Developmental Midterm

By the age of ___________ years, the majority of children understand that human beings are animals that are similar in many ways to other animals.

8

Which of the following statements about the disproportionate number of males and females is true?

All of the statements are true.

Of Aristotle, Locke, and Plato, which historical figure(s) believed that all knowledge comes from experience, that infants are not born with innate knowledge?

Aristotle and Locke only.

Which of the following statements about the development of the understanding of time is NOT true?

Children can reason about the future before they can reason about the present. Children can reason about the past before they can reason about the future.

Which of the following factors plays a central role in determining which of the brains synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained?

Frequency with which they are activated

Which of the following statements about genes is true?

Genes belong to extensive networks of genes and do not function in isolation.

Which of the following statements about nonhuman primates' ability to learn language is true?

Nonhuman primates can learn vocabulary and simple sentence structure, but the communicative system they can acquire is not generally considered to be a language.

__________ is NOT an example of a way in which adults help toddlers learn words.

Saying new words in the first position in a sentence

Which sense is LEAST stimulated in the uterus?

Sight.

Polygenic inheritance refers to:

The combined action of multiple genes.

Which of the following does not describe a characteristic of Piaget's stages?

The transitions from one stage to another are instantaneous

Which cue is most important for object segregation:

common movement

Differences in IQ scores of children in different racial and ethnic groups:

do not tell us anything about what would happen if the children lived in different environments

Gardner's multiple intelligence theory includes __________ intelligence.

interpersonal

(Quiz 2) The Beng people of West Africa believe that life begins:

when the umbilical stump drops off, as this is when the newborn is believed to emerge from the spirit village and become a person.

Which of the following expressions is an example of telegraphic speech?

"Want Mommy!"

Which disadvantage associated with growing up in poverty does the text present as the greatest obstacle to successful development?

Accumulation of all of these factors and other disadvantages.

Which of the following activities is NOT thought to be a contributor to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

All of the answers are contributors to SIDS.

Which of the following sounds does the fetus hear?

All of the answers are correct.

________ theory(ies) places particular emphasis on infants' and young children's early understandings.

Core-knowledge

The "baby biography" was developed by:

Darwin.

Which of the following aspects is the best reason for the difference between U.S. and Mayan cultural differences in childhood sleeping patterns?

Differences in the value placed on independence versus interdependence.

Stage theories regard development as:

Discontinuous.

Cell migration occurs during which period?

Embryonic.

Which of the following statements about exceptionally gifted children is true?

Exceptionally gifted children are more likely to be exceptional in a single area than in a wide range of areas

Which of the following tests is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment?

HOME

Which of the following lists names the periods of languages development in the correct chronological order?

Holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences

Which of the following is NOT a theme focused on throughout the text?

How different parental styles shape their own development.

Which of the following statements about infants' ability to distinguish between speech sounds is true?

Newborns possess an innate ability to discriminate between speech sounds they have never heard before.

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the counting principles proposed by Gelman and Gallistel?

Objects must be counted from left to right.

Which of the following sequences lists Chall's stages of reading development in the correct chronological order?

Phonemic awareness, phonological recording skills, fluency in reading simple material, acquiring information form print, coordinating multiple perspectives

Which of the following organs contains the blood vessels running between the embryo and the placenta?

Umbilical cord.

The extent to which two variables are related is referred to as their:

correlation.

The experiment in which Piaget asks what a doll would see if it were sitting in a chair across the table form the child was designed to examine:

egocentrism.

Statistical learning involves:

forming associations between stimuli that occur in a predictable pattern.

Habituation indicates that a fetus ______ a stimulus.

has learned to recognize.

Cell differentiation refers to the _________ of cells.

specialization*

The correlation between IQ at one age and IQ at another age is highest for which of the following pairs of ages?

10 years and 12 years

Which of the following views best represents Piaget's theory of development?

Child as a scientist

Which of the following statements about fetal activity and inactivity is true?

Fetuses have periods of high activity and rest while awake, and they have both active and quiet sleep states.

The dynamic-systems approach is intended to counter which disadvantage of other theories of cognitive development?

Impression that children's thinking and their actions are independent.

The question of the influence of biological and environmental factors on child development is best termed:

Nature AND nurture.

Which of the following characteristics is entirely the result of biological endowment?

None of these.

Ina study of adopted children, the findings that the only children who had considerable likelihood of becoming schizophrenic were those who had a schizophrenic biological parent and who were also adopted into a troubled home is evidence of:

The interaction of nature and nurture.

_________ indicates learning through classical conditioning.

The occurrence of the CR just before the CS

Which of the following reflexes is NOT known to have any adaptive significance?

Tonic neck reflex

By approximately what age can infants smoothly track slow-moving objects?

3 months

Children can typically count up to 10 by the age if:

3.

Premature babes are those who are born at ______ weeks after conception or earlier.

35

Children understand the connection between desires and actions at the age of about __________.

5

What is the average age at which infants begin to babble?

