Democracy and Dictatorship
Democratic Deficit
'Democratic deficit' is a term used by people who argue that the EU institutions and their decision-making procedures suffer from a lack of democracy and seem inaccessible to the ordinary citizen due to their complexity. The real EU democratic deficit seems to be the absence of European politics.
Pre-figurative movements
(can be subject to bureaucratic stuff) ex occupy Wall Street . "Be the change you want to see" by modeling the goal/ideal society by leading by example. Pre-figurative protest embodies the demands and goals of the movement -- a movement deploying pre-figurative protest does not have a list of demands that it wants met. A movement might choose to use pre-figurative protest tactics if it is unlikely to change the system through concessions, but also unwilling or unable to use violence to obtain its demands. Instead of presenting a list of demands or rioting, pre-figurative protest can show, as opposed to tell, the movement's demands to the power structure. If the movement is successful, supporters can argue that the pre-figurative society should be integrated into the existing power structure. They can claim that their protest was peaceful and that their way is better. On the other hand, if the society created by the movement is corrupt or inefficient, opponents can easily discredit the movement.
Duverger's law
2 large parties get the territory(plurality system)
Grand Coalition
2 parties on opposite sides of spectrum, very fragile . This is very hard to put together and maintain. Cross-dividing is fragile and uncommon.
sovereignty
2 types- 1. internal - your government is recognized as the ultimate ruler of that territory 2. external- recognition by other states de facto internal sovereignty- also.. absolute sovereignty
Montevideo Convention
4 characteristics for a country to be considered a state: 1. Defined territory 2. Permanent Population 3. Functional Government 4. Diplomatic capacity to engage with other states what about a house though? doesn't it have all of these. flaws- recognition by other states is necessary. element of sovereignty- control what is in your territory plus recognition. if sealand was invaded by britain, nobody would care because they are not recognized as a state. if they invaded somewhere else, there would be consequences.
Labor decommodification
After the industrial revolution when labor became less skilled, labor became a commodity. So, socialism sees that as inhumane to subject people's livelihoods. They try to decommodify labor to make it less subject to supply and demand. Decommodifying labor is that supply and demand should not determine if they have a job.
Consolidated Democracy
A consolidated democracy is one that is unlikely to break down. Consolidating democracy may involve the positive tasks of deepening a fully liberal democracy or completing a semi-democracy. Or it may respond to the negative challenges of impeding the erosion of a liberal democracy or else, avoiding the breakdown of whatever minimal kind of democracy we have in place. The idea of democratic consolidation was introduced as a "thin" concept to address the challenge of regime stabilization. Democratic consolidation is the process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that means it is unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock.
The lost decade
A designation to the financial period of crisis in Latin America during the 1980s (and for some well into the subsequent decade).
Petrodollar
A notional unit of currency earned by a country from the export of petroleum.
Qualified Majority voting
A qualified majority (QM) is the number of votes required in the Council for a decision to be adopted when issues are being debated on the basis of Article 16 of the Treaty on European Union and Article 238 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. One of the ways of voting in the European Union's body. This requires a 55% of leaders that represents 65% of the EU to pass. Supranational.
Redemptive Politics
A secular religious belief/strong faith in power of democracy to solve our problems and bridge all divides. This makes people have hope, but pragmatic politics drags the institutions and structures would otherwise rule.
Washington Consensus
A set of 10 economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.-based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and the US Treasury Department. Part of neo-liberal reforms. - fiscal discipline - public expenditure priorities (slashing ISI expenditure) - tax reform - tax more people, but cut marginal tax rates - financial liberalization/exchange rates - set by market - trade liberalization - increasing foreign draft investment (FDI) - privatization - deregulation - make it easier to start companies - secure intellectual property rights
Sovereign debt crisis
A sovereign debt crisis is when a country is unable to pay its bills. But this doesn't happen overnight as there are plenty of warning signs. It usually becomes a crisis when the country's leaders ignore these indicators for political reasons. The first sign is when the country finds it cannot get a low-interest rate from lenders. Why? Investors become concerned that the country cannot afford to pay the bonds, and it will go into debt default. As lenders start to worry, they require higher and higher yields to offset their risk. The higher the yields, the more it costs the country to refinance its sovereign debt. In time, it really cannot afford to keep rolling over debt, and it defaults. Investors' fears become a self-fulfilling prophecy. That happened to Greece, Italy, and Spain, leading to the European debt crisis. It also happened when Iceland took over the country's bank debt, causing the value of its currency to plummet. But this did not occur in the United States in 2011, as interest rates remained low. Nevertheless, it experienced a debt crisis for very different reasons.
