Dev Psych Chapter 6

According to Erikson, if infant Ulonda's mother is responsive and sensitive to her needs, Ulonda will develop the virtue of will justice. hope. faith.

Hope

Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE? Culture influences the way people show their emotions. Infants show facial expressions that are similar to adults who are expressing emotions. One of the earliest emotional expressions shown by infants is unhappiness. Infants cannot express emotions for about the first six months of their lives.

Infants cannot express emotions for about the first month.

Baby Melanie smiles, giggles, and laughs frequently with both her parents as well as other caregivers; Baby Jerome does not. All else being equal, we can predict from this that Jerome will have a better relationship with his parents. Melanie will have a more positive relationship with her parents. Jerome will never be happy because of his negative temperament. the parents will work harder and give Jerome more attention in an attempt to make him "happy."

Melanie will have a more positive relationship with her parents.

Which of the following was NOT observed in monkeys raised by surrogate mothers? Monkeys raised by surrogates were deficient parents later in life. Monkeys preferred a soft, cuddly surrogate relative to one that provided nutrition. Monkeys raised by a cloth surrogate explored their environment more than wire-raised monkeys. Monkeys raised by wire surrogates were later attracted to and embraced the wire form.

Monkeys raised by wire surrogates were later attracted to and embraced the wire form.

Betsy's baby does not cry when the baby is left alone in a strange room, nor does the baby approach Betsy when she returns to the room. Which of the following statements is most likely to accurately describe Betsy's behavior as a mother? She constantly talks to the baby. She is often angry at the baby. She holds her baby closer to her than normal. She carries her infant in a soft baby carrier.

She is often angry at the baby

At 2 months old, Linda has a difficult temperament. Knowing about temperament, how would you expect Linda to respond to frustration as a 2-year-old? She will probably become furious. She will probably have learned to calm herself. She will probably avoid or withdraw from frustrating situations. Her future behavior cannot be predicted from her behavior as an infant.

She will probably become furious.

Geoff knows he is supposed to wait until after dinner to eat a cookie, but when his mother goes upstairs he sneaks into the kitchen and grabs one. Later that night Geoff feels bad and tells his mom what he did. Apparently, Geoff is developing a sense of autonomy. a sense of industry. a bad temper. a conscience.

a conscience

Sadness, joy, and fear are examples of environment. emotions. personality. motivation.

emotions

Two-year-old Jacob took the pacifier away from his baby sister, making her sad and causing her to cry. When his mother explained how the baby felt and insisted that he return the pacifier, she was teaching Jacob prosocial behavior. (wrong) self-fulfillment. sympathy. empathy.

empathy

The ability of a child to put herself in another person's place and feel what the other person feels is called empathy. sympathy. prosocial behavior. guilt.

empathy.

A very securely attached child generally grows up to be dependent on a mate. a controlling person. independent. dependent on parents.

independent.

Research on shy, inhibited children has observed all of the following EXCEPT differences in levels of inhibition in babies are theorized to be the result of an underlying difference in physiology. (wrong) experience could moderate or accentuate early tendencies. (wrong) highly inhibited patterns in infancy or early chilhood are often maintained into adolescence. (wrong) inhibited children are unable to develop buffering strategies.

inhibited children are unable to develop buffering strategies.

As infant Marlie giggles, her mother makes another silly face, causing Marlie to giggle more. This scenario is typical of parents who are high in interactional synchrony. separation anxiety. intelligence. pain tolerance.

interactional synchrony.

The brain has neurons that help a person mimic other people's actions, called ______ neurons. mirror cognitive hippocampal social awareness

mirror

Failure to meet a child's basic needs is physical abuse. emotional maltreatment. sexual abuse. neglect.

neglect

Felicia picks up all the toys she has been playing with whenever her mom tells her to, but often forgets to pick them up when her mom is not around. We would describe Felicia's compliance as situational. optional. committed. conditional.

situational.

Wade is quiet, adjusts only gradually to new situations, and has moderately predictable biological cycles. Which kind of temperament does he have? difficult easy slow-to-warm-up timid

slow-to-warm-up

When presented initially with a new rattle, infant Isiah grimaces, then slowly reaches for the new toy. Isiah would most likely be described as slow-to-warm-up. easy. difficult. All answer choices are correct.

slow-to-warm-up.

