Developmental Ch 5

51. Proximodistal development proceeds from the a. head toward the tail. b. body to the limbs. c. brain to behavior. d. legs to the arms.

b. body to the limbs.

3. A child with _____ would be most likely on a gluten-free diet. a. celiac disease b. PKU c. autism d. sickle-cell disease

a. celiac disease

11. If left untreated, children who lack adequate growth hormones tend NOT to exceed _____ in height in adulthood. a. 4 feet b. 4 feet 6 inches c. 5 feet d. 5 feet 6 inches

a. 4 feet

67. Which reflex is permanent? a. eye-blink b. Babinski c. swimming d. stepping

a. eye-blink

1. The average female in the United States is about _____ tall. a. 5 feet 2 inches b. 5 feet 4 inches c. 5 feet 6 inches d. 5 feet 8 inches

b. 5 feet 4 inches

18. Which is most responsible for the maturation of bones and muscles? a. Adrenal gland androgens b. Ovary-released estrogen c. Brain released acetylcholine d. Thyroid-released thyroxine

a. Adrenal gland androgens

120. Statistically, _____ girls tend to experience breast development at the earliest age. a. African-American b. Asian-American c. European-American d. Mexican-American

a. African-American

44. Which is the least common occurrence in the aging brain? a. Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia b. Some decrease in the number of neurons c. Reduced blood flow to the brain d. Some decreased levels of neurotransmitters

a. Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia

65. Molly strokes the bottom of her baby Martin's foot and watches his toes fan out and then curl. Martin is exhibiting the _____ reflex. a. Babinski b. Moro c. Palmer d. stepping

a. Babinski

96. The presence of which reflex at birth and disappearance in first year indicates normal neurological development? a. Babinski b. sucking c. rooting d. grasping

a. Babinski

125. Which of the following best explains the secular trend? a. Better nutrition and medical advances b. Genetic variation c. Neural plasticity d. Reserve capacity

a. Better nutrition and medical advances

66. Which reflex disappears first as the infant matures? a. Grasping reflex b. Swallowing reflex c. Pupillary reflex d. Breathing reflex

a. Grasping reflex

132. Which groups of adolescents would likely have the greatest difficulties adjusting to the changes of puberty? a. Late-maturing boys and early-maturing girls b. Late-maturing boys and late-maturing girls c. Early-maturing boys and late-maturing girls d. Early-maturing boys and early-maturing girls

a. Late-maturing boys and early-maturing girls

37. Jill came tumbling down the hill and sustained a serious head injury. As a result, her language skills have been seriously impaired. Which part of Jill 's brain was most likely damaged? a. Left hemisphere b. Right hemisphere c. Hypothalamus d. Brain stem

a. Left hemisphere

12. Maya was born with a thyroid deficiency that was not diagnosed as such until she was three years old. What is the likely outcome for Maya? a. Maya will have some level of intellectual disability. b. There will be no long-lasting effects as long as Maya receives treatment once the problem is diagnosed. c. Maya will grow to be over 6 feet tall. d. Maya will become blind and deaf.

a. Maya will have some level of intellectual disability.

77. Which reflex evolves into the startle reflex? a. Moro b. Babinski c. rooting d. grasping

a. Moro

29. Which best exemplifies the concept of brain plasticity? a. The fact that the brain changes in response to experience b. The fact that a rat brain has the same basic components as a human brain c. The fact that, as the result of hormonal differences, the male brain is smaller than the female brain d. The fact that the brain is built on a plan that is genetically determined

a. The fact that the brain changes in response to experience

25. What part of an overhead projector would be most like the myelin found in the brain? a. The insulation covering the extension cord, as this insulation helps transmit the electrical energy more efficiently b. The light bulb, as myelin becomes highly active when it receives energy c. The reflecting mirror, as the purpose of myelin is to reflect away neurotransmitters d. The long arm holding up the reflecting mirror, as the main function of the myelin is as a conduit through which electrical chemical energy flows within the neuron

a. The insulation covering the extension cord, as this insulation helps transmit the electrical energy more efficiently

104. How is a toddler likely to compare to a 10-year-old child in terms of physical behavior? a. The toddler can control movements as long as the world around her is stationary, while the 10-year-old can control movements even when the environment around her is changing. b. The toddler will have superior eye/hand coordination to the 10-year-old. c. The toddler has developed fine motor skills that are as coordinated as the older child, but is just beginning to use gross motor skills. d. The toddler is able to move more quickly than the older child, but is less coordinated in her movements.

a. The toddler can control movements as long as the world around her is stationary, while the 10-year-old can control movements even when the environment around her is changing.

