalia

Uttering socially unacceptable words, including obscenities, or ethnic, racial, or religious slurs.

The principles of the casework relationship include

Viewing the client as a unique individual, allowing the client to express feelings in a purposeful way, interacting with the client on a professional emotional level, responding to the client in a non-judge mental manner, and honoring the client's right to self- determination and confidentiality.

Grace L. Coyle

Was a leader in the development of the group work model.

Zilpha D. Smith

Was a leader of Boston Charity Organization Society.

Grace Abbott

Was an advocate for children and other vulnerable people and served for a time as Director of the U.S Children's Bureau.

The Education for Handicapped Children Act (P.L 94-142)

Was created to guarantee a "free, appropriate public education", with services, for all disabled children between ages 3 and 21. Schools were required to develop, with the parents, an Individual Educational Program (IEP) for each child and place the child in the "least restrictive environment".

The Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 (P.L 96--272)

Was established for the purpose of providing assistance for adoption and strengthening foster care assistance for dependent and needy children. The law requires states to establish preventative and reunification programs for children in foster care; place children in the least restrictive settings and review the status of children every 6 months.

The Social Security Act Amendments of 1950

Was established to develop an aid program for totally disabled individuals and liberalized several other social programs.

The older Americans Act (OAA) of 1965

Was established to provide programs that provided services to older Americans and created a network to coordinate the services for the nation's elderly population.

The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 (P.L 109-248)

Was named after Adam Walsh, a victim of kidnapping and murder. The purpose of the Act was to protect children from abuse, sexual exploitation, violent crime and child pornography. It was also intended to prevent sex offender from having any contact with children and to promote Internet safety. The provisions of the Act focus largely on fingerprinting, background checks, national child abuse registry, and privacy of information.

The Family Support Act of 1988 (P.L 100-485)

Was passed as a welfare reform act which emphasized self- sufficiently and employment for welfare recipients. States were required to reduce barriers to employment and provide the means for AFDC recipients to acquire the skills and education to find and keep a job.

The Safe and Timely Interstate Placement of Foster Children Act of 2006 (P.L 109-239)

Was passed in an effort to improve protections for children. The Act called for individual states to be accountable for the placement of children across state lines in a safe and timely manner. The Act also required greater frequency in caseworker visits for children who were placed in foster care out of state, as well as estimating legal barriers and increasing consideration of placing children in other states.

The Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, Adoption, and Family Services Act of 1992 (P.L 102- 295)

Was passed to amend the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA). The legislation provided research and assistance regarding the relationship of cultural diversity to child abuse and neglect cases, and provided grants to support child abuse and neglect programs that were community based.

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994 as Title IV of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (P.L 103-322)

Was passed to develop and strengthen law enforcement and prosecution strategies for violent crimes against women. The Act also provided for developing and strengthening services for women who were victims of violent crimes.

The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA) (P.L 95-6087)

Was passed to enable American Indian national or organization's jurisdiction in cases where Native American children are in need of child welfare services and foster home placement.

The Promoting Safe and Stable Families Amendments of 2001 (P.L 107-133)

Was passed to provide support programs for the mentoring of children whose parents were incarcerated. The amendment also provided for education and training for individuals who were transitions from foster care.

Dream interpretation (Freud)

Was utilized by Freud. He believed that dreams provide many cues, in symbolic form, to the unconscious conflicts of pts. In the sleep state, the "censor force" is not active, providing opportunity for unconscious conflicts and urges to come forward. Dreams result form the individual's efforts to satisfy unacceptable wishes and to solve anxiety- creating problems in the less guarded stated associated with sleep. The analyst interprets the pt's dreams to uncover the nature and source of his or her troubles.

Reaction formation

When behavior is poisoned to unconscious desires, reaction formation is said to have resulted

Bureaucrats Management Theories

Were promoted by Max Weber, who saw the bureaucracy as the organization model with the greatest potential for efficiency and control. Bureaucracies are characterized by a vertical hierarchy, explicit rules and policy, merit- based reward, a clear line of common, the visual assurance of job security for those who do their job, division of labor, and a strict requirement that all actions taken be carefully documented in writing.

Mediator

When a social worker assumes the role of mediator, he or she is responsible for identifying barriers to client receipt of needed resources and assisting the client and service provider in finding a satisfactory stately for removing these barriers.