A study of securely attached infants found that at preschool age they were less curious than other children. sociable. dependent on the teacher. loners.

sociable

Stacy has developed the values that prepare her to become a productive member of society. She has attained socialization. empathy. self-awareness. efficacy.

socialization

Self-awareness usually emerges by about what age? 6-8 months 9-12 months 12-14 months 15-24 months

15-24 months

When Billy is asked "What are you like?" he replies, "I am a good boy with brown hair." Two weeks earlier, Billy did not apply such labels to himself. Approximately how old would you guess Billy to be? at least 13 months 19 to 30 months at least 4 years at least 6 years

19 to 30 months

Which of the following is evidence that a child is successfully socialized? A child obeys rules to avoid being punished. A child internalizes societal standards. A child plays independently. A child shifts away from self-regulation to external regulation.

A child internalizes societal standards.

Which of the following children is probably the BEST "fit" between temperament and environment? Brian likes to sit quietly and play alone. He spends most days with 10 other children at a daycare center. Carolyn enjoys trying out musical instruments and experimenting with arts and crafts materials. Her mother likes the house to be quiet and neat and gets upset when the house is messy. Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child. He lives in a small apartment with his older, bookish parents. Debby is hesitant and quiet. Her father pushes her to experience new situations and take risks.

Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child. He lives in a small apartment with his older, bookish parents.

Fathers in which culture are more likely to provide direct infant care? the United States Aka of Central Africa Huhot of Inner Mongolia Native Hawaiian Islanders

Aka of Central Africa

Aside from genetics, which of the following appears to affect an individual's temperament? parental responses life experiences cultural factors All answer choices are correct.

All answer choices are correct.

Which of the following is most likely to be a 2-year-old's most often used word? "Mine" "Go" "No" "Eat"

"No"

Approximately what percentage of mothers of infants in their first year of life were in the labor force in 2017? 98 percent 38 percent 72 percent 58 percent

58 percent

In 2017, about _____ percent of mothers with children under 6 were in the labor force. 80 33 25 65

65

For which of the following has evidence been found to explain differences in social behavior between boys and girls? Boys show fewer externalizing emotions. Boys are rated as more cuddly. Girls are more interested in faces. Girls are slower to recover from still-face procedures than boys.

Girls are more interested in faces.

The most important element in the assessment of the quality of a daycare is the degree of cognitive stimulation. caregiver himself or herself. physical facility. orderliness of the activities.

caregiver himself or herself.

Theory and research suggest that the process of emotional development is a(n) _____ one. individualistic unpredictable orderly random

orderly

Teresa is beginning to show signs that she is cognitively aware that she is a functioning human being, separate from the rest of her world. This is referred to as self-awareness. self-recognition. self-evaluation. self-conceptualization.

self-awareness

A person's characteristic way of approaching and reacting to people and situations defines that person's emotionality. personality. temperament. behavior.

temperament.

Social referencing may play a role in key developments of toddlerhood such as the process of emotional externalization. faster capacity for locomotive control. early and accurate peer threat assessment. the rise of self-conscious emotions.

the rise of self-conscious emotions.

At age 2, a healthy, normal child is likely to be dependent. passive. willful. docile.

willful

The development of self-awareness in most children is demonstrated by 3-6 months. 18-24 months. 9-12 months. 6-9 months.

18-24 months.

Of the cultures described in your textbook, in which one do "fathers provide more direct infant contact than fathers in any other known society"? China, which has a one-child policy Huhot of Inner Mongolia Cameroon, West Africa Aka of Central Africa

Aka

Which of the following is true of peer relations in toddlerhood and preschool? Preschoolers generally do not show gender preference in play. Toddlers learn by trying to be independent and unique. (wrong) Conformity to peer pressure begins at about 4 years. Sociability can be influenced by situation and activity starting around age 3. (wrong)

Conformity to peer pressure begins at about 4 years.

Which of the following statements about infants' smiles is TRUE? During the second month of life, infants begin to smile selectively at people they recognize. The "social smile" is seen by 1 week of age. "Social smiles" appear soon after birth, generally when the infant is wide awake. Smiles become social beginning at around 8 months of age.

During the second month of life, infants begin to smile selectively at people they recognize.

Current conceptions of temperament suggest which of the following? Environmental influences are slightly more powerful in shaping temperament than genetic ones. Genetic influences are vastly more powerful in shaping temperament than environmental ones. Genetic influences are strongest early in life, and environmental ones grow in importance over time. Environmental influences are strongest early in life, and genetic ones grow in importance over time.

Genetic influences are strongest early in life, and environmental ones grow in importance over time.

According to research cited in your text, what is the best way to respond to an infant's crying? Ignore it, if possible, to avoid spoiling the baby. Respond rapidly and sensitively. Respond immediately each time the infant cries. Let the baby cry for a considerable time before responding.

Respond rapidly and sensitively.