Reverse wave
After democratization peaks, there are democratic retreats. Democracy contracts in what are called reverse waves. The first major reverse wave coincides with the inter-war period between World War I and World War II. This is the period where fascism is on the rise in Europe, the Soviet Union is expanding, and various left and right wing groups came to power in Latin America and Asia. Many of the countries that were relatively new democracies in the first wave hit this reverse wave and moved backwards, retreating from democracy either because of internal domestic developments or external factors like countries invading and taking them over. The second reverse wave follows on the heels of decolonization as several newly independent states start to backslide from their democratic aspirations as internal challengers seize and hold power via nondemocratic methods. I.e. Pakistan, Myanmar, Latin American regimes, and fragile South African regimes. The third reverse wave was backsliding on democracy by former communist states including Russia, central Asia autocracies, and the erosion of democratic practices in places like Venezuela and Nicaragua. Perhaps democracies that build more slowly have more time to institutionalize norms and democratic habits so they're less prone to think that alternatives to democracy are desirable or legitimate. However, India and Botswana held out. Clearly, newness of democracy does not tell the whole story, but it might contribute.
Coup Poker
Bluff usually by softliners to have a threat of a coup.
Developmental State
East-Asian states and EOI; a term used by international political economy scholars to refer to the phenomenon of state-led macroeconomic planning in East Asia in the late twentieth century.
Liberalism
Both american liberals and conservatives stem from this ideology. this was created in response to Europe where there was no social mobility and lots of wealth inequality LAissez faire- minimal government, promotes each person's self interests and hard work. VALUES INDIVIDUALS,FREEDOM, AND LIBERTY. Aims to unshackle captives of a system and reduce government intervention to allow flourishing. The oldest philosophy that is responding to feudal Europe. Liberalism is reacting to a stasis of the caste you're born into. Liberals believe the individual and self has the primary responsibility for citizen welfare, people in poverty should be covered by welfare policies, those who receive welfare benefits need to get themselves back on their feet, and welfare's ultimate goal is to encourage people to be self-sufficient by getting them back into the market. A liberal would say work to get a scholarship, don't mess with the market, go to community college or a public university.
Commodity volatility
Commodity prices are super unstable. Developing countries have to deal with these changes, so you can't plan for it. So dependent on the market, has to do with idea that is screws over developing countries.
Secondary ISI
Consumer durables (furniture, cars, phones, washers, fridges, ovens)
Primary ISI
Consumer non-durables. Really low-bar to make, no intensity, and it is made to replenish (clothes, cosmetics, stationary supplies).
Eurozone
Countries that use the Euro....need to talk more about this. Ireland is not a part of the Schengen area, but uses the euro. The eurozone brings currencies under common monetary policy, but each country is under fiscal policy. The eurozone takes monetary policy power and puts it in the European Central Bank, but countries govern independently under fiscal policy.
Coup Proofing
Coup proofing military or policy to retain control. This can make the country anti-democratic. Creating structures that minimize the possibility that a small group can seize power. These include effectively exploiting family, ethnic, and religious loyalties; creation of an armed force parallel to the regular military; development of multiple internal security agencies with overlapping jurisdiction that constantly monitor one another; fostering of expertness in the regular military; and adequately financing such measures.
Social Cleavage
Division of society based on race, religion, class. Parties are things which make them political. A concept used in voting analysis and is the division of voters into voting blocs. Cleavage separates the voters into advocates and adversaries on a certain issue
Means testing
Done by liberal welfare regimes where you can access help based on very low standards. Ex. Minnesota TANF;
Populism
Political parties and politicians often use the terms populist and populism as pejoratives against their opponents. support for the concerns of ordinary people.
Co-Decision
European Union - has to do with the ways in which legislation is passed; important because what happened before code; intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. European parliament is supranational and European minister is intergovernmental. They can't legislate without each others position and thus can't go through. For EU law to go into effect, council of ministers and European parliament must agree.