Identity foreclosure

When an adolescent has not experienced a crisis by has adopted an identity (occupation, ideology) imposed by others, identity foreclosure has occurred.

Displacement

When an emotion felt toward an individual or an object is transferred to a similar person or object, displacement is the result.

Double- blind technique

When both the subjects and those who evaluate the outcome are ignorant of which treatment was give, a double- blind experiment exists.

Specifiers

When diagnosing, the clinician may be requested to add "specifiers". There are several types of specifiers (e.g first episode, multiple episodes, continuous), type specifiers (e.g delusional Disorder, jealous type), and severity specifiers (e.g mild, moderate, severe; 1-4). Severity specifiers are defend within diagnostic categories.

Social Group Work

Where a group of individuals with similar problems or situations come together to partake in activities as a group. They use reinforcment, modeling, shaping, cognitive restructuring, desensitization, relaxation training, coaching, behavioral therapy, rehearsal, stimulus control and discrimination training. Example: Sexual harassment group.

Division of Child and. Family Services (DCFS)

Which may be called by different titles in different states, is a legally-mandated service agency designed to provide assistance to families in crisis. After an investigation, DCFS employees work toward the goal of ameliorating family problems and restoring family functioning. Some of the services provided include (beside3s child protective services) family intervention, therapy, referrals for education, and employment training.

Reciprocal determination

While it was true a person's environment was responsible for his/ her behavior, people also had a strong influence over the nature of their environment.

Silence

While this may occur unintentionally, there are many benefits if it is used correctly Provides both the pt and therapist time to process what is being understood Timing is essential Promotes introspection

visitor

a person who is willing to be minimally or peripherally involved but is not invested in the change effort.

Should Statements

are about self-failure or judgements about others relative to hwo things should be. "I should be able to take the bus on my own when I work late. Should statements as judgments about others generally cause resentment and anger. "My sister has a husband, so she doesn't really understand how hard it is for me as a single parent."

Jumping to Conclusions

assumes a negative when there may be limited supporting evidence. Assumptions may also take the form of mind reading and fortune telling based on a prediction of a negative outcome. "If I don't agree to watch her children, she will be upset with me. I don't want to risk having her be angry with me."

Personalizing

assumes that you had a role in or that you are responsible for a negative situation, assuming that the results were in your control. "We were close friends and then she was called to active duty and we lost contact." When applied to others, it is very much like blaming. "She could have written to me while she was away."

Mind Reading

assumes that you know what people think or will do in response to you. "There's no point in my asking my daughter to visit me more often. She will just see it as my attempt to get attention or embarrass her. If I bring up the topic, she and I will end up in an argument, besides, she is busy with her own family."

Coping Questions

capture the resources and strengths that clients have used previously when dealing with issues.

Miracle Questions

draw attention to what could be different and what would need to change to reach a desired state. In responding to these questions, clients identify goals related to where they would like to see themselves tomorrow, imagining how thing would look if, by a miracle, the problem disappeared overnight.

Socialization groups

facilitate transitions through developmental stages, from one role or environment to another, through improved interpersonal relationships or social skills. Such groups often employ program activities, structured exercises, role plays, and the like (e.g a social club for formerly institutionalized persons, a social skills group for children who have difficulty making friends.)

Inability to Disconfirm

functions very much like a barricade in that you are unable to accept any information that is inconsistent with your beliefs or negative thoughts. For example, if your sister with whom you frequently argue says that she is willing to keep your kids any other night except tonight because she has an appointment, your mental response may be, "That's not the real reason. She has never like me or my kids." Here you discount the fact that she has on numerous other occasions cared for your children.

Emotional Reasoning

guides your interpretation based on how you feel, rather than reality. Interpretations and beliefs are facts bolstered by negative emotions which are assumed to reflect reality. "If I feel stuck (stupid) in social situations, then that's really who I am."

Educational groups

have the primary purpose of helping members learn about themselves and their society (e.g an adolescent sexuality group, a diabetes management group, a heart attack recovery group).

Therapy groups

help members change their behavior, cope with or ameliorate their personal problems, or rehabilitate themselves after a social or health trauma (e.g a drug addiction group, an anger management group, a dialectical behavior therapy group for persons diagnosed with personality disorders). While support and growth are also emphasized, therapy groups primarily focus on remediation and rehabilitation.