144. Constructivists believe that we need experience in order to learn how to interpret our sensory experiences. a. True b. False

a. True

145. Nativists believe that we enter the world with knowledge that helps us understand the world. a. True b. False

a. True

146. Habituation refers to learning to be bored by repeatedly presented stimuli. a. True b. False

a. True

148. Young infants appear to prefer visual displays that are dynamic and moderately complex. a. True b. False

a. True

153. Infants fed with sour formula later preferred the taste of sour foods. a. True b. False

a. True

156. A child's attention span is typically more systematic than that of an infant a. True b. False

a. True

158. For adolescents, the most common outcome of exposure to loud noise is tinnitus. a. True b. False

a. True

81. Two-year-old Tiki has acquired the ability to spin one arm in a large circle while holding the other arm perfectly still. This exemplifies the orthogenetic principle element of a. a differentiated response. b. global responding. c. integration. d. reserve capacity.

a. a differentiated response.

151. While sexually virile throughout most of his life, 80-year-old Hef is no longer able to produce an erection. This loss of ability may be part of a. andropause. b. a midlife crisis. c. semenarche. d. menarche

a. andropause.

22. Neurons communicate with one another a. by releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse. b. by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. c. through the pituitary gland. d. using androgens.

a. by releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse.

50. When lying flat, babies can hold their heads up before they can lift their hips or legs. This illustrates the _____ direction of growth. a. cephalocaudal b. cephalodistal c. proximodistal d. proximocaudal

a. cephalocaudal

72. The leading cause of death during the first year of life is a. congenital malformations. b. cancer. c. accidental injury. d. infection.

a. congenital malformations.

83. Much of brain development in infancy and childhood consists of forming more a. connections b. neurotransmitters c. neurons d. ventricles

a. connections

147. After going through menopause, a woman a. does not ovulate and no longer menstruates. b. does ovulate but no longer menstruates. c. does not ovulate but still menstruates. d. both ovulates and menstruates.

a. does not ovulate and no longer menstruates.

63. The defining feature of a survival reflex is that it a. has clear adaptive value. b. is linked to eating. c. is learned in the first three months after birth. d. does not fade with age.

a. has clear adaptive value.

48. Cephalocaudal development proceeds from a. head toward tail. b. body to limbs. c. brain to behavior. d. legs to arms.

a. head toward tail.

148. Xavier (who is going through menopause) sometimes experiences a sensation of warmth that is unexpected and often centers on her face. This experience is commonly referred to as a. hot flashes. b. hot points. c. facism. d. facial lateralization.

a. hot flashes.

2. Emilee has been diagnosed with celiac syndrome. This means that Emilee will likely display stunted growth due to her a. inability to absorb nutrients through her stomach lining. b. genetically based small bone structure. c. inability to differentiate between nutritious and non-nutritious food. d. genetically based small muscle structure.

a. inability to absorb nutrients through her stomach lining.

31. Propensity for plasticity is greatest in a. infancy. b. middle childhood. c. late adolescence. d. middle age.

a. infancy

146. For most women, menopause a. is relatively inconsequential b. results in long-term psychological problems. c. results in long-term physical problems. d. has increasingly negative consequences the more a woman shares her experiences.

a. is relatively inconsequential

54. Humans begin their existence as a single undifferentiated cell and proceed to become a highly complex and organized billion-cell organism. This change best exemplifies the _____ principle. a. orthogenetic b. proximodistal c. cephalocaudal d. reality

a. orthogenetic

80. When a typical infant attempts to kick a ball, it tends to do so with its "whole body." When a typical firstgrader attempts to kick a ball, he or she tends to do so only using a foot. The change best exemplifies the _____ principle. a. orthogenetic b. epigenetic c. cephalocaudal d. Babinski

a. orthogenetic

8. I am the "master gland" that triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands. I am the ______ gland. a. pituitary b. thyroid c. adrenal d. testes

a. pituitary

10. The endocrine gland that regulates growth and triggers the growth spurt during adolescence is(are) the a. pituitary gland. b. thyroid gland. c. adrenal gland. d. testes and ovaries

a. pituitary gland

97. Which reflex adapts the visual system to low illumination? a. pupillary b. rooting c. blinking d. Moro

a. pupillary

69. Concerning sleep, REM stands for a. rapid eye movement. b. rotational emotional manipulation. c. remembering every minute. d. reflexive evoked moment.

a. rapid eye movement

36. With regard to brain lateralization, a majority of people a. rely primarily on the left hemisphere of the brain to carry out language activities. b. rely primarily on the left hemisphere of the brain for spatial perception and listening to music. c. rely on the left hemisphere for both language and spatial perception. d. rely on the right hemisphere for both language and spatial perception.

a. rely primarily on the left hemisphere of the brain to carry out language activities.

