dev psych learning curve chapter 1-5
Which correlation coefficient is one MOST likely to find between hours spent studying each week and cumulative GPA among college students
.30
Which significance level indicates that chance alone would produce the results obtained in a study once in 100 times
0.01
Dasha was raised in an orphanage in Russia. Although she is now 12 years old and living with her adoptive family in England, her speech is very delayed and she has problems with grammar. This indicates that she was not encouraged to talk between the ages of _____, a sensitive period for language
1 and 3 years
Sally's weight has tripled since she was born. This gain is typical of a child who is
1 yr old
By _____ months of age an infant's babbling begins to sound like his or her native language
12
For low-SES boys in the Child-Parent Centers program in Chicago, the benefit to society in adulthood was _____ times the cost of program
12
Sarah weighed 7 pounds at birth and now weighs 28 pounds. She is MOST likely
2
At what age do MOST children reach approximately 50 percent of their adult height
2 yrs
Juvenile homicides are nearly _____ times as likely at high schools as at elementary or middle schools
20
In the study where children were left alone in a room with a cup that covered dozens of candies, 57 percent of the children uncovered the candies. Of those children, about _____ percent told the truth about how the candies got on the table
25
Fifty percent of babies can sit with support by _____ months
3
Seven-month-old Francisca is attempting to interact with her smiling mother. She is demonstrating an ability that typically first occurs in stage _____ of sensorimotor development
3
Depressed fathers of 1-year-olds are _____ times more likely to spank their children than are nondepressed fathers
4
Toby is 2 years old. This means he is probably _____ times heavier than he was at birth
4
About one in _____infants cry excessively, defined as more than three hours a day, three or more days per week
5
Jean Piaget called the stage-_____ toddler who experiments without anticipating the results a "little scientist
5
When are children at their SLIMMEST
5 and 6
At the age of 2, Maude is 2 feet, 8 inches tall. By the time she reaches adulthood, her height will likely be approximately
5'4
Baby Rachel's stress hormones spike when her mother fails to respond to her distress. Baby Rachel is at LEAST _____ months of age
6
The median age at which babies master sitting unsupported is _____ months
6
By age 6, the brain weighs _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood
90
Carrie is an infant neglected by her parents. She is more likely to display Type _____ attachment than if she were not neglected
A
An example of the difference-equals-deficit error is
Assuming that children who are deaf cannot communicate as well as children who can hear.
Which would best explain why a preoperational child would not be able to understand that cats can be both pets and wild animals
Centration
Which statement is a hypothesis?
Childhood obesity is related to poor health in adulthood.
_____ theory holds that thoughts and values determine a person's perspective
Cognitive
Americans share certain beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations. Americans, therefore, make up a
Culture
Why is an interdisciplinary approach necessary to fully understand development?
Development reflects factors ranging from the genetic to the cultural and political.
The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called
Fast-mapping
Praveen's friend has a very bad temper and often displays his anger around his 2-year-old son. From what Praveen has learned about social learning, what is the MOST likely development he can expect to see in his friend's son's behavior
His son may also develop a hot temper if he sees his father's behavior as appropriate.
Which statement BEST captures the relationship between income and socioeconomic status
Income is an element of socioeconomic status
Which statement about Head Start is FALSE
Its long-lasting beneficial effects are well documented.
Dr. Donaldson believes that infants are active learners from birth, through their senses and motor skills. His views MOST closely align with those of
Jean Piaget.
The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to
Make all children "ready to learn.
Zondra's 1-year-old nephew is looking out the window when a loud fire engine approaches with a screaming siren. Even after the truck passes, her nephew remains upset. Why
Many 1-year-olds fear anything unexpected.
Who proposed that infants are innately ready to use their minds to understand and speak whatever language is offered
Noam Chomsky
Quality center care for infants and children is generally seen as a public obligation in
Norway.