______ is a characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations. Boredom Fear Excitement Temperament

Temperament

New parents Willy and Bernice have both spent their lives being short-tempered. They spend a great deal of their time together apologizing for their thoughtlessness. Which of the following statements about temperament might be alarming to Willy and Bernice as they think about having children? Temperament is not learned. Temperament often changes on a frequent basis. Second-born children are likely to have more difficult temperaments than firstborns. Temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics.

Temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics.

Generalizing from the text, which father would be most likely to care for his infant child? a man who was not present during the child's birth a man who is unhappily married a man who alters his work schedule to share domestic chores a man who became a father at a relatively late age

a man who alters his work schedule to share domestic chores

Dick and Karen's infant son, Jeremy, shows primarily reflexive signs of contentment, interest, and distress. Jeremy is probably 1 year of age. 2 years of age. a newborn. 8 months of age.

a newborn.

In terms of maltreatment, the most likely person to abuse a child is an uncle. a sibling. a parent. a grandfather.

a parent.

The New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament found that about one child in three has a mixed temperament pattern. the largest temperamental group is slow-to-warm-up. (wrong) children are fairly evenly distributed among the basic temperamental categories. almost all children fit into a clear temperamental category. (wrong)

about one child in three has a mixed temperament pattern.

Dan begins crying before his mother leaves during the Strange Situation test. When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. He appears to be avoidant. ambivalent. disorganized-disoriented. securely attached.

ambivalent.

When her mother came into the room, Constance was laughing out loud at the dog's antics. Constance continues to laugh and look at her mother and then the dog. This is an example of a(n) ______ smile. social (wrong) attachment windy anticipatory

anticipatory

According to the authors of your text, the development of early attachment occurs through the infant's interactions with other infants of a similar age. any important caregiver. only the mother. (wrong) strangers encountered during infancy.

any important caregiver

According the textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of mothers whose babies show a disorganized attachment? abusive apathetic insensitive intrusive

apathetic

Melissa really wants a cookie, but knows she is not supposed to take one; instead, she begins to sing her favorite song to herself. Melissa has developed self-control. (wrong) self-awareness. gender identity. attentional regulation.

attentional regulation

According to Erikson, what is the main development of toddlerhood? self-control self-regulation autonomy toilet training

autonomy

According to Erikson, which crisis occurs during toddlerhood? autonomy versus shame and doubt basic trust versus basic mistrust identity versus role confusion initiative versus guilt

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Each morning, Shanna and her mother have a battle of wills because Shanna insists on pouring her own cereal and milk into the bowl at breakfast. According to Erikson, which crisis is Shanna trying to resolve? initiative versus guilt identity versus role confusion autonomy versus shame and doubt basic trust versus basic mistrust

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Harlow and Zimmerman's work with infant monkeys showed that the infants were most interested in receiving _____ from surrogate mothers. food bodily contact maternal odors visual stimulation

bodily contact

There is evidence that infants begin to perceive differences between males and females at 9 to 12 months. when gender labels begin to be used by parents. at the time behavior becomes gender differentiated. by at least 6 months of age.

by at least 6 months of age.

Today, of all children under five who are in a child care arrangement, about 42 percent are cared for at home by babysitters. (wrong) in daycare homes. (wrong) by relatives. in daycare centers. (wrong)

by relatives

The most important element in the quality of child care is that of the caregiver. finances. program. facilities.

caregiver

The most important element in the quality of child care is that of the finances. program. facilities. caregiver.

caregiver.

A baby's first smile, which can occur in newborns less than a week old, is most likely due to successful bonding with the mother. gas. the sight of a human face. central nervous system activity.

central nervous system activity.

Young children's relationships with their siblings are usually characterized primarily by rivalry. not important early in life. characterized by affection and attachment. most stressful for later-borns.

characterized by affection and attachment.

Generalizing from the text, which of the following is the most advanced form of socialization? social referencing situational compliance self-recognition committed compliance

committed compliance

A child, who is by himself, starts to get into his father's toolbox, even though his father has told him not to. As he starts to reach into the toolbox, he begins to feel guilty and decides to leave the tools alone. This child has developed situational compliance. negativism. conscience. social referencing.

conscience.

During Erikson's crisis of basic trust versus mistrust, a child objects to the mother leaving the room. strives for independence. is often filled with doubt. determines whether or not he or she can rely upon the world.

determines whether or not he or she can rely upon the world.

Across cultures, the type and level of involvement that fathers engage in with their infants is quite similar. is identical to the style of play that mothers exhibit. differs. is more verbal in nature than play with mothers.

differs.