141. Despite being in top condition, 65-year-old Lane notices that his maximum heart rate during an aerobic exercise has declined significantly from when he was in his 20s. This change is best explained in terms of diminished a. reserve capacity. b. dopamine level. c. neural plasticity. d. estrogen level.

a. reserve capacity.

58. If Webster is an average child, he will have achieved half his adult height around his _____ birthday. a. second b. third c. fourth d. fifth

a. second

6. The endocrine glands a. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. b. secrete neurotransmitters into the brain. c. are instrumental in producing myelin, which protects the neurons. d. transmits information from the sensory organs to the brain.

a. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

103. The pattern of grow in childhood is best characterized as a. slow and steady. b. slow and disjointed. c. fast and steady. d. fast and disjointed.

a. slow and steady.

32. Lateralization refers to the a. specialization of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. b. organizational structure of the peripheral nervous system. c. plasticity of the spinal cord. d. number of neurons produced during prenatal development.

a. specialization of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

84. Elimination of unnecessary or unused connections between neurons is called a. synaptic pruning. b. neural degeneration. c. neural integration. d. synaptic degeneration.

a. synaptic pruning.

41. A researcher says, "The video you are about to watch contains scenes of neurogenesis." As such, you should expect to see a. the creation of new neurons. b. the migration of neurons. c. the destruction of neurons. d. the differentiation of neurons.

a. the creation of new neurons.

91. The critical period for brain development is during a. the late prenatal period and early infancy b. the toddler years c. early childhood d. adolescence

a. the late prenatal period and early infancy

154. From our twenties on, we lose _____ of our strength per decade. a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20%

b. 10%

117. Which of the following typical adolescent females growing up in the United States would have most recently achieved her adult height? a. 14-year-old Meg b. 16-year-old Jo c. 18-year-old Beth d. 20-year-old Amy

b. 16-year-old Jo

39. Newborn Newton's parents, Isaac (his dad), and Fig (his mom), both have been lefthanded throughout their lives. The probability that Newton will be left-handed is closest to a. 1 in 4. b. 2 in 4. c. 3 in 4. d. 4 in 4.

b. 2 in 4.

73. From age 2 until puberty, children typically gain _____ inches and _____ pounds per year. a. 1 to 2; 3 to 5 b. 2 to 3; 5 to 6 c. 3 to 5; 7 to 9 d. 6 to 8; 10 to 12v

b. 2 to 3; 5 to 6

70. As an average newborn, Kit would spend about ______ percent of his sleeping hours in REM sleep. a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 100

b. 50

129. What percentage of boys view semenarche positively? a. 52% b. 62% c. 72% d. 82%

b. 62%

60. Which of the following is the best definition of a reflex? a. A behavior that has been repeated over and over b. An automatic response to stimulus c. A voluntary muscle movement d. The first type of sense developed after birth

b. An automatic response to stimulus

143. The brain's interpretation of sensory information is known as sensation. a. True b. False

b. False

147. Visual acuity is defined as the ability to see depth. a. True b. False

b. False

149. When tested on the visual cliff, seven-month-old infants will usually cross the cliff to reunite with their mothers. a. True b. False

b. False

150. Intuitive theorists believe that infants are born with organized systems of knowledge. a. True b. False

b. False

151. Phonemes are the words used to produce a spoken sentence. a. True b. False

b. False

152. Newborns appear to be able to recognize the voices of both their mother and father. a. True b. False

b. False

154. Putting infants under deep anesthesia during surgery has been banned by the American Academy of Pediatrics. a. True b. False

b. False

155. In order to ensure the most favorable long-term outcome concerning visual acuity, cataract surgery should be delayed until a child reaches at least age four years. a. True b. False

b. False

157. Writing letters of the alphabet is a gross motor skill. a. True b. False

b. False

159. Age-related macular degeneration results in the destruction of the cells responsible for peripheral vision. a. True b. False

b. False

160. Older adults have the greatest difficulty in processing visual information when the situation is familiar and the task is simple. a. True b. False

b. False

45. Which change is NOT normally seen in the aging brain? a. Loss of neurons b. Increased brain weight c. Formation of senile plaques d. Reduced blood flow

b. Increased brain weight

49. Which is the best example of cephalocaudal development? a. Infant gains control over the arms before the hands. b. Infant can sit up before it can walk. c. Infant can roll over before it can grasp a small object. d. Infant can hear before it can see.

b. Infant can sit up before it can walk.

