Dev Psych Chapter 4

The typical newborn sleeps ______ a day. 12 hours 20 hours 18 hours 8 hours

18 hours

____ _____ death syndrome is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die.

Sudden infant

Which technique consists of measuring eye movements that follow a moving object? Tracking Orienting Detection Monitoring

Tracking

Which of the following are the two significant ways that neurons change during the first years of life? Myelination occurs rapidly. Specialization occurs within various abilities. Brain cells multiply dramatically. Connectivity among neurons increases.

Myelination occurs rapidly. Connectivity among neurons increases.

Which of the following elements play a role in visual perceptual development? Nature Psychological maturation Nurture Developing sensitivity to information

Nature Nurture Developing sensitivity to information

The research method designed by Fantz to study whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli is called the visual preference method. profiler. cliff. interpretation chamber.

Preference method

By their first birthday, infants have ______ their birth weight. doubled tripled quadrupled matched

Tripled

Perception is defined as the ___ of what is sensed.

interpretation

The average North American newborn weighs just over ______ pounds. 6 7 9 5

7

Megan Gunnar and colleagues (1987) concluded that newborns are capable of feeling pain after conducting which of the following studies? A study of infants receiving immunizations A study of infants after an injury A study of circumcised infant males A study of infants in cultures in which baby girls have their ears pierced at birth

A study of circumcised infant males

Which of the following groups would have the most depression in brain activity, based on our understanding of the impact of environment on brain development? Children who attend a low-quality day care with other children present Children with low SES who attend a high-quality Head Start day care Children who are hospitalized for extended periods but who have positive interaction with parents Children raised in an unresponsive, unstimulating, and underfunded orphanage

Children raised in an unresponsive, unstimulating, and underfunded orphanage

True or false: Sudden infant death syndrome occurs most commonly in children between the ages of 4 and 6 months of age. True False

False; 2-4 months

Which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence (1986) in which mothers read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses and then to the children post-birth? Infants do not remember sounds heard prenatally. Fetuses can learn. Fetuses can hear. Infants are capable of localizing sound.

Fetuses can learn. Fetuses can hear.

One study has found that low maternal sensitivity when infants were 15 and 24 months of age was linked to lower risk of obesity in childhood. higher risk of obesity in adolescence. lower motor skill development. higher risk of childhood eating disorders.

Higher risk of obesity in adolescence.

The expansion of dendritic connections results in which of the following in infant development? Overproduction of fat cells New neural pathways Synaptic pruning Faster neural transmissions

New neural pathways

What is the common understanding regarding infants and the sensation of touch? The sensation of touch has not been studied; therefore, we don't know if infants sense touch at birth. Newborns are capable of feeling touch. Infants can feel deep pressure but not light pressure. Infants' sensitivity to touch is not fully developed at birth.

Newborns are capable of feeling touch.

The neuroconstructivist view states that which of the following factors influence brain development? Only cognitive development Plasticity and context Only context Biological processes and environmental conditions Only biological processes Cognitive development

Plasticity and context Biological processes and environmental conditions Cognitive development

Researchers have found that babies have ______ as young as 3 months of age. depth perception size constancy perception of occluded objects

Size constancy

Which of the following are the two types of perceptual constancy as noted in your textbook? Sound constancy Shape constancy Size constancy Distance constancy

Size constancy Shape constancy

If you were analyzing the results of a sleep study in which the participant began the sleep cycle with REM sleep and spent 50% of the time in REM sleep, what could you determine about the age of the participant? The subject is at least 6 months of age. The subject is between 2 and 4 years of age. The subject is between birth and 3 months of age. The subject is most likely an adult.

The subject is between birth and 3 months of age.

The procedure in which infants are placed on the edge of a glass-covered drop-off and their mothers coax them to crawl onto the glass is called the dropoff experiment. depth chamber. visual cliff. visual preference.

Visual cliff

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Gibsons' ecological view of perceptual development in infancy? Perception and cognition are unrelated concepts. Sensation is more important than perception. Perception is a passive action that is involved only in the interpretation of an event. We directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.

We directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.

Infants with poorer sleep patterns showed more ______ during an attention task. focus interest distractibility engagement

distractibility

The _____ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver. ecological sensory physiological behavioral

ecological

Order the following stimuli from most time watched (top) to least time watched (bottom) as identified in research by Fantz. Black and white pattern, the color white, faces, low-contrast color like yellow, high-contrast color like red

faces black and white pattern High-contrast color like red Low-contrast color like yellow The color white

A recent analysis found that ______ were the MOST frequent perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome. mothers mothers' boyfriends fathers child care providers

fathers

The "looking chamber" developed by Robert Fantz allowed the experimenter to determine ______ the infant looked at each display. from how far away how many times how long how intensely

how long

Neuroscientists believe that repeated experience depresses neural circuitry. knits neurons together into circuits. generates new neurons. prunes neurons.

knits neurons together into circuits.