Chao-Yi is suspicious of strangers, has frequent tantrums, has an irregular pattern of waking and sleeping, and laughs and cries loudly. Which kind of temperament does she have? difficult slow-to-warm-up hyperactive easy

difficult

Irritability, irregular rhythms, and intense reactions are characteristics of which kind of temperament? difficult slow-to-warm-up artistic easy

difficult

Prior to having her new baby, Kelsey had one infant who died of SIDS, and she suffers unresolved feelings of loss. Kelsey's new baby is more likely to develop a(n) avoidant attachment. ambivalent attachment. secure attachment. disorganized attachment.

disorganized attachment.

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, 40 percent of children exhibit a temperamental pattern described as slow-to-warm-up. difficult. easy. mixed.

easy

Troy's schedules are predictable, he adapts easily, he is pleasant, and he responds well to change. Which kind of temperament does he have? difficult easy placid slow-to-warm-up

easy

The "Adult Attachment Interview" is designed to determine how attached parents are to one another. determine the strength of a parent's attachment to a child. (wrong) screen potential adoptive parents for their capacity to form attachments with children. elicit memories of childhood attachment.

elicit memories of childhood attachment.

Screaming as your little brother drops a spider into your lap is a(n) _____ response. exaggerated cognitive physical emotional

emotional

Rejection, terrorization, and degradation are defined as neglect. physical abuse. emotional maltreatment. sexual abuse.

emotional maltreatment.

What it means to be male or female is included in the word sexuality female male gender

gender

Observations about the interactions of fathers with their infant sons and daughters support the view that fathers in all cultures tend to exhibit rough and physical play with their children. have a strong influence on later well-being and physical and cognitive development. treat boys and girls more alike than do mothers. are less concerned with gender-typing than are mothers. (wrong)

have a strong influence on later well-being and physical and cognitive development.

Martin has been a well-behaved, agreeable toddler. Recently he has become demanding, stubborn, and difficult to deal with. Erikson's explanation for this change in behavior would be that he has not been getting enough attention. he may be ill. he has a newfound desire for autonomy. there is a new baby in the house.

he has a newfound desire for autonomy.

The leading cause of death in child abuse cases in the United States is suffocation. imposed failure to thrive. malnutrition or neglect. head trauma.

head trauma.

"Goodness of fit" implies that parents should deal with problems of temperament by helping children make some adaptations but essentially accepting their child's temperament. letting children's temperament create the family atmosphere and patterns. trying to change children's temperament to match their own. helping difficult children fit into the environment.

helping children make some adaptations but essentially accepting their child's temperament.

According to Erikson, a child who develops a predominance of basic trust will have the virtue of intimacy. hope. love. caring.

hope.

One of the first cries with which new parents are likely to become familiar is the infant's rhythmic cry, which is often associated with frustration. pain. anger. hunger.

hunger

Two-week-old Jamie is lying quietly in her bassinet. Suddenly she utters a loud, piercing cry and holds her breath. She is probably angry. in pain. frustrated. hungry.

in pain

Both mothers and fathers begin to show high levels of gender-typing behavior when their child is a newborn. 5 years old. 8 months old. in the second year of life.

in the second year of life.

Kayla showed clear signs of behavioral inhibition early on. Based on current findings, Kayla's parents should force Kayla into as many new situations as they have time to expose her to. avoid new or novel situations whenever possible. introduce Kayla to novel situations and let her figure out how to handle her anxiety on her own. introduce Kayla to novel situations, but help her with her anxiety.

introduce Kayla to novel situations, but help her with her anxiety.

An infant that has developed self-coherence understands that she can control external events. knows her physical body is separate from the rest of the world. understands that she is a part of a community that has other people with their own needs. has conscious knowledge of herself as an identifiable being

knows her physical body is separate from the rest of the world.

Socialization could be described as the process of developing social skills. learning socially approved behavior. developing peer relationships. developing family relationships.

learning socially approved behavior.

Based on information from your text, if a bench rattles when 18-month-old Penelope first touches it, the first thing she is likely to do is start laughing. run away. start crying. look at her mother.

look at her mother.

Generalizing from the text, a child raised among the Efe people of Zaire most likely would learn to amuse and take care of themselves at an earlier age than American children. look to their fathers more as nuturing figures than would American children. be aggressive and engage in more warlike play than American children. show no attachment to their biological parents.

look to their fathers more as nuturing figures than would American children.

At age 5, children who had been insecurely attached as infants were fast learners. actively involved in play. more hostile to other children. able to initiate friendships.

more hostile to other children.