127. How is family stress, like conflict with a stepfather, most likely to impact the timing of puberty-related issues for a girl? a. It will result in excessive menstruation. b. It will lead to earlier sexual maturity. c. It will delay puberty. d. It will have no effect on any puberty-related behaviors.

b. It will lead to earlier sexual maturity.

101. What do Down syndrome, spina bifida, and cleft palates have in common? a. They are all caused by tetragons. b. They are all congenital malformations. c. They are all the result of recessive genes. d. They are all preventable through proper diet.

b. They are all congenital malformations.

152. The underlying physiological reason for why older adults are slower on many tasks than younger adults is a. the loss of androgens. b. a slowing of the nervous system. c. a change from an impulsive style to a reflective style. d. an increase in visual acuity.

b. a slowing of the nervous system.

142. Although she is 85 years old and in great physical and mental health, Gerta strongly believes that "old people" are stupid and frail. This belief provides a good example of a. plasticity. b. ageism. c. the secular trend. d. a delusional state of mind.

b. ageism.

38. Brain lateralization is first evident a. in embryos. b. at birth. c. at age two. d. at age five.

b. at birth.

139. Most physical systems peak sometime between a. infancy and childhood. b. childhood and early adulthood. c. early adulthood and middle adulthood. d. middle adulthood and older adulthood.

b. childhood and early adulthood.

111. Concerning eating habits in childhood, a. children tend to eat less "comfort food" when they are under stress. b. consumption of sugary soda between meals makes children twice as likely to become overweight. c. parents have little impact on what children eat. d. children who eat breakfast at school are at risk for becoming overweight.

b. consumption of sugary soda between meals makes children twice as likely to become overweight.

133. The greatest long-term negative impact of being an early-maturing female involves an increased risk of a. poorer academic performance. b. engaging in "risky behaviors" (e.g., sex and alcohol consumption). c. athletic injury. d. being unpopular with peers.

b. engaging in "risky behaviors" (e.g., sex and alcohol consumption).

107. Children whose parents are less educated are more likely to a. get needed immunizations. b. experience poor health. c. exercise outside. d. have healthy weights

b. experience poor health.

109. If you wanted to prevent the most common cause of death of a child, you should always a. avoid fast-food restaurants. b. fasten the child's car seat/seat belt. c. hide common household cleaners that could be consumed. d. have your child inoculated.

b. fasten the child's car seat/seat belt

121. What is the defining event that marks the onset of semenarche? a. initial production of sperm b. first ejaculation c. initial production of testosterone d. first sign of pubic hair

b. first ejaculation

74. During middle childhood (ages 6 to 11 years), growth a. virtually ceases in preparation for adolescence. b. gains are smaller in proportion to the child's size. c. rates accelerates noticeably. d. ceases following the principles of growth.

b. gains are smaller in proportion to the child's size.

119. If Sissy has just experienced menarche, she has a. ovulated for the first time. b. had her first menstruation. c. shown her first secondary sex characteristic (most likely pubic hair). d. produced her first seminal fluid.

b. had her first menstruation.

19. During middle adulthood, the most likely impact of thyroid hormones would be to a. generate growth spurts. b. help metabolize food. c. create myelin. d. drain reserve capacity

b. help metabolize food.

7. The endocrine system is most accurately thought of as a _____ system. a. neurotransmitter b. hormonal c. respiratory d. cardiovascular

b. hormonal

71. Infants may spend so much time in REM sleep because REM sleep is a. needed for the formation of a strong id. b. important for learning and memory processes. c. critical for normal muscle and reflex development. d. necessary to ensure the infant continues to breathe during sleep.

b. important for learning and memory processes.

135. Concerning physical health, a. the rate of obesity among teens has steadily declined in the past two decades. b. modern teens lead a more sedentary lifestyle and consume more empty calories than in decades past. c. high blood pressure and diabetes remain virtually unheard of in teenage populations. d. genetic factors appear to play little role in the levels of obesity found in teens.

b. modern teens lead a more sedentary lifestyle and consume more empty calories than in decades past.