A child demonstrates object permanence, egocentrism, and a failure to conserve. She is MOST likely in which Piagetian stage
Pre-Operational
Henry attends a preschool where there is a low teacher/child ratio, ample opportunity for creative expression, and he is engaged in a long-term art project of his own choosing in which he is making dinosaurs out of clay. Which approach does Henry's preschool MOST resemble
Reggio Emilia
Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which would she be MOST interested in examining
Religious organizations and the workplace
Cohort labels, such as Generation X or Millennials, are based as much on social assumptions as on reality. These cohorts may be seen at least in part as
Social constructions
Jameel has an advanced degree, lives in a nice neighborhood, and earns more than $50,000. This information describes his
Socioeconomic status.
Tyra is babysitting her sister's infant daughter when the mail arrives. There is a package to be signed for and Tyra asks the carrier to step inside because of the weather. He smiles at her niece who hides her face in Tyra's shoulder and then looks back at him with concern. What has happened here
Stranger wariness occurred when an infant expressed concern when an unknown person appeared
According to Freud, how do people become fixated at a given stage of development
Their normal developmental urges are frustrated.
The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes
Theory of mind
Tristan's 17-month-old daughter has an extensive vocabulary and can create both two- and three-word combinations. B. F. Skinner would say that
Tristan repeated words and reinforced her daughter's attempts at language.
Elizabeth is 5 years old, and she likes to help her mother when it is time for supper. However, her mother is often quick tempered at the end of the day, scolding Elizabeth when she tries to help. Her mother finds she can get things done more quickly if Elizabeth stays out of the way. Based on Erikson's theory, Elizabeth may develop
a sense of guilt
A parent, smiling and laughing, is moving a small stuffed toy back and forth in front of a 7-week-old infant. The MOST likely reaction the parent will receive from the infant is
a social smile.
In responding to human faces, a 6-week-old infant may exhibit
a social smile.
Dr. Wurster decides to repeat an experiment previously conducted by his colleague in another country. He is MOST likely:
advancing science by allowing previous findings to be refined, refuted, and replicated.
In the sequence of interpretation of stimuli, perception comes
after sensation but before cognition
Which infant is MOST likely to remember that he or she had previously been able to make a mobile move by kicking his or her legs
an infant who is placed in the same room that he or she was in when the original experience with the mobile took place and who is shown the moving mobile as a reminder of the previous experience
Hayden is 7 months old. He is capable of
anger.
Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his work on
animal digestion
Believing that animals can talk would be a form of
animism
In a popular animated movie, automobiles and tow trucks have emotions and can speak. This exemplifies
animism
Anong, who is breast-feeding her infant daughter, had measles as a child. Her daughter will be protected from the disease because of the _____ in Anong's breast milk
antibodies
Shaylee is 4 years old and is not receiving much education in her home. Her mother works two jobs, and Shaylee is often left at home with her teenage sisters, who make sure her basic needs are met, but do not spend time reading or playing with Shaylee. There are no books in the home, and there are no crayons or paper for Shaylee to color with or to practice writing. She spends most of her time watching television. For Shaylee
attending a quality preschool would be especially beneficia
Brien has a friend who is a mother. Knowing that Brien is taking a psychology course, she asks him what she can expect during the toddler years of her child's development. Using his understanding of Erikson's stages of development, Brien explains to her that her child will pass through a stage called _____ versus shame as she undergoes potty training
autonomy
Synapses are communication links where the _____ of one neuron meets the dendrites of other neurons.
axon
Denny and Alesya live in the United States and have two children. Denny's native tongue is English and Alesya's is Russian, but she is also fluent in English. Alesya speaks to her children exclusively in Russian, and Denny speaks to them only in English. The children are consistently exposed to both English and Russian every day and have been since birth. Research shows that Denny and Alesya's children will
be able to learn and separate both languages
Janell is 12 months old. If she is a typical baby, her parents can expect her to
be able to understand and speak some simple words.
Which perspective states that parents mold their infant's emotions and personality as they reinforce or punish their child
behaviorism
Which theory focuses solely on observable behaviors
behaviorism
A good example of a sensitive period is:
children learn language easily.
Through association, neutral stimuli become conditioned stimuli. This is referred to as
classical conditioning.
White coat syndrome occurs when a patient sees a doctor and exhibits a rise in blood pressure. According to behaviorism, this BEST demonstrates
classical conditioning.
Jill, a good student, found it incomprehensible that she failed her physics exam after studying for a week. She is in the state of
cognitive disequilibrium.