A recent research review indicated there is a positive link between infant sleep and cognitive function including: memory breathing language movement executive function

memory language executive function

Infants should consume ______ an adult's requirement of calories per pound. more than triple more than twice less than twice less than half

more than twice

Scientists analyze infant respiration, heart rate, body movement, visual fixation, and sucking to learn more about infant mobility. speech. temperament. perception.

perception

When sensory stimulation is changing (for instance, seeing the same object at different distances), but perception of the physical world remains the same, an infant is experiencing perceptual awareness. perceptual constancy. sensory engagement. sensory perception.

perceptual constancy.

By 3 months of age, infants can do all of the following, EXCEPT prefer the reflection of their own face to any other face. distinguish between faces from their own and other ethnic groups. distinguish between male and female faces. match voices to faces.

prefer the reflection of their own face to any other face.

The process of myelination begins ______ and continues into ______. late childhood; adulthood prenatally; adolescence and emerging adulthood in infancy; late childhood in infancy; adolescence and adulthood

prenatally; adolescence and emerging adulthood

According to one study, by 6 months of age most infants: slept through the night. have a difficult time getting to sleep. need to be fed every two hours. wake up three or four times at night.

slept through the night.

The tracking technique can be used to evaluate an infant's early ______ ability. cognitive locomotion auditory visual

visual

What is the recommended amount of calories per day for each pound an infant weighs? 50 100 25 30

50

______, the brain is about 25% of its adult weight. By the first birthday At birth By the second birthday By 18 months

At birth

Baby Kenzie has just begun sleeping more at night and is awake more during the day. Kenzie is most likely what age? 3 months 1 month 6 months 1 year

6 months

True or false: From birth to age 2, the areas of a baby's brain develop at the same pace.

False

With regard to brain development, what happens as babies engage in language use? Neural pathways are weakened. Lateralization occurs Neural pathways are not affected. Neural pathways are strengthened.

Neural pathways are strengthened.

In the high-amplitude sucking method, what may be inferred when a baby sucks more after being presented with a new sound? The baby is dishabituated to the new sound. The baby is distressed by the new sound. The baby is habituated to the new sound. The baby cannot distinguish between the old and new sounds.

The baby is dishabituated to the new sound.

As early as _____ after being born, infants prefer to look at faces rather objects. a few days a few hours one day a few weeks

a few hours

To develop __ skills, infants must perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

motor

The recognition that an object's dimensions remain the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object is called ______ constancy. size shape distance perceptual

size

Which theory of motor development suggests that perceptions are necessary for infants to fine-tune their movements and that motor skills represent solutions to the infants' goals? Gesell's maturational theory Dynamic systems theory Developmental motor skill theory Perceptual development theory

Dynamic systems theory

A mother changes a patterned picture on the wall. According to dishabituation, her infant will most likely do which of the following? Ignore the new picture Look at the old and new pictures for the same amount of time Look longer at the new picture Cry because of the new picture

Look longer at the new picture

Which of the following factors can cause sleep problems in infants? Maternal depression during pregnancy TV viewing Early introduction of solid foods Parental conflict within the household

Maternal depression during pregnancy TV viewing Early introduction of solid foods

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuron change during the first years of life? Connections among dendrites increase. Myelination begins prenatally. Myelination ends once infants complete their first year of life. Synaptic connections between axons and dendrites increase.

Myelination ends once infants complete their first year of life.

What view states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development? The neuroconstructivist view The ecological view The interactionist view The cognitive intermodal view

Neuroconsructivist

___ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, muscle, vision and hearing.

Posture

_______ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear. Fertilizing Blooming Pruning Trimming

Pruning

An infant becomes habituated to the patterned picture on the wall. How can dishabituation be achieved? Do nothing; the infant's response will recover Put a new blanket in the crib Play a new sound Rotate the photo 90 degrees

Rotate the photo 90 degrees

Prone sleeping (sleeping in a face-down position), low birth weight, and passive exposure to cigarette smoke are all risk factors for

SIDS

If a baby begins to habituate to a sound, what will happen to its sucking behavior? The baby sucks less frequently on the nipple. The baby stops sucking on the nipple. The baby sucks more frequently on the nipple. The baby falls asleep.

The baby sucks less frequently on the nipple.

True or false: The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs at the top of the body, with physical growth gradually working its way down from top to bottom.