157. Eightyyearold Sylvester has begun to complain about his knees. To him, his knees now often feel, "Stiff as a board!" Given this description, Sylvester would appear to have a. Turner syndrome. b. osteoarthritis. c. Klinefelter syndrome. d. osteoporosis.

b. osteoarthritis.

Melissa is 15 years old. All of her friends have become notably "adolescent" in appearance. They have pubic hair and underarm hair and have experienced the "adolescent growth spurt." Melissa has no pubic or underarm hair, and still looks much more like a young girl than an adolescent. The most likely culprit for Melissa's plight is a malfunction of the a. central nervous system. b. ovaries. c. testes . d. thyroid.

b. ovaries.

47. The aging brain may compensate for losses by increased activity in the a. limbic system b. prefrontal cortex c. cerebellum d. corpus callosum

b. prefrontal cortex

100. Congenital malformations are always a. genetic. b. present at birth. c. fatal. d. adaptive

b. present

28. The greater ability of adults to integrate thoughts and emotions may be attributable to a. increased production of androgens b. progressive myelination c. decreased production of growth hormone d. alterations in brain stem structures

b. progressive myelination

87. The arms of infants and toddlers often appear stubby in relationship to the size of their trunks. Which principle does this illustrate? a. cepahlocaudal b. proximodistal c. orthogenetic d. biogenetic

b. proximodistal

76. Which reflex disappears in the first 8 weeks of life unless the infant has a chance to practice it? a. swimming b. stepping c. Moro d. grasping

b. stepping

123. The mark of sexual maturation for a boy that is most comparable to menarche for a girl is a. a deepening of the voice. b. the first ejaculation of seminal fluid. c. the appearance of pubic hair. d. the release of androgens from the testes.

b. the first ejaculation of seminal fluid.

26. Myelination has been implicated in the increase in _____ in teenagers. a. suicide b. the generation of hypothetical questions c. the vocabulary spurt d. a focused sex drive

b. the generation of hypothetical questions

34. An overly simplistic way to describe the brain is that the left side is the "_____" side, and the right side is the "_____" side. a. behaving; desiring b. thinking; emotional c. desiring; behaving d. emotional; thinking

b. thinking; emotional

134. During adolescence, the physical activity levels of males continue to increase, while those of females tend to level off, or even decline. This is most likely due to the a. degeneration of muscle tissue in females. b. traditional gender-role socialization of females in our culture that discourages physical activity (especially in athletics). c. hormonal changes across the period of adolescence. d. secular trend.

b. traditional gender-role socialization of females in our culture that discourages physical activity (especially in athletics).

131. Parent-child relationships tend to _____ once puberty is completed. a. become confrontational b. warm c. fade away d. ebb-and-flow

b. warm

116. As a typical adolescent growing up in the United States, Maxwell (a male) would most likely achieve his peak RATE of growth for height around _____ years of age. a. 10.5 b. 12 c. 13.5 d. 15

c. 13.5

130. What percentage of girls view menarche positively? a. 3% b. 13% c. 23% d. 33%

c. 23%

114. Recent research indicates that elementary school children are sedentary _____ of the time. a. 43% b. 53% c. 63% d. 73%

c. 63%

46. Which of the following characterizes the typical aging brain? a. Degeneration only b. Plasticity only c. Both degeneration and plasticity d. Neither degeneration nor plasticity

c. Both degeneration and plasticity

110. Young children whose mothers are stressed eat more comfort food, which is most illustrative of the theory of _____. a. Darwin. b. Skinner. c. Bronfenbrenner. d. Bandura.

c. Bronfenbrenner.

55. Which statement does NOT belong on a list of the summarization of a lifespan model of health? a. Health is a life-long process. b. Health is determined by both genetic and environmental influences. c. Changes in health due to aging involve only losses. d. Health can be enhanced by social and historical factors.

c. Changes in health due to aging involve only losses.

105. Which behavior is most difficult for a child to perform? a. Walking in a straight line b. Hopping on one foot c. Hitting a ball with a bat d. Tapping a pen

c. Hitting a ball with a bat

14. Which statement is true? a. Estrogen is an androgen. b. Progesterone is an estrogen. c. Testosterone is an androgen. d. Androgen is a progesterone.

c. Testosterone is an androgen

62. Which reflex is NOT a survival reflex? a. The breathing reflex b. The sucking reflex c. The toe-fanning reflex d. The eye-blink reflex

c. The toe-fanning reflex

82. The ability to coordinate separate body movements into a functional whole best describes the concept of a. a differentiated response. b. global responding. c. an integrated response. d. reserve capacity.

c. an integrated response

143. Many elderly people do not consider themselves as "old." This is particularly the case for individuals who a. still own their home. b. have grandchildren. c. are socially and physically active. d. are over age 90

c. are socially and physically active.