When a new experience, which is jarring and incomprehensible, conflicts with a person's current understanding, the person tends to experience
cognitive disequilibrium.
A developmentalist is studying the popularity of children's names over the years. She is really looking at the _____ effect
cohort effect
Some infants have bouts of uncontrollable crying, called _____, which is probably the result of immature digestion
colic
In an experiment, the group that does not receive the "special" treatment is called the _____ group
comparison
Yolanda, who is 5 years old, has improved dramatically in her ability to throw and catch a baseball. The growth of the _____ has contributed significantly to her improved abilities by enhancing communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
In an infant, sadness is displayed as emotional withdrawal and is accompanied by an increase in the body's production of _____, a stress hormone
cortisol
In order to determine how clothing preferences change with age, Dr. Zavala interviewed girls ranging from 6 to 12 years of age. This is an example of
cross-sectional research.
Feeding is to maintaining oxygen supply as _____ is to _____
crying; thrashing
In a study on the effects of noise on test performance, test performance would be the _____ variable
dependent variable.
In the past decade, the proportion of 4-year-olds enrolled in state-sponsored preschools has
doubled
Marisol is using a software program to perform statistical tests on her experimental data to determine if her hypothesis is supported. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Marisol is:
drawing conclusions
Baby Isabel is impulsive and prone to dramatic changes in emotion. She has difficulty calming down when she is upset. Isabel appears low in the _____ dimension of temperament
effortful control
Ramon and Eric have grown up together in Texas. Ramon speaks Spanish and English at home, while Eric's sole language is English. Their language skills are an example of a(n) _____ brain function
experience dependent
Jason and Pierre have grown up together in Paris, France. Jason speaks French and English at home while Pierre's sole language is French. Their language skills are an example of a(n) _____ brain function
experience-dependent
The independent variable is also called the _____ variable
experimental
Five-month-old Martin is an outgoing, active baby. Martin appears high in the _____ dimension of temperament
exuberance
Jessica's husband works on car engines as a hobby. When she thinks about his hobby, Jessica often fails to figure out exactly what a particular part is, but she has the general idea of what it does and places it in an appropriate mental category. This is an example of
fast-mapping
According to the textbook, the _____ emotional expressions to emerge at birth are pain and pleasure in the form of crying and contentment.
first
In which of Jean Piaget's stages would one expect to see the development of an interest in ethics, politics, and social and moral issues
formal operational
In the science of human development, "nature" refers to
genetic influences.
After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was experiencing difficulty putting together a jigsaw puzzle, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him to recognize progress. From Lev Vygotsky's perspective, this is an example of
guided participation
Gardner is a left-handed adult. It is MOST likely that he has a thicker-than-normal
has a thicker corpus callosum
A breast-fed baby is more likely to _____ than a formula-fed baby
have fewer allergies
A father wants his son to start helping his mother do the laundry. According to social learning theory, the father should
help out with the laundry himself.
Meena cannot be vaccinated because of her allergies, but she is protected to some degree from catching childhood diseases because of _____ immunity, which means that at least 90 percent of people in her local community have been immunized
herd
what does the science of human development seek to understand
how and why people change over time
Dynamic-systems theory emphasizes the idea(s) that
human development is always changing and that change in one area affects all others
The terms operant conditioning and instrumental conditioning refer to _____ learning mechanisms
identical
Melissa and Cory are expecting their new baby in two months. They are trying to decide whether the baby should sleep in their bed or in a crib. Which is NOT a reason for practicing bed sharing
increased chance of SIDS
In a study on the effects of nutrition on school performance, nutrition would likely be a(n) _____ variable.
independent
In Erikson's theory, children in elementary school are generally in the _____ stage
industry-versus-inferiority
Professor Norman frequently uses examples of how computers analyze data to help the class understand how human memory works. Professor Norman evidently is an advocate of
information-processing theory
According to Erikson, when a 4-year-old child attempts to put on her own shirt or make a cake with her own recipe, she is demonstrating
initiative.