Blackmail Potential
Even if you are not a part of the government, you must be able to have the ability to implement the exertion of popular pressure, preventing major parties from doing things, opposing the government legislatively.
Primary EOI
Export-led growth is a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. Export-led growth implies opening domestic markets to foreign competition in exchange for market access in other countries.
Supranationalism
External authority higher than the national state to overrule. Supranationalism refers to a large amount of power given to an authority which in theory is placed higher than the state (in our case this authority is the European Union). When there's a European conflict, European law wins over national law. European Parliament, European Court of Justice, and European Central Bank are supranational. After a vote, the majority result wins and all member states have to implement the decisions that have been made.
Fascism
Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
Pragmatic Politics
Politics of skepticism, which is the idea that democracy isn't magical or transformorative. Belief that democracy is a structure, but not a perfect way to govern.
Closed-list PR
Get a ballot to vote for one party; sometimes have person's name listed . The voter cannot affect the order of the list. Downside of a closed-list system is if new information is introduced about a candidate, nothing can be changed. Upside is closed list creates unity and less inter-party fighting.
Parliamentary System
HOG and HOS are different people; fused executive and legislative branch. The concentration of power in a parliamentary systems varies with the type of power (absolute majority, etc.) Parliamentary systems are less prone to democratic breakdowns and coups.
Presidential system
HOG and HOS are same person . Critiques of presidentialism: Separation of powers= gridlock Lengthy campaigns=exhaustion Low party discipline=inefficiency
Semi-loyal opposition
Happy to go along as long as it benefits them, but will turn away as soon as there is pressure. This is difficult to tell. Loyal opposition - Party opposes particular government in power, don't want the passing of a policy, but respect fundamentals of the system. Disloyal opposition - Do not believe in system, want to take over government and put military power.
Hardliner-softliner split
Hardliners aim to preserve the status quo as repressive autocracy. Softliners are heterogenous collection of individuals who want to move to democracy, but are willing to reform autocracy. Some just want to reform to maintain, but not overturn. Hardliners believe that authoritarian rule is possible and desirable. The main cores of the hardliners is formed by the desire to reject democracy eliminate all traces of such pathologies from political life. Softliners are more willing to negotiate with the opposition and to entertain possibilities of promoting liberalization. What turns these softliners is their increasing awareness that the regime they helped to implant will have to make use of some degree or some form of electoral legitimation.
Head of Government
Head of political system;partisan
Dependency theory
If the developing countries are trading in commodities, then they become dependent on developed countries. Essentially subservient to these higher powers.
Maastricht convergence criteria
In order to ensure political union, economic union must first be established. Criteria was set to be met by member states to adopt the euro under the three-stage plan for monetary union. The five criteria covered a budget deficit of less than 3% of GDP, a debt-to-GDP ratio of less than 60%, a controlled inflation of 3L + 1.5%, long-term interest rates of 3L + 2%, and exchange rate stability (snake in a tunnel). The purpose of setting the criteria was to achieve price stability within the eurozone and ensure it wasn't negatively impacted when new member states accede. While also leading to the creation of the euro, the three pillars of the European Union were created to reach compromises. This includes European Communities, Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), and Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCCM). The initial rejection by Denmark and near-miss in France was a sign that ordinary Europeans were asking hard questions about what was being done in their names. Euroscepticism - or resistance to European integration - became a new critical factor in the debates over Europe.
Sultanism
In political science, sultanism is a form of authoritarian government characterized by the extreme personal presence of the ruler in all elements of governance. The ruler may or may not be present in economic or social life, and thus there may be pluralism in these areas, but this is never true of political power. The essential reality in a sultanistic regime is that all individuals, groups and institutions are permanently subject to the unpredictable and despotic (tyrannical) intervention of the sultan, and thus all pluralism is precarious. Unpredictable rule. An example would be the Turkmenistan president. Sultanism blurs the distinction between regime and state, and is characterized by corruption, venality (open to bribery or overly motivated by money) and patrimonialism (all power flows directly from the leader) and reinforced by a subservient army and a single party; spawns a pronounced cult of personality around the leader and a tendency toward dynasticism (a sequence of rulers is derived from the same family, group, or stock); may depend initially on the support of clearly recognizable groups but comes to lose much of its initial social support and rely on fear and rewards; lacking an ideological basis for its institutions, often governs with a constitutional façade; and is nurtured and maintained by a 'kleptocratic' (a government or state in which those in power exploit national resources and steal) relationship between state and market.
