DEPChapter 4

According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents:

children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents.

Which parenting characteristic is more prevalent among ethnic minorities?

demandingness

When it comes to matters like religion, adolescents are more likely to be influenced by _____ over over _____.

parent's ; friends

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of: A) occupational ambitions. B) educational goals. C) patterns of leisure activity. D) values.

patters of leisure activity

According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____. A) personal; conventional B) personal; moral C) conventional; personal D) moral; personal

personal ; conventional

The term given in the textbook that describes siblings who are deliberately trying to be different from each other is:

sibling deidentification.

The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because:

the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become.

According to the textbook, approximately _____ of American children will experience their parents' divorce.

40%

Close to ____ of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty or in low-income families. A) 15% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40%

40%

Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is false? A) adolescents tend to be closer to their mother B) fathers are more likely to be perceived as distant authority figures C) adolescents fight more often with their mothers than their fathers D) adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers

Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style? A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) indulgent D) indifferent

Authoritarian

Michelle is in late adolescence. She excels in school, holds an after-school job, and participates in community service projects on the weekends. Michelle also has lots of friends at school. Her parents most likely use which parenting style?

Authoritative

Growing up, Jessica's parents had a lot of marital conflict. At times Jessica was even exposed to some domestic violence. Jessica is likely to develop which of the following problems? A) depression B) aggression C) delinquency D) all of the above

All of the above

Why are children who have spent time in the foster care system more at risk for emotional and behavioral problems?

All of the above are reasons that foster care children and adolescents may have more problems than other children and adolescents.

Which of the following statements about family conflict is true?

Among those teenagers and parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood.

Optimal development during adolescence appears to be facilitated by the ________ style of parenting

Authoritative

Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with overall psychological competence?

Authoritative

The field of behavior genetics examines all of the following, except: A) whether and how much given traits are genetically versus environmentally determined. B) whether the same environment affects people with different genetic make-ups in different ways. C) whether people with different genetic make-ups evoke different reactions from their environment. D) Behavioral genetics examines all of these issues

Behavioral genetics examines all of these issues.

Based on developmental research, which adolescent is most likely to experience healthy development? A) Kenji, whose parents encourage dependence and connection B) Benji, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take C) Sanjay, whose parents encourage dependence and personal distance D) Bernie, whose parents encourage autonomy and personal distance

Benji, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take

Cory is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Jerry, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain this difference? A) Jerry most likely comes from a single-parent family while Cory most likely comes from a two-parent family. B) Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has authoritarian parents. C) Cory most likely comes from an affluent family and Jerry most likely comes from a low-income family. D) Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has indifferent parents.

Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has authoritarian parents

Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge. A) disequilibrium B) equilibrium C) disinhibition D) guilt

Desequilibrium

Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the adolescent?

Early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress.

Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is false?

Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents

According to the textbook, one recent study of Mexican-American families found __________ rates of parent-adolescent cohesion during mid-adolescence among __________ families. A) lower; more highly acculturated families B) higher; more highly acculturated C) lower; wealthier D) higher; wealthier

Higher; more highly acculturated

Judy's parents express love toward her and they let her, for the most part, establish her own schedule. She eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style fits best with which of the following?

Indulgent

Which of the following statements about adolescents who have been adopted or spent time in foster care is true?

It is hard to generalize about the impact of adoption on adolescent development; however, research with youth in the foster care system consistently indicates that these individuals have more problems than other youth.

Concerns of adolescents and their parents are often complementary. All of the following issues concern both adolescents and their parents, except: A) the future. B) sexual appeal. C) money. D) adult roles.

Money

Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is not true?

Mothers' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest stage".

Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation.

Older

Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A) on how to wear his hair B) on the issue of capital punishment C) on the choice of religious preference D) on the value of a college education

On how to wear his hair

Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of the relations between family characteristics and adolescent development?

Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.

Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance? A) Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents. B) One recent study of Black families found that teenagers rated their mother's behavior far more negatively than did either the mother or the researcher. C) Several researchers have demonstrated that family relationships change during puberty, with bickering between adolescents and their parents increasing and closeness between adolescents and their parents diminishing. D) Research suggests that the distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early and middle adolescence is temporary

Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents

Which of the following is least likely to be affected by genetic factors? A) self-perception of scholastic competence B) aggression and antisocial behavior C) risk for suicide and depression D) intelligence

Self-perception of scholastic competence

Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is false? A) The quality of sibling relationships affects adolescents' peer relationships. B) The quality of sibling relationships affects the adolescents' general adjustment. C) Positive sibling relationships contribute to an adolescent's school competence and sociability. D) Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families.

Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families

Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true? A) The divorce rate has been steadily rising since 1980. B) Black youth are more likely to experience their parents' remarriage than other adolescents. C) The rate of divorce is lower for second marriages than for first marriages D)Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household

Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.

Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents? A) The quality of an adolescent's relationship with important adults in the adolescent's life is more important than the number of parents in the home. B) It is the process of going through a divorce, not the change in family structure, that most affects the adolescent's mental health. C) The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household. D) Some of the differences in the effects of divorce on adolescents are a result of genetic differences among individual adolescents

The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.

With regard to single-parent families in the United States: A) more of these families are the result of divorce than of the mother never having been married. B) only 5% of children in single-parent homes live with their fathers. C) the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent. D) of young people living in two-adult households, almost one-third of them live with only one of their biological parents.

The classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent

When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education) diversity _________ is much more striking than are differences _________. A) within the adolescent population; between the generations B) between the generations; within the adolescent population C) within families; within the adolescent population D) between families; within individuals

Within the adolescent population ; between the generations

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is false?

Younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents.

All of the following statements accurately reflect research on adolescent-sibling relationships, except: A) companionship, nurturance, and support are regular features of adolescent-sibling relationships. B) adolescent-sibling relationships involve more conflict than adolescent-friend relationships. C) adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a large increase in sibling rivalry. D) the quality of adolescent sibling relationships is affected by the quality of the parent-child relationship.

adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a large increase in sibling rivalry.

Studies of immigrant families suggest that the least amount of conflict exists in households in which:

adolescents and their parents communicate in their native language.

All of the following research examples support the notion that the environment often determines whether certain genetic tendencies are actualized, except: A) genetic influences on sexual activity are stronger when adolescents attend schools in which a higher proportion of students are having sex at an early age B) genetic influences on antisocial behavior are stronger among adolescents who have delinquent peers C) genetic influences on depression are stronger among adolescents exposed to family conflict D) all of the above support this notion.

all of the above support this notion

Which of the following scenarios would Amy, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules?

all of these situations are scenarios where Amy will feel that her parents' have a legitimate right to make (and enforce) rules.

Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and, even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles? A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) indulgent D) indifferen

authoritative

Through which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting? A) by acting up to make their parents feel short-tempered, impatient, or distant B) by being aggressive, dependent, or psychosocially immature to elicit better parenting C) by providing parents with very little knowledge about their behavior or whereabouts, to encourage parental monitoring D) by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturity

by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturity

Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that: A) authoritative parenting is most likely to be used by White and Asian families. B) ethnic minority families are less likely than White families to use an authoritative parenting style because they are less educated than White parents. C) even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups. D) authoritarian parenting has equally negative effects on adolescent development across all ethnic groups.

even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups.

The _____ may act as a buffer for children growing up in single-parent households and plays an important role in the socialization of Black youth.

extended family

According to research, _________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgment and empathy: A) family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained. B) giving adolescents free rein. C) helping adolescents better enforce rules for their younger siblings. D) restricting their activities so they avoid any mistakes.

family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained

Which of the following is considered a shared environmental influence for siblings?

family socioeconomic status

Which of the following is not one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that takes places during early adolescence? A) puberty B) changes in the balance of power C) gender of the adolescent D) violations of expectations

gender of the adolescent

The tensions that are often assumed to be inherent in the relations between adolescents and adults are referred to as the:

generation gap

When siblings are treated differently by parents, research shows that they are likely to:

get along better because they feel unique.