Your best friend was brought up under very stressful circumstances. During his early years, his father was an alcoholic, and his mother was mentally ill. Happily, both parents sought counseling and gradually the home environment improved. Nevertheless, your friend's personality still reflects some aspects of _____ attachment
insecure
Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her pant leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. Adam's attachment style is MOST likely
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
Which attachment pattern involves an infant who both resists and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
John, 72, is trying to make sense out of his life. He feels great disappointment when he thinks about the goals that he never reached. His behavior falls into which of Erikson's stages
integrity versus despair
Julie swaddles her baby when the baby is distressed. Julie
is doing the right thing; a baby's sense of touch is acute and swaddling makes it feel secure
Which topic is matched with the CORRECT domain of development? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. : education – psychosocial development education - psychosocial development motor skills - cognitive development family structure - biological development language acquisition - cognitive development
language acquisition - cognitive development
When adults build vocabulary and grammar in children within the child's zone of proximal development, it is called
language enhancement.
Lupe was a Spanish-speaking toddler when she emigrated with her family from Guatemala. After several years in an American elementary school, though, Lupe is more fluent in English than in Spanish. Which phenomenon does Lupe's experience BEST exemplify
language shift
After Vivian's father showed her a tigerlily, she called a fern she saw that was orange a "tigerfern." Vivian is demonstrating
logical extension
Dawn is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects one group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Dawn is using a _____ research design
longitudinal
Dr. Irwin is testing the same people repeatedly over time as part of a research study, whereas Dr. Jenner is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Dr. Irwin is using a _____ research design; Dr. Jenner is using a _____ design
longitudinal; cross-sectional
Mosquito nets are an effective and inexpensive way to prevent _____ in children.
malaria
Researchers are conducting a _____ when they combine the results of several previous studies to gain stronger conclusions than the individual studies on their own
meta-analysis
A baby's father is swinging him through the air and vigorously playing and exercising his little limbs, while his mother vacuums. Later, she will be the one to feed and sing the child to sleep. This is typical because, although fathers do change diapers
mothers engage in more caregiving and comforting and fathers in more high-intensity play
In the science of human development, genetics is referred to as the influence of:
nature
The three dimensions of temperament that are clearly present in early childhood include
negative mood
When an infant recognizes that things continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has attained what Piaget called
object permanence
Marie smokes cigarettes and bites her nails. According to Freud, she is unconsciously stuck in which stage
oral
Which of Freud's stages of psychosexual development is CORRECTLY matched with a key task or challenge
oral;genital
Recall the textbook's discussion of differential susceptibility. People who thrive only when circumstances are ideal are called:
orchids.
Blake's photoreceptors detect light and dark stimuli. Cortical processing then allows him to recognize the words in his psychology textbook. As he reads, Blake relates the information to his own experiences. Blake's recognition of the words illustrates
perception
Three-year-old Kenny has been asking his mother to get off the phone ever since she picked it up. He repeats "Mommy, put down that phone. Mommy, stop talking on the phone," over and over until she finally complies and walks over to him. Kenny's behavior is an example of
perservation
The process of forming a male gender identity takes place mainly in the _____ stage of psychosexual development
phallic
Child-centered programs that recognize that children develop new ideas through their own discovery are most consistent with the views of
piaget
Fairuza is studying peer rejection among middle-school students. Fairuza's FIRST step in designing her research would be to
pose a research question
The text suggests that infant mortality is _____ correlated with fertility rate
positively
Caroline is 15. After a head injury she is no longer able to plan ahead and prioritize properly. MOST likely her _____ was injured
prefrontal cortex
Rebecca is very organized. She has set aside specific hours for studying and knows when she has had enough to eat. This behavior can be explained by a mature
prefrontal cortex
Isabel, who is 5-years-old, writes her first poem in kindergarten using words and drawings. She is in Piaget's _____ period
preoperational
Rhonda is currently attending preschool. According to Piaget, Rhonda is in the _____ stage of cognitive development
preoperational
According to Jean Piaget, _____ reactions involve the infant's responses to its own body
primary circular reactions
Alberto crawls after his father when his father leaves the room. In doing so, Albert is exhibiting
proximity-seeking behavior.