Intergovernmentalism
Independent national states should be sovereign. There is a unanimity principle wherein all member states must be in agreement. The term 'unanimity' relates to the requirement for all EU countries when meeting within the Council to be in agreement before a proposal can be adopted. Intergovernmentalism focuses on the importance of member states in the process of creating EU-wide regulations. The EU council and Council of Ministries are intergovernmental. Contrast with supranationalism.
Tax Farming
Inefficient feature of large territories. Highest bidder collects taxes and raises for the king.
Single transferable vote
Single transferable vote is a voting system designed to achieve proportional representation through ranked voting in multi-seat organizations or constituencies (voting districts).
Rentier State
One of the major contributions of Middle East regional studies to political science. The existence of rentier states not only impedes long-term economic growth and development, but also serves as a strong impediment to democratic rule. Seeing a simple dichotomy between grievances and greed, as evident in the recent literature on the 'resource curse', misses the point that lack of development, lack of economic growth, unequal wealth distribution and political inequalities are all secondary effects of rent-driven state-formation. They may create political grievances and these grievances may subsequently turn into violence or, as the cases treated in this article manifest, they may lead to stagnation, political incrustation, and lack of economic reform. Money from rent goes back to the state. Rentier states don't develop strong administrative capacity like Tilly's European cases because these states have trouble with working together. Political rights are substituted for state-provided welfare. Where citizens trust state institutions to provide these public goods in the future, more compliance and less resistance from society is observable. A rentier state is a state which derives all or a substantial portion of its national revenues from the rent of indigenous resources to external clients.
Volcker shock
Paul Volcker, then chair of the Federal Reserve board under the Reagan administration, raised interest rates to an all-time high of 20% in the early 1980's in order to combat U.S. inflation. This increase stopped inflation and threw the U.S. economy into a recession in the process. As a result, U.S. consumers consumed less goods and in return Latin American markets exported less. Investors then began to invest in the U.S. rather than Latin America. This led to what we now call the Latin American debt crisis.
Liberalization (regime transitions)
Political liberalization implies an easing of repression and extension of civil liberties within an authoritarian regime, whereas a transition to democracy implies a change of regimes. These include freedom of movement, speech, petition, fair trial, etc. Opening up society/reducing state involvement
Chaeobol
South Korean dominating companies . . Large family-owned conglomerates; Large diversified; very powerful in terms of role in South Korean economy. (Kia, LG, Samsung, Hyundai).
Repertoire of contention
Repertoire of contention refers, in social movement theory, to the set of various protest-related tools and actions available to a movement or related organization in a given time frame
Modernization theory
Rostov; Theorized that economic development was a process where countries turn from traditional societies to modern societies through several stages of social change- this would alter the attitude and make the economy boom. There's 3 steps: Traditional- subsistance farming, feudal system.;Takeoff so there are technological advances, surplus, commercialization, changes in agricultural society is the only way to make things better; final step is modern- specialized workers and successful economic development. Ricardo added to this theory and talked about comparative advantage and how being specialized is most effective and that producing the thing you have comparative advantage for is the best way to go. Issues with the modernization theory Only makes one pathway towards success- very imperialistic Comparative advantage will be in raw materials in less developed countries, but the country that sells finished product will charge more than the one that sells raw materials. These countries will suffer due to trade - this is called declining terms of trade
Race to the bottom
Set standards low; i.e. Sweden having to dismantle environmental regulations to fit the lows of others within the European Union. This deterioration of standards lowers the bar so other nations may reach them with ease.
Structural Adjustment Program
Structural Adjustment Policies are economic policies which countries must follow in order to qualify for new World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans and help them make debt repayments on the older debts owed to commercial banks, governments and the World Bank.n Africa for example, Zambia, were related to the removal of subsidies on food staples, the widespread retrenchment of workers, the high cost of social services and goods and the low wages of workers. The critics of SAPs include trade unions and urban-waged workers of various kinds, women's organisations, peasant farmers, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and African governments themselves. The raging debate about the rights and wrongs of SAPs between the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and their critics range over a broad spectrum of positions represented by the IFIs at one end and those who reject SAPs outright at the other extreme.