True

Which of the following is responsible for regulating balance and equilibrium? Muscle development in the arms and legs Practice The connection between vision and hearing The vestibular organs in the inner ear

Vestibular organs in the inner ear

When an infant turns its head toward a sight or sound, the infant is engaging in ______. an orienting response a habituation response a tracking response a sensory response

an orienting response

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is less common in babies who ______. are low birth weight sleep without a pacifier are breastfed share a bed with their parents

are breastfed

Shaken baby syndrome causes swelling and hemorrhaging of the ___.

brain

Research has shown that ______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections. shared sleeping breast feeding bottle feeding back-sleeping

breast feeding

Many people attend a concert. According to the definition of perception, the people will interpret the experience identically. differently. visually. negatively.

differently

If infants are repeatedly shown the same picture over and over, they will stop paying attention to it. This is called habituation. dishabituation. overexposure. sensory disengagement.

habituation

When watching a hockey game, spectators can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice. This ability is known as ______. visio-auditory integration Rationale: The correct term is intermodal perception. multisensory perception intermodal perception temporal-occipital integration

intermodal perception

In the ______ view of perceptual development, the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is believed to be inborn or innate. cognitive constructivist nativist empiricist

nativist

When examining nature and nurture, the ______ view claims that perceptual development is enhanced from nature, whereas the _______ view claims perceptual development is enhanced by learning and experiences (nurture). nativist; empiricist empiricist; nativist empiricist; constructivist constructivist; nativist

nativist; empiricist

Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain is isolated experiences. deprived environments. repeated experience. genetics.

repeated experience.

Synaptic connections that are unused are transformed into fat cells. signs of a neurological disorder. strengthened over time. replaced or pruned.

replaced or pruned.

When can sound first be perceived? Immediately at birth During the last two months of pregnancy Sometime during the second trimester of pregnancy Approximately one week after birth

During the last two months of pregnancy

Which of the following statements accurately illustrates the growth of infants in the first year of life? By their first birthday, infants double their birth weight. Infants' birth length increases by 40%. Infants grow slowly in the first few months of life, and then growth becomes more rapid as the first birthday approaches. Infant growth is very individual and cannot be predicted.

Infants' birth length increases by 40%.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding newborn sleep? Sleep totals for newborns are very variable and can range from 10 to 21 hours per day. Infants vary in their preferred times for sleeping and their patterns of sleep. Newborns must sleep 18 to 20 hours a day to stay healthy. Rationale: Newborns do not need to sleep this much, though many do. The typical newborn sleeps around 18 hours per day.

Newborns must sleep 18 to 20 hours a day to stay healthy.

In terms of brain development, which of the following statements is FALSE? The brain demonstrates both flexibility and resilience. Repeated stimuli, such as sounds, sights, and touch, create connections between neurons. The brain cannot be rewired. Repeated experience wires the brain.

The brain cannot be rewired.

What are the purposes of reflexes? They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. To help the infant exercise. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment. They are movements that have an evolutionary purpose but are not necessary in the present day.

They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.

The average North American newborn is ______. 20 inches long 18 inches long 2112 inches long 22 inches long

20 inches long

An fMRI study confirmed capacity of the fetus to hear at ______ into the prenatal period by assessing brain response to auditory stimuli. 44 to 45 weeks 38 to 39 weeks 33 to 34 weeks 40 to 42 weeks

33 to 34 weeks

Which of the following is true regarding human brain development? Once damage is done to an area of the brain, there is nothing that can be done to repair it. Any changes in brain functioning must take place before the age of five. An entire hemisphere of the brain can be removed and the other hemisphere will take over functions that the removed hemisphere previously performed. The brain is capable of reorganizing the functioning of various centers in the brain only during the first six months of life.

An entire hemisphere of the brain can be removed and the other hemisphere will take over functions that the removed hemisphere previously performed.

Which of the following reflexes demonstrates that infants can feel touch? An infant looks startled when it loses support. An infant turns its head when a cheek is stroked. An infant pulls in its arms when it hears a loud noise. An infant blinks when a bright light appears suddenly.

An infant turns its head when a cheek is stroked.

Based on what we understand about infant visual ability, which of the following statements is true? Infants can distinguish between male and female faces immediately after birth. Infants cannot discriminate between faces of different ethnic groups until one year of age. Infants match voices to faces before a preference is shown for the mother's face. As early as 12 hours after birth, infants spend more time looking at their mother's face than at a stranger's face.

As early as 12 hours after birth, infants spend more time looking at their mother's face than at a stranger's face.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the trend towards overweight infants? Infants from higher SES backgrounds are more likely to be overweight. Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables. The rate of overweight younger infants (under 6 months of age) exceeds the number of overweight older infants. Concern for infant weight is not a factor until the baby reaches one year of age.

Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables.

In the "looking chamber" designed by Fantz, how does a researcher determine if and how long an infant looks at the stimulus being displayed? The researcher hears a tone when the infant looks away from the stimulus. The researcher uses a habituation method. The researcher can see the reflection of the stimulus in the infant's eyes. The infant wears a special computerized set of glasses that records where he or she looks.

The researcher can see the reflection of the stimulus in the infant's eyes.