9. The pituitary gland is located a. next to the testes/ovaries. b. in a chamber near the heart. c. at the base of the brain. d. in the upper chest.

c. at the base of the brain.

137. Research has shown that when teens are under the influence of alcohol, they are LESS likely to a. get into a physical fight. b. smoke cigarettes. c. avoid engaging in risky sexual behavior. d. get into a car accident.

c. avoid engaging in risky sexual behavior.

95. What reflex protects eyes from bright light or foreign objects? a. pupillary b. rooting c. blink d. Moro

c. blink

144. Three of the most common premenstrual symptoms reported by women are a. acne, bloating, and hallucinations. b. hallucinations, breast tenderness, and bloating. c. bloating, headaches, and breast tenderness. d. headaches, breast tenderness, and acne.

c. bloating, headaches, and breast tenderness.

4. During his second year of life, Titus suffered a long and severe illness that left him well below his expected weight and height. After recovering from the illness, Titus suddenly experienced rapid gains in both height and weight. This event is best explained by a. plasticity. b. the proximodistal principle. c. catch-up growth. d. the secular trend.

c. catch-up growth.

13. Androgens do all of the following EXCEPT a. trigger the adolescent growth spurt. b. contribute to sexual motivation in adulthood. c. cause ovulation in women. d. trigger the development of male sex organs.

c. cause ovulation in women.

86. At two months after conception, your head makes up half of your total body length, but at adulthood, it is only 12% to 13% of your height. Which principle does this illustrate? a. proximodistal b. biogenetic c. cephalocaudal d. orthogenetic

c. cephalocaudal

88. During the first year of life, the trunk grows the fastest. During the second year of life, the legs grow the fastest. Which principle does this illustrate? a. proximodistal b. orthogenetic c. cephalocaudal d. biogenetic

c. cephalocaudal

118. Adrenarche a. involves the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. b. determines a child's external genitalia. c. contributes to the development of secondary sex characteristics. d. is found exclusively in males.

c. contributes to the development of secondary sex characteristics.

57. During its first few months after birth, an average newborn gains about an ounce per a. minute. b. hour. c. day. d. week.

c. day

24. If a cell is experiencing myelination, it is a. migrating into its proper place in the brain. b. dividing uncontrollably. c. developing a fatty covering encasing its axon. d. releasing neurotransmitters.

c. developing a fatty covering encasing its axon.

106. Differences between throwing and kicking abilities of male and female children are best explained as being the result of a. size differences. b. hormonal factors. c. differential levels of practice. d. genetics.

c. differential levels of practice

158. One of the more interesting findings from the "Nun Study" was that _____ levels affected both longevity and health. a. sex b. religiosity c. education d. wine consumption

c. education

150. Although HRT using estrogen and progestin appears to help relieve the physical symptoms of menopause, it a. is not well accepted because it increases emotional symptoms of menopause. b. is prohibitively expensive for most women. c. increases risk of breast cancer, heart attacks, and strokes d. causes restored fertility and thus risk of pregnancy if birth control is not used.

c. increases risk of breast cancer, heart attacks, and strokes

23. Myelin is important to the nervous system because it a. transmits neural impulses from the brain to the body. b. directs the release of hormones from the endocrine glands. c. increases the transmission speed of neural impulses. d. is where memories are stored.

c. increases the transmission speed of neural impulses.

59. Concerning the development of bones and muscles, a. infants have cartilage at birth but not bone. b. cartilage needs to soften to become bone. c. infants have all of the muscle cells that they will ever possess. d. the strength of a newborn is proportionally identical to that of an adult.

c. infants have all of the muscle cells that they will ever possess.

99. The survival reflexes of preterm infants are likely to be a. strong. b. well-functioning. c. irregular. d. adaptive.

c. irregular.

53. According to the orthogenetic principle, growth a. occurs from the inside to the outside. b. occurs in a head-to-toe direction. c. is increasingly distinct and organized. d. consists of gains and losses.

c. is increasingly distinct and organized.

138. As a typical 70-year-old, Heston should expect to begin to a. lose muscle mass and gain fat. b. gain muscle mass and gain fat. c. lose muscle mass and lose fat. d. gain muscle mass and lose fat.

c. lose muscle mass and lose fat.