Freezing Hypothesis
The Irish pro-treaty/anti-treaty party divide. Once parties are formed around certain cleavages, the parties tend to stay somewhat fixed once formed even if the cleavages are no longer relevant or if the situation changes. Once formed, not so quick to die.
Divide and rule
The creation of states by war led to the breaking up of power to be distributed to smaller groups that individually have less power. From the perspective of rulers it is therefore not necessarily an evil that the military as a centralized institution is weakened. It takes away one of the main treats to the central authority of rulers. paves the way for a divide and rule strategy that might prove more viable than attempts at centralizing and monopolizing the means of violence typical of the European state-building strategies. The concept refers to a strategy that breaks up existing power structures, and especially prevents smaller power groups from linking up, causing rivalries and fomenting discord among the people.
Brexit
The decision voted upon by the United Kingdom in 2016 to leave the European Union. Conservatives were in favor of leaving and liberals were in favor of staying. Conservatives wanted to restore Britain to what it was before the bureaucracy of the European Union standards. This pro-exit favor came taking back Britain.
Effective number of parties
The effective number of parties is a concept which provides for an adjusted number of political parties in a country's party system. The idea behind this measure is to count parties and, at the same time, to weight the count by their relative strength. This measure is especially useful when comparing electoral systems across countries, as is done in the field of political science.
Weak subnational Pluralism
The fourth condition for democracy proposed by Dahl. This is nice to have for a democracy, but not necessary. Don't want to have a lot of divided ethnic groups in the country because it creates division. Less diversity creates a better condition. It's okay for political differences to exist, but it is arguably more stable because there is less division. A homogenous society.
Free Rider
The free rider problem is a market failure that occurs when people take advantage of being able to use a common resource, or collective good, without paying for it, as is the case when citizens of a country utilize public goods without paying their fair share in taxes.
Paradox of Voting
The idea that your singular vote does not matter and will not influence or change the outcome of an election and therefore it is a waste of time, money, and resources to vote. It is paradoxical because, if things are considered from this perspective, no one who is sensible should vote. One possible solution to this is only taken individually for voters. A second is voting for the community rather than abstaining out of selfishness.
Party System
The set of all parties. These are distinguished primarily by the number and relative size of the parties. Single-party - (China) Can have competition, but hidden in party dynamics Hegemonic party - (Tajikistan/Authoritarian) One large party with small political parties and ostensibly compete (no real threat) Dominant party - (South Africa/Democratic) One large party with small satellites never meant to compete; reasonable expectation they can take over (Don't win nationally, win locally) Two-party system - (USA) Congregation; mimics single-party, but more considerable ideological variation Multi-party - (Brazil) Range (3-8) of parties; more parties make bargaining more difficult; tends to include extremes of political views; has more integrative effect
Tragedy of the Commons
The tragedy of the commons is an economic problem in which every individual tries to reap the greatest benefit from a given resource. As the demand for the resource overwhelms the supply, every individual who consumes an additional unit directly harms others who can no longer enjoy the benefits. sheep example
Two-turnover rule
The true test of this transition is the "two turnover" test, which means that an incumbent party is voted out of office and then its successor is also voted out of office without a collapse in the democratic constitutional stuff
Hecksher- Ohlin model
There are 3 types of imports: land, labor, and capital. ex. Bangladesh-lots of land, little capital, lots of cheap labor So a good idea would be a clothing factory So, these factors should dictate how you specialize
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is the most extreme form of authoritarianism. Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. A distinctive feature of totalitarian governments is an "elaborate ideology, a set of ideas that gives meaning and direction to the whole society". The difference is authoritarianism has no political involved for citizens and totalitarianism has the involvement of citizens. Totalitarianism uses terror and coercion as a means of control. The purpose of power is to move society to achieve a goal. Totalitarianism is a feature of the twenty century onwards i.e. Stalin's Soviet Union, the Nazi Party, and North Korea. In North Korea, there are speakers in every house and children are taught to criticize one another early on in childhood.