Support groups

help members cope with life stresses by revitalizing coping skills so that they can more effectively adapt to life events (e.g schoolchildren meeting to discuss the effect of divorce, people with cancer discussing the effects of the disease and how to cope with it).

Overgeneralizations or globalization

involve perceiving isolated events and using them to reach broad conclusions. "Today, when I raised my hand in class, the instructor called on another student. He never calls on me." Labeling is another form of overgeneralizing in which a negative label is attached to self or others based on a single incident. "I am not a very good student, so he does not value my opinion."

Judgement Focus

involves the perception of self and others or events as good or bad, excellent or awful. Rather than describing, accepting, or attempting to understand what is happening or considering alternative possibilities, your quick assessment of a situation or individual is either good or bad. "I know that when I show up at the party people won't talk to me." In some instance, you may establish arbitrary standards by which you measure yourself, only to find that you are unable to perform at this level. "I won't do well in the class no matter how hard I try." is an example of a self-defeating judgement statement, as is "Everyone else is a good student, but not me." A judgement in contrast to one that is self-defeating is an assumption that a presentation was good because "a lot of people came."

Conditioned Stimulus

is a stimulus that does not innately evoke a reponse in an organism but that the organism learns to respond to because it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus in the past (e.g., Pavlov's dogs learned to respond to the ringing of a bell because the bell had been repeatedly paired with the presentation of the meat powder).

Unconditioned Response

is an innate response to a stimulus (e.g., the salivation of Pavlov's dogs when presented with the unconditioned stimulus of the meat powder).

Unconditioned Stimulus

is defined as a stimulus that innately evokes a response in the organism (e.g., the meat powder that Pavlov presented to his dogs that resulted in the unconditioned or innate response of salivation).

Catastrophizing

is the belief that if a particular event or situation occurs, the results would be unbearable, effectively influencing your sense of self-worth. "I need to study all the time, because if I don't get the highest grade possible int he exam, I will lose my financial aid and return home a failure."

The id (Pleasure Principle)

is the only part of the personality present at birth. It is the unconscious and includes everything inherited, including instincts. It operates upon the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of instinctual urges with no regard for anything or anyone else. A newborn is seen as "id" and only has a desire to satisfy its needs.

Conditioned Response

is the organism's learned response to a conditioned stimulus (e.g., Pavlov's dogs' learned response to the ringing of the bell was salivation).

Paraphilic disorder

is the paraphilia plus it's consequences (e.g acting on the sexual urges or fantasies with a non consenting person, the paraphilia causing clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning- I.e Criterion B of each paraphilic disorder).

What Ifs

is the tendency for you to continually question yourself about the potential for events or the catastrophe that might happen. "I would go to the doctor to have her look at the mole on my back, but what if she find that I am really sick?"

Discounting Positives

is the tendency to disqualify or minimize the good things that you or others do, and instead treats a positive as a negative. "My friends said that I looked great in my dress I got at the secondhand store, but really, they were just being nice to me because they feel sorry for me that I don't have money."

Unfair Comparisons

measure self with others who you believe have desirable attributes. "She is prettier than I am." Unfair comparisons can also lead to should or shouldn't statements when comparing self to others; for example, "Even if she is prettier than me, she shouldn't wear that color lip gloss."

Negative (Mental) Filtering

results in mentally singling out bad events and ignoring the positives. "As I was standing in the hallway at work, this kid bumped into me, you know, they are all like that. I was so angry. Then he turned around and apologized , but I pretended not to hear him. He should have apologized sooner." In some instances, negative filters are linked to over-generalizations about people or events.

Scaling Questions

solicit the client's assessment of progress or readiness to complete a well-formed goal; this helps you and the client gauge readiness to attempt a well-formed goal. Scaling questions may also be used to avert a client from returning to problematic behaviors and to develop specific behavioral indicators along a continuum.

Blaming

stems from perceiving others as the source of negative feelings or emotions, and therefore one avoid taking responsibility. "I feel so stressed out because a driver cut in front of me on the way home."

Growth groups

stress self-improvement, offering members opportunities to expand their capabilities and self-awareness and make personal changes (e.g personal development group or a communication enhancement group for couples). Growth groups focus on promoting socioemotional health rather than alleviating sociemotional deficits.

customer

the individual or family who is willing to make a commitment to change.

complainants

those individuals who identify a concern but do not see themselves as part of the problem or solution.