5 months

Approximately how long after conception does the fetus begin to make movements?

5 weeks.

Which of the following statements would be considered evidence that an infant has formed the category "furniture"?

After repeatedly being showing pictures of tables, chairs, sofas, dressers, and grandfather clocks, the infant does NOT habituate to a picture of a car.

Which of the following skills is necessary for a child to draw a house?

All of these skills are needed

Findings from psychological research can assist courts in obtaining more accurate testimony from young children. Which of the following methods have been demonstrated to increase the likelihood of accurate testimony?

Asking children non directed questions.

Which of the following statements about prenatal development of the heart is true?

By 4 weeks, the heart is beating and circulating blood.

According to information-processing theories, which of the following statements is true?

Changes are constantly occurring.

Which of the following practices is believed to have led to a secular trend in the development of self-locomotion by U.S. infants?

Changes in infant sleep position practices

Which of the following views best represents information-processing theories?

Child as computational system

Which of the following statements is an accurate portrayal of the impact of nurture on infants' motor development?

Child-rearing practices can either accelerate or retard infants' motor development.

Which of the following groups of Romanian-born children adopted by British families fared the best in weight gain after adoption?

Children who were adopted before age 6 months.

Danial, who is 5 years old, and his brother James who is 3 years old, watch a magic show. Which of the following reactions would would you NOT expect?

Daniel is fascinated by the lack of an obvious causal mechanism that has produced the effects. James actively tries to figure out how the magician does his tricks.

___________ is a way in which parents play a role in their children's grammatical development.

Filling in missing parts of incomplete utterances

Which of the following statements supports the claim that children are born with a "theory of mind module"?

General information-processing skills are essential for understanding that other people might have different knowledge that they themselves process

Which of the following statements about the ability of 6-month-old infants to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects is true?

Infants 6 months old are able to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects when there is only a single landmark and it is very close to the hidden object. Infants 6 months old are able to use landmarks when there are many possible landmarks but when one landmark is located right next to the hidden object.

Which of the following statements about infants' perception of pictures is true?

Infants do not yet understand that the nature of two-dimensional objects means that they cannot be picked up

Which of the following statements about 3-month-old Isabella's vision is true?

Isabella's color vision is similar to that of an adult.

Which of the following statements is the best example of children's active contribution to their own development?

Manny's quiet nature influences him to seek out other quiet children, with whom he plays quiet games and stays away from the more rambunctious children in his class.

Which of the following statements about environmental pollutants is true?

Pollutants that are ingested and those that pass through the respiratory system can both impair prenatal development.

The developmental maturity of infants' cones contributed to their:

Poor contrast sensitivity.

Baby Reginald is holding a new you. As he holds it, his father says "ball" repeatedly. Baby Reginald must figure out whether the word "ball" describes the object he is holding, the color of the object, the sound the object makes when it is squeezed, or the way the object moves on and off the floor when he drops it. Baby Reginald is encountering the problem of:

Reference

___________ appears to be a major factor in infants' development of a sense of space independent of their own location.

Self-locomotion

Which of the following lists best represents Piaget's stages in the correct chronological order?

Sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational

Which of the following theories places the LEAST emphasis on children's own efforts to understand the world?

Sociocultural

An infant learns a new way to climb up on the living room sofa by watching his older sibling through which type of learning?

Statistical learning

Syntactic bootstrapping refers to the children's use of the ___________ as a cue to figure out the meaning of a novel word?

Structure of the whole sentence

Which of the following statements best describes researchers' current view of young infants' ability to mentally represent objects?

Young infants are able to mentally represent and act on these mental representations.

Which of the following sequences is in the correct developmental progression from earliest to latest?

Zygote, embryo, fetus.

When 7-year-old Jacob is asked why giraffes came to exist, he is MOST likely to use ________ in his explanation.

a purpose

Children use _________ to choose between phonological recoding and visually based retrieval.

a strategy-choice process

In studies by DeLoache and her colleagues, 2 1/2 year olds who cannot use the information from the scale model to find the large version of the toy in the room are having trouble representing the model as:

a symbol

Piaget believed that nature includes children's motivation to meet these two basic functions, central to cognitive growth:

adaptation and organization.

Infants' preparation for speaking includes:

all of the answers are correct

The violation-of-expectancy procedure is founded on the expectation that infants:

are interested in events that are inconsistent with their knowledge.

Infant Greta hears a bell that she cannot see. She immediately turns toward the sound. This is an indication that Greta has which of the following abilities:

auditory localization

Young children have difficulty understanding that plants are alive because children equate being alive with:

being able to move

The Flynn effect is believed to be used by:

changes in environment

(Quiz 1) The "turtle technique" discussed in the textbook demonstrates that

child-development research can help teachers in real-life classrooms.

In the process of synaptogenesis:

connections between neurons are formed.

Which of the following designs compares the behaviors of different groups of children who are different ages?

cross-sectional design.