Most similar systems design
Trying to control factors to produce outputs by pairing alike countries. ___________Age Geography Regime Education Wealth Case 1 _Same __Europe ____Demo. ____High ______Rich Case 2 Same __Europe ____Demo. ____Low ______Poor
Most Different systems design
Trying to control factors to produce outputs by pairing unalike countries. __________Age Geography Regime Education Wealth Case 1 _Old ___Europe ___Demo. _____High _____Rich Case 2 Young _LatAm. ____Auto. _____High ______Rich
Open list PR
Vote for candidates instead of party; top voted person is the party that wins.
sincere voting
Voting for what you actually prefer
Strategic voting
Voting for who you think will actually win that most closely aligns with your values.
Noblesse Oblige
conservatism- society's obligation to help the poor paternalistic
Government has fallen
current administration is booted out; parliamentary system . no mas confidence
Fiscal Policy
fiscal policy- gov; spending habits of the government what do you spend it one? infrastructure, environmnetal policy etc. - incoming revenue such as taxes . vs. monetary policy- actor is banks; overall amount of money available for spending- Countries in the European Union, particularly those that share the euro, coordinate their economic and fiscal policies throughout the year to ensure their alignment with common objectives and responsibilities.
Democratic Waves
When the number of transitions towards democracy outnumber those moving towards authoritarian rule. Their different waves are temporally and spacially connected. Temporally in time and spacially because countries within those waves are often responding to similar kinds of world events and external stimulation and are regionally concentrated. Many of these waves are interrupted by emerging dictators and military coups. There are also reverse waves. Coined by political scientist Samuel Huntington noted that while transitions to democracy can happen any time, there are certain peaks when many countries seem to simultaneously move in that direction. There are peaks in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, another one in the post World War II period, and another at the end of the twentieth century. The first wave is concentrated in Europe and the Americans and the spread is associated with popular ideologies like liberalism and free-thinkers. The second wave was sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Asia breaking free from colonialism. The third wave includes southern Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin American countries breaking away from dictatorships, former communist rule, and autocratic rule.
Treaty of westphalia
Within the Holy Roman Empire, the division between officially Protestant and Catholic principalities and the threat that a ruler - seeking either dynastic ends, religious solace, or a ground for resistance to the emperor - would change faith, became constant sources of contention during the sixteenth century. The Treaty of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War in 1648, featured a provision that any ruler who switched faiths would forfeit his or her claim to the crown. From that point on, religious differences remained important in European domestic politics, but declined rapidly as a stake of war. In your own state you can decide if you're catholic or protestant so basically you can control what happens in your state- precedence for external sovreignty
Pacted transition
Written guarantees that alleviate transition process and put certain guarantees in writing, which sets expectations and makes it more effective and predictable. Negotiations usually occur behind closed doors with a small number of people. Some people argue that pacted transitions can never be as truly reforming as unpacted transitions. Elites still have power and there is concern people are being left off the table. This can be undemocratic and lead to unaccountable pockets of concessions. Justice may not be served in interest of security and stability.
Neo-corporatism
government steps in to help balance labor and firms. gov tries to meet with firms and puts policies to help them gov tries to keep labor happy by giving them a social safety net
Snap Election
happens right after gov falls or if prime minister decides to have one (think if economic boom, want to have election to keep power)-could get them voted out
District Magnitude
how many seats are up for grab; plurality dm=1, proportional dm>1. How many seats contested in a district. One seat is equal to plurality rule; More than one seat is proportional rule. The larger the district magnitude, the easier it is to subdivide. The exception is in U.S. senators that although have two representatives, elect one per year.
Collective Action Problem
if a collection succeeds, it helps all the people in the group even if they don't help. Social pressure can be a cure for this. Social networks become important in these situations . Social pressure can be a cure for this.
Nation State
being a nation and a state . what everybody wants . Combination of state-led nationalism and state-seeking nationalism. There is no international treaty for the nation. It is definitely left amorphous and is more defined by identity to belong to that country.
Schengen Area
borderless travel between certain EU member states; New members cannot opt out. The United Kingdom and Ireland are not involved because of their island placement.
Bridging Social Capital
bring members who share stuff in common across fundamental characteristics (race, gender etc)
Median voter theorum
candidates position themselves in the middle of the spectrum why is this important though?Converge in middle in plurality system, converge ideologically.