What kind of research produces results that can be expressed in numbers
quantitative
Tamika and Tyree are trying to decide whether they should let the infant they are expecting in two months to sleep in their bed. All of the following are possible benefits of bed sharing EXCEPT
reduced chances of sudden death in infant
Emilio is repeating a well-known study on adolescent friendships using a slightly different sample. Emilio is engaged in
replication.
Franz is presenting his data and conclusions to an audience of scientists at a Society for Research in Child Development conference. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Franz is:
reporting results
Stages three and four of sensorimotor intelligence are characterized by infants':
responses to objects and people.
Lena is reading a story book with her 5-year-old son. Lena points to the illustrations, asks her son to sound out certain words, and acts out the dialog between characters. Lena's interactive mentoring exemplifies Vygotsky's notion of
scaffolding.
Perception is the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a
sensation
Two-month-old Maggie smiles indiscriminately at everyone she sees and puts everything she can grasp in her mouth. The reason she is not more selective is because _____ precedes _____
sensation precedes perception
Eric's photoreceptors detect light and dark stimuli. Cortical processing then allows him to recognize the words in his psychology textbook. As he reads, Eric relates the information to his own experiences. The action of Eric's photoreceptors illustrates _____. When he relates the information to his experiences, Eric is demonstrating _____
sensation;cognition
Hair cells in Kirk's basilar membrane detect a series of high-pitched tones. Kirk recognizes the ring tone assigned to calls from his mother. Kirk remembers he had neglected to call his mother the night before as he had promised. The action of Kirk's hair cells illustrates _____. When he remembers the promise, Kirk is demonstrating
sensation;cognition
Receptors highly sensitive to sweetness are active on Owen's tongue. Bitterness receptors are also active, but to a lesser extent. Owen recognizes the taste of cola and considers his resolution to reduce his soda consumption. The action of Owen's taste receptors illustrates _____, whereas his recognition of the taste illustrates
sensation;perception
In a 1960s antismoking commercial, a father and son were shown spending time together, with the son imitating everything his father does: painting the house, washing Dad's convertible, and, finally, sitting under a tree and reaching for a pack of cigarettes. The announcer states, "Like father, like son." All of the son's behaviors are examples of
social learning.
A hypothesis is a:
specific prediction that can be tested.
Four-year-old Mosola, who lives in western Africa, is short for his age. He often has only one bowl of yams a day to eat. He could be suffering from the condition called
stunting
A major accomplishment of the preoperational stage is _____ thought
symbolic
A mutually coordinated, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called
synchrony.
Baby Lacie shakes her head when her mother shakes her head; they started this earlier with Lacie's mother copying Lacie's actions. This relationship between baby and mother is known as
synchrony.
A valuable trait of young children that aids in language development is that they
talk a lot
Dr. Nguyen is analyzing the duration, tone, and loudness of infants' cries immediately after they receive their first inoculation. Dr. Nguyen is MOST likely engaged in a study of
temperament
Nature is to _____ as nurture is to _____
temperament; personality
Personality traits, such as honesty and humility, are thought to be primarily learned, whereas _____ traits, such as shyness and aggression, are considered primarily genetic
temperamental
Lucille is collecting survey data on adult attachment styles among a sample of college students. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Lucille is:
testing a hypothesis
When an infant's nutrition is so inadequate that it affects physical growth, which part of the body is "spared"?
the brain
The story in the text about the author's nephew David illustrates
the concept of plasticity.
At 1 month of age, Emily realizes that her hand is too big to fit into her mouth. She reacts by sucking just on her thumb. Jean Piaget would describe Emily's behavior as
the first acquired adaptation
A mother and her infant are at a table in the food court in the mall. The mother is eating and engrossed in reading a magazine. Her child is frowning, kicking, and fussing, as if to say, "Pay attention to me!" If these types of interactions continue throughout the infant's first year of life, researchers have concluded that
the mother's unresponsiveness to an infant's needs can have adverse effects on the child.
When a correlation exists between two variables
there is a relationship between the two variables.
Imagine that June is studying the acquisition of language in children. What would be June's FIRST step in designing her research study?
to pose a research question
Leigh experienced some traumatic events in her childhood. According to cognitive theory, by rethinking and reorganizing her thoughts about previous experiences, Leigh will be able to change her later experiences by developing a new:
working model