Luis's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Luis is likely to experience all of the following, except: A) greater exposure than other adolescents to violence. B) greater family cohesiveness than other adolescents his age. C) greater alienation from school than other adolescents his age. D) higher levels of stress than other adolescents his age

greater family cohesiveness than other adolescents his age.

Research has indicated that one source of conflict between teenagers and parents is that they define issues very differently. This finding:

has been replicated across many cultural and ethnic groups

Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a (an) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents.

increase

Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(an) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents. A) increase B) decrease C) an initial increase but then a strong decrease D) increase, but only for girls

increase

The belief that being on welfare has a negative impact on adolescents:

is incorrect because there are few differences in the behavior, values, and family relationships between adolescents whose families are or are not on welfare.

Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when: A) individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence. B) a family's circumstances are changing, such as with divorce or a change in economic status. C) the family equilibrium changes, such as when a family member develops a chronic illness. D) lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.

lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.

According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be: A) more involved in delinquent behavior. B) less mature and more conforming to their peers C) more impulsive. D) less socially adept

less mature and more conforming to their peers.

One reason for imbalance or disequilibrium in the family during the adolescent years is that parents: A) are too involved in their own careers to notice their children. B) may be experiencing their own type of "identity crisis." C) may be pushing their child toward financial independence too early D) are too restrictive of their adolescents' finances.

may be experiencing their own type of "identity crisis."

The identity crisis of adolescence may interact with the ________ in increasing family conflict. A) hormonal surges of puberty B) stage theorists' description of cognitive development C) intergenerational conflict with parents D) midlife crisis of adults

midlife crisis of adults

Black adolescents are _____ likely to experience their parents' divorce and _____ likely to experience their remarriage. A) more; less B) more; more C) less; more D) less; less

more ; less

Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______ distant and _______ emotionally intense. A) more; less B) less; more C) more; more D) less; less

more ; less

Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that: A) most adolescents experience considerable storm and stress in relationships with parents. B) most adolescents resent their parents and rebel against their restrictions. C) most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents. D) most adolescents become even closer to parents, and report almost no

most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents.

According to the textbook, during adolescence, which are more influential, nonshared or shared environmental influences?

nonshared

What factors would explain the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in agin age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up? A) shared environment B) nonshared environment C) genetic factors D) differentiated environment

nonshared environment

New technologies and social innovations have:

not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support and guidance of adults who care about them.

Although Sarah's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Sarah's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the: A) deferred effect of divorce. B) sleeper effect of divorce. C) generation gap between adolescents and parents. D) sluggish adjustment of adolescence.

sleeper effect of divorce

Although young children may seem unaffected by a divorce at the time, problems may emerge when they are adolescents. This delayed effect is called: A) a sleeper effect. B) a deferred effect. C) sluggish adjustment. D) a generational tendency

sleeper effect.

Adolescents from divorced families frequently display all of the following negative effects, except: A) social rejection as a result of stigma. B) lower academic achievement. C) behavior problems. D) poorer psychosocial adjustment.

social rejection as a result of stigma

The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is:

the degree of conflict between parents.

One potential reason that Mallory and Mikey, a brother and sister growing up in the same family, have completely different personalities may be that:

they have very different family experiences, both through differential treatment by parents and their own perceptions of similar experiences.

Kim lives in a poor neighborhood. As a result, Kim's mother drives her to school each morning and refuses to let her go out after dark. According to the textbook, Kim's mother is: A) suffering from the empty nest syndrome. B) using the promotive strategy. C) using the prohibitive strategy. D) using the restrictive strategy

using the restrictive strategy