Cohabitation
check on a uncounted legislature; in a semi presidential system;The presence of a president and a prime minister; a little harder to pass legislation efficiently
Monopoly over legitimate violence
is a core concept of modern public law, which goes back to Jean Bodin's 1576 work Les Six livres de la République and Thomas Hobbes' 1651 book Leviathan.[citation needed] As the defining conception of the state, it was first described in sociology by Max Weber in his essay Politics as a Vocation (1919).[1] Weber claims that the state is the "only human Gemeinschaft which lays claim to the monopoly on the legitimated use of physical force. However, this monopoly is limited to a certain geographical area, and in fact this limitation to a particular area is one of the things that defines a state."[2] In other words, Weber describes the state as any organization that succeeds in holding the exclusive right to use, threaten, or authorize physical force against residents of its territory. Such a monopoly, according to Weber, must occur via a process of legitimation. One of the elements of the modern state.
Anocracy
is a government regime featuring inherent qualities of political instability and ineffectiveness, as well as an "incoherent mix of democratic and autocratic traits and practices". These regime types are particularly susceptible to outbreaks of armed conflict and unexpected or adverse changes in leadership. is a hybrid regime of a democracy and autocracy. This includes illiberal democracies (like Hungary) and liberal autocracies (like Hong Kong and Singapore). Within an illiberal democracy, there is some measure of competition, some measure of free and fair competitive elections, but there is erosion at society. In a liberal autocracy, there is no electoral allocation of power or only some people may vote.
Vote of no- confidence
kicking out the prime minister, vote him out; no confidence in him
Minority government
largest party falls short of a majority government; a cabinet formed in a parliamentary system when a political party or coalition of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the parliament.
Flying Geese Model
make a v formation. the one in the front takes the bulk of the aid to build up its industries, has an advantage early on. in east asia it was japan
FPTP
most votes wins . Ethnic concentrated parties can do well in an foto party Small parties that compete nationally don't do well . . A plurality system washed away lesser party votes. Simplest to explain, easiest to understand, and cheapest to administer
Primordialism
nations are the building blocks of society; nations are made by blood lines. Some countries have citizenship laws based on this standard. Opposite would be constructivism, which argues nation is constructed around principals. Ernest Renan is a constructivist that says you have to want to be a part of the nation. Shared history is imagined. The nation must be engineered and specifically, deliberately built. Nation must be continuously reaffirmed in the past, present, and future.
Two- Round System
not sufficient to have 40%win. ; cast a second round and the winer
Bonding Social Capital
people like you that you can relate to , women's group, Buddhist gardening
conservatism
responding to claims of liberals; defending the old order that keeps land in the family and the church in power. Society is greater than the sum of its parts . ALUES SOCIETY, STABILITY, AND SECURITY. Defense of an older order. Often championed by those who benefit from the older order. Conservatives see restlessness is societies and believe liberalism is too chaotic, uncertain, unstable, and leads to selfishness. Conservatives prioritize stability and believe the individual exists for the state. Conservatives work to prevent the social fabric from fraying. Conservatives believe the government has the primary responsibility for citizen welfare and the lowest people should be covered by welfare policies. A conservative would say not all people need to attend four-year colleges.
Socialism
response to liberalism- Too much systemic powerlessness of the working class, accumulation of capital is concentrated control. ALUES WORKERS, LABOR UNIONS, AND EQUALITY. Aims to decommodify labor to make workers unique. Socialists believe society is responsible for citizen welfare, everyone should be covered by welfare policies, everyone can receive welfare benefits, and welfare's ultimate goal is to move to as much decommodification of labor as possible. A socialist would say the government should fund education, lower costs to have an affordable education, and tax the wealthy.
Respectability politics
rosa parks thing...don't want to help those who demonize you
Quotidian forms of social capital
seeing people on the daily in a small community. ex. while you walk your dog. The bigger the town, the lower the quotidian social capital. In a small community, you don't need formal associational life. Theres a regular location for people to interact . Everyday forms of interaction. Not always gonna be very strong as you increase the size of space or living. For example, if you live in a small town; if you move into cities, interactions are more formal. Formal associations in civil society increase in larger communities.
Autarky
to be completely self sufficient
Head of State
unifier; no political party
Gini Index
wealth inequality indicator; A measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation's residents,