Optical expansion is a cue used to perceive:

depth

The different rates of synapse production in different areas of the brain indicate the:

differences in the timing of development of different skills and behavioral categories

The three layers of the inner cell mass develop into:

different parts of the body of the embryo

(Quiz 6) Concepts:

do all of the above help us understand the world

Which of the following groups is made up of members of the same perceptual category?

door, picture frame, book

The first time John hears the word "adults" is when his father explains to him that the locked cabinet is for "adults", not children". John uses the contrastive use of the familiar word "children" with the unfamiliar word "adults" to learn this new word. John has learned the new word by a process referred to as:

fast mapping

To be very successful at comprehending what they are reading, children need to be able to:

form a mental model of the idea being depicted in the text.

During adolescence, particularly dramatic increases in myelination occur in the ________ lobes of the brain?

frontal

(Quiz 8) The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence our ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as:

general intelligence

(Quiz 5) The notion that an infinite number of sentences and ideas can be expressed through language is referred to as:

generativity

"Nature" refers to:

genes received from parents.

"Nurture" refers to all of the following EXCEPT:

genetic predisposition towards elevated cortisol levels.

(Quiz 3) The entire set of human gees is referred to as a:

genome.

To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between two stimuli, a researcher first shows one stimulus to the infant until she becomes disinterested. The researcher then shows the other stimulus to the infant and records whether the infant becomes interested in the new stimulus. This method is called the:

habituation technique

A study by Taylor demonstrated that, compared to children who do not have imaginary companions, children who do have imaginary companions:

have more advanced theories of mind are more likely to be depressed or anxious

Phylogenetic continuity refers to the:

idea that humans share some characteristics and developmental processes with other animals.

The views of Aristotle, Locke, and Plato were primarily based on:

impressions of general beliefs.

The emergence of theories such as those of Freud and Watson in the early twentieth century reflected the:

incorporation of research findings into the study of child development.

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. The ________ process proposed by Scarr is NOT relevant for children who are adopted outside their biological family.

inductive

Research using shallow and steep inclines has NOT demonstrated that:

infants are able to transfer judgement skills learned as crawlers to walking.

The combining of information from two or more sensory systems is referred to as ______ perception.

intermodal

Practical intelligence refers ti:

mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on IQ tests

The basic understanding go desire, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions is referred to as a theory of:

mind

The most likely threat to prenatal development is:

miscarriage.

In the English language, "walked" contains "walk" and "ed", which are both:

morphemes

Negative developmental outcomes are particularly likely when there are:

multiple risks.

A change in a section of DNA that is the result of either a random, spontaneous error, or environmental factors is referred to as:

mutation.

Brain cells that are specialized for transmitting electrical messages are called:

neurons.

The results that infants of depressed mothers tend to smile less than other infants is thought to be caused by:

operant conditioning.

Month-old infants have the ability to link their visual experience with their:

oral experience

Marcus' model of _________ errors posits that these errors occur when a child fail to retrieve the appropriate word and hence applies the general rule by default.

overregulation

Which of the following lists is an example of a category hierarchy?

people/grown-ups/Mommy men/Daddy/Grandpa

When young infants (younger than 2 months old) look at complex shapes or pictures, they tend to look at the:

perimeter.

The observable expression of an individual's genetic material is referred to as the individual's:

phenotype.

The influence of the child's _________ on his or her _________ represents the active child theme.

phenotype; environment

In the English language, /d/ and /k/ are examples of:

phonemes

Children with dyslexia have problems with reading due primarily to weakness in:

phonological processing.

The capacity of the brain to be shaped by experiences is referred to as:

plasticity.

A study examining infants' response to a breast pad worn by their own mother versus one worn by another woman demonstrated that 2-week-old infants:

prefer their own mothers' scent to that of another woman

(Quiz 4) To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between a square uniform color and a square with a pattern on it, a researcher displays the two squares side by side. The researcher records the number of seconds infants look at each square. This method is called the:

preferential-looking technique

Perceptual constancy enables a baby to:

recognize that Mommy does not actually change size as she walks toward him despite the fact that her size on his retina changes.

Six-month-old infants are NOT able to:

remember the order of events for substantial period discriminate between longer and shorter durations, when their ratio is 2:1

Children who grow up in poverty and nonetheless over the odds to function at normal or above-average level on intellectual growth are referred to as:

resilient

Children's syntactic development refers to their learning of the:

rules for combining the words in their language

Plasticity is highest and thus recovery from brain damage is most likely when ____________ is occurring.

synaptic pruning

Environmental agents have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development are referred to as:

teratogens.

Johnson and Newport's study of the English proficiency of Korean and Chinese immigrants in the United States demonstrated that knowledge of English grammar was associate with:

the age at which individuals began learning eNGLISH

Intersubjectivity refers to:

the sharing of a common focus of attention by two individuals

Infants are first able to code space relative to:

their own immediate position prominent landmarks

The possibility that the correlation between two variables may actually be the result of an additional unspecified attribute is referred to as the ________ problem.

third-variable.

Carroll proposed the _________ theory of intelligence?

three-stratum