155. Osteoporosis occurs when a. the cushioning between joints wears out and the joints become stiff. b. maximal heart rates decrease so that any sort of workout requires more effort. c. lost minerals result in less bone mass. d. vitamin deficiencies lower the efficiency of the major organs.

c. lost minerals result in less bone mass.

93. At birth, most bones are a. brittle. b. rigid. c. pliable. d. not yet formed.

c. pliable

27. Changes in the _____ of the brain in adolescents may help explain the increase in risk-taking behavior in that group. a. somatosensory cortex b. occipital lobe c. prefrontal cortex d. temporal lobe

c. prefrontal cortex

52. Infants can flail their arms around before they can move their hands and fingers with any precision. This illustrates the _____ direction of growth. a. cephalocaudal b. cephalodistal c. proximodistal d. proximocaudal

c. proximodistal

75. The fact that activities of a toddler's arms are mastered before activities of their fingers illustrates the _____ principle. a. cephalocaudal b. cephalodistal c. proximodistal d. proximocaudal

c. proximodistal

98. Which reflex weakens by two months and disappears by five months? a. sucking b. stepping c. rooting d. Babinski

c. rooting

21. The statement, "I am just a gap between neurons," best describes a a. dendrite. b. axon. c. synapse. d. gland.

c. synapse.

102. In recent years, the incidence of polio, measles, and diphtheria in the United States have declined dramatically as the result of a. a reduction in chemical teratogens. b. better maternal prenatal nutrition. c. the administration of vaccinations. d. genetic engineering.

c. the administration of vaccinations.

61. A reflex is best described as a. unlearned and voluntary. b. learned and voluntary. c. unlearned and involuntary. d. learned and involuntary.

c. unlearned and involuntary.

30. Plasticity results in the immature brain being a. vulnerable to danger and highly non-adaptable. b. invulnerable to danger and highly non-adaptable. c. vulnerable to danger and highly adaptable. d. invulnerable to danger and highly adaptable.

c. vulnerable to danger and highly adaptable.

113. According to "My Plate" guidelines, fruits and vegetables should make up what percentage of a meal? a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 25%

d. 25%

56. Colleen is playing a guessing game at a friend's baby shower. If Colleen correctly guesses the birth weight and length of her friend's newborn, she will win a great prize. Based on typical fullterm newborn size in the United States, Colleen's best guess would be a. 5 pounds and 15 inches. b. 5 pounds and 17 inches. c. 7 pounds and 17 inches. d. 7 pounds and 20 inches.

d. 7 pounds and 20 inches.

85. Elimination of unnecessary and unused connections between neurons is particularly important between ages a. 2 and 3 years. b. 5 to 7 years. c. 3 to 5 years. d. 7 to 15 years.

d. 7 to 15 years.

92. What percentage of an infant's days are growth-free? a. less than 10% b. 60% to 75% c. 40% to 50% d. 90% to 95%

d. 90% to 95%

153. Which statement concerning aging and health is true? a. Alcohol abuse has significant short-term impact, but does little long-term damage. b. Most older individuals are in excellent health (i.e., have no chronic illness). c. Even healthy older adults show significant losses in functioning. d. Aging in the absence of disease has little impact on physical or psychological functioning.

d. Aging in the absence of disease has little impact on physical or psychological functioning.

128. Overall, what can we conclude about boys' and girls' body images during adolescence? a. Girls' body images are influenced by other people's reactions to them but not to actual physical changes, while boys show the opposite pattern. b. Both boys and girls experience puberty as an equally positive event. c. Girls show benefits from going through puberty but not from the changes associated with their growth spurt, while boys show the opposite pattern. d. Boys hold more positive personal body images than girls.

d. Boys hold more positive personal body images than girls.

35. Which structure is accurately described as the "superhighway" connecting the two hemispheres of the brain? a. Pons b. Endocrine gland c. Brain stem d. Corpus callosum

d. Corpus callosum

15. _____ is the primary female hormone. a. Testosterone b. Androgen c. Progesterone d. Estrogen

d. Estrogen

145. Which best describes recent research on PMS? a. Most PMS is caused by a defect on the 21st chromosome. b. Males experience PMS about half as often as females. c. Severe PMS appears to be totally psychosomatic (mentally, not physiologically-based). d. Expectations, not hormones, play a bigger role in many cases of PMS

d. Expectations, not hormones, play a bigger role in many cases of PMS

156. Which is NOT known to help prevent or slow osteoporosis? a. Calcium supplements b. Weight-bearing exercise c. Hormone replacement therapy d. MAO inhibitors

d. MAO inhibitors

122. Nick has just experienced semenarche. Jessica has just experienced menarche. Which statement is most likely true? a. Nick and Jessica are now fully capable of producing a child. b. Nick is currently capable of producing a child, but Jessica is not. c. Jessica is currently capable of producing a child, but Nick is not. d. Neither Nick nor Jessica is fully capable of producing a child.

d. Neither Nick nor Jessica is fully capable of producing a child.