The ability of both infants and caregivers to respond appropriately to the signals about each other's emotional states is known as mutual regulation. a facial paradigm. secure attachment. infant intimacy regulation.

mutual regulation

According to the textbook, overall the effects of maternal employment on children's cognitive ability are neutral. None of the answer choices are correct. negative. positive.

negative

A baby's slow or disordered physical growth that has no known medical cause and that is accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning is called emotional abuse. nonorganic failure to thrive. malnutrition. shaken baby syndome.

nonorganic failure to thrive.

Unfortunately, infant Isabella's mother is addicted to heroin. As a result, Isabella receives little or no affection in her mother's care. Currently Isabella is behind her peers in nearly all facets of development, despite no underlying medical causes. Isabella appears to be suffering from overstimulation. a secure attachment. excessive social interactions. nonorganic failure to thrive.

nonorganic failure to thrive.

A relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thoughts, and behaviors is a person's biological traits. personality. sociological status. environment.

personality.

When discussing maltreatment of children by adults, injury to the body is classified as neglect. physical abuse. inappropriate food. emotional maltreatment.

physical abuse

In assessing the quality of child care, warmth and sensitivity to children fall under associative characteristics. popular characteristics. structural characteristics. process characteristics.

process characteristics.

Personality development intertwined with social relationships is what is meant by _______ development. communication mobilization explorative psychosocial

psychosocial

Emmett, at 4 years of age, tries to help his mother dig up weeds in the garden without being asked to. He had demonstrated committed compliance. receptive cooperation. assertive cooperation. situational compliance. (wrong)

receptive cooperation.

Which of the following cultural values is associated with higher rates of child maltreatment? high value on externalizing emotions rigid gender roles opposition to corporal punishment elevated child status within the parent-child relationship

rigid gender roles

Julie readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings, occasionally looking toward or touching her mother. Julie appears to be avoidant. ambivalent. securely attached disorganized-disoriented.

securely attached.

When Dr. Sheila dabbed Jenny's nose with rouge to see how she would react when placed in front of a mirror, Dr. Sheila was administrating a test of self-awareness. self-negativism. self-description. self-control.

self-awareness.

Pride, guilt, and shame are identified as the emotions of self-evaluation. self-awareness. (wrong) self-consciousness. (wrong) self-love.

self-evaluation

Which of the following is the foundation of socialization? self-recognition self-awareness self-regulation self-description

self-regulation

Daniel, who is not quite 3 years old, has his hand held by his mother when crossing the parking lot at the entrance to the public swimming pool, though he is very eager to get there and pulls against her. The next day when they go, he is a bit ahead of her, but waits at the curb and holds out his hand for her to take. Daniel is demonstrating the development of compulsiveness. self-regulation. a discipline problem. negativism.

self-regulation.

A 9-month-old infant who cries when the mother leaves is showing stranger anxiety. overdependence. anxious attachment. separation anxiety.

separation anxiety

When an unfamiliar little boy takes away 1-year-old Marina's toy, she looks questioningly at her mother. This is an example of social referencing. attachment. the mutual-regulation model. stranger anxiety.

social referencing.

With respect to mutual regulation of emotional states, some of the interactional synchrony may be expressed at a biological level. parental actions determine an infant's emotional state until about 9 months of age. emotional states of the mother do not affect those of the infant. low-birth-weight babies require extra stimulation for proper emotional development.

some of the interactional synchrony may be expressed at a biological level.

An 8-month-old infant who cries when a relative she has never met comes to visit is showing stranger anxiety. poor socialization. anxious attachment. separation anxiety.

stranger anxiety.

To help children resolve the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt, parents should give children unlimited freedom. None of the answer choices are correct; children must resolve this crisis on their own, and parents' influence is negligible. strike a balance between limits and freedom. be very strict.

strike a balance between limits and freedom.

Anne is a 3-year-old who is securely attached to her parents. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to exhibit? helplessness when her parents are absent strong trust in other people as well as her parents psychopathology heightened aggressiveness around strangers

strong trust in other people as well as her parents

Most traditional research on attachment is based on stranger anxiety. avoidant attachment. separation anxiety. the Strange Situation.

the Strange Situation.

Terrence and his mother appear to almost dance as they interact, each one responding to cues from the other. This reflects the interactional synchrony of mutual regulation. social facilitation. the situational compliance of mutual regulation. separation anxiety.

the interactional synchrony of mutual regulation.

In the Strange Situation, a baby is observed in a room with a stranger alone. the mother alone. the father and a stranger. the mother and a stranger.

the mother and a stranger.

Geoffrey is 6 months of age, has attentive parents, and has learned to cry harder when ignored. not to cry. to cry only when frustrated. to cry due to being spoiled.

to cry harder when ignored.

According to Erikson, which virtue develops from successful resolution of the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt? hope will love caring

will