108. _____ is the leading cause of death in childhood. a. Cancer b. Physical abuse c. Influenza d. Unintentional injury

d. Unintentional injury

126. Anorexia nervosa has been linked to _____ in females. a. the production of defective eggs b. excessive levels of estrogen c. excessive ovulation d. a lack of menstruation

d. a lack of menstruation

68. An organized and individualized pattern of daily activity found in an infant is called a a. reflex. b. secular trend. c. rhythmic stereotype. d. behavioral state.

d. behavioral state.

115. Puberty is best defined as a a. social process resulting in adult-like thinking. b. biological process resulting in adult-like thinking. c. social process resulting in the ability to produce a child. d. biological process resulting in the ability to produce a child.

d. biological process resulting in the ability to produce a child.

112. The BMI is a very good indicator of a. intelligence. b. depression. c. processing speed. d. body fat.

d. body fat.

33. The right brain hemisphere a. controls the right side of the body and is skilled at sequential processing. b. controls the left side of the body and is skilled at sequential processing. c. controls the right side of the body and is skilled at simultaneous processing. d. controls the left side of the body and is skilled at simultaneous processing.

d. controls the left side of the body and is skilled at simultaneous processing.

140. Reserve capacity tends to be most important in _____ situations. a. resting b. cognitively demanding c. social d. emergency

d. emergency

149. The two hormones typically used in hormone replacement therapy related to menopause are a. progesterone and testosterone. b. testosterone and androgen. c. androgen and estrogen. d. estrogen and progesterone.

d. estrogen and progesterone.

5. Catch-up growth is most likely to occur a. in males. b. following hormone replacement therapy. c. during late puberty. d. following a period of malnutrition or illness.

d. following a period of malnutrition or illness.

79. When Donna puts her finger in her new baby's hand, the baby curls her fingers around Donna's finger because of the _____ reflex. a. Moro b. rooting c. Babinski d. grasping

d. grasping

136. If asked to list the top three causes of death in teens, you should AVOID saying a. car accidents. b. murder. c. suicide. d. infections

d. infections

40. Brain development a. is completed around age five. b. is completed during later childhood. c. is completed during late adolescence. d. is never completed.

d. is never completed.

42. Neurogenesis a. only occurs in science fiction movies. b. results in the loss of key brain cells. c. is incompatible with increased blood flow in the brain. d. may be possible in humans.

d. may be possible in humans.

20. The basic cellular unit of the nervous system is the a. dendrite. b. axon. c. synapse. d. neuron.

d. neuron.

89. According to the _____ principle, development starts globally and undifferentiated. a. cephalocaudal b. biogenetic c. proximodistal d. orthogenetic

d. orthogenetic

90. Which principle views development as moving towards increasing differentiation and integration? a. proximodistal b. biogenetic c. cephalocaudal d. orthogenetic

d. orthogenetic

78. Which reflex involves turning a cheek towards a tactile stimulus? a. sucking b. grasping c. blink d. rooting

d. rooting

94. Which reflex orients a child to breast or bottle? a. sucking b. Babinski c. grasping d. rooting

d. rooting

124. Over the past 100 years or so, people in industrialized societies have been maturing earlier, as well as growing heavier and taller than in the past. This phenomenon is referred to as the a. dynamic systems approach. b. rhythmic stereotype. c. cephalocaudal principle. d. secular trend.

d. secular trend.

64. Primitive reflexes a. are found in non-human primates but not in humans. b. allow for the use of language and spatial reasoning. c. are acquired through experience. d. serve no clear purpose.

d. serve no clear purpose.

17. Male is to female as a. adrenal gland is to androgen. b. estrogen is to testosterone. c. testosterone is to androgens. d. testosterone is to estrogen.

d. testosterone is to estrogen.

43. The neurogenesis of the brain continues a. until age 5. b. until age 10. c. through adolescence. d. well into adulthood.

d. well into adulthood.