Developmental Psych Exam One

A researcher follows a sample of children with two myopic parents. Which correlation coefficient is the researcher likely to find between the likelihood of becoming myopic and the number of hours spent playing sports each week?

-.3

Who is MOST likely to give birth to a low-birthweight child?

16-year-old Donna, who diets frequently despite being underweight

Extremely low birthweight (ELBW) is defined as a body weight of less than _____ at birth.

2 pounds, 3 ounces

About _____ percent of all children have difficulties that could be connected to behavioral teratogens.

20

Denalyn says to her father, "Deni go," as she gestures to the door. Denalyn is probably about age _____ months.

21

Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote's cells have more or fewer than _____ chromosomes.

46

Approximately ____ percent of married mothers of young children are employed

60%

Carrie is an infant neglected by her parents. She is more likely to display Type ____ attachment than if she were not neglected.

A

According to Freud, who is MOST likely to be in the phallic stage?

A 4-year-old girl

Elizabeth is 5 years old, and she likes to help her mother when it is time for supper. However, her mother is often quick tempered at the end of the day, scolding Elizabeth when she tries to help. Her mother finds she can get things done more quickly if Elizabeth stays out of the way. Based on Erikson's theory, Elizabeth may develop:

A sense of guilt

When a person uses his/her expertise with computers to design a new application, he/she is demonstrating the cognitive adaptation called:

Accommodation

Suja has a 3-year-old daughter with a vast vocabulary and the ability to converse in elaborate sentences. _____'s view of language development would suggest that Suja taught her daughter language throughout her infancy.

B.F. Skinner

Which theory focuses solely on observable behaviors?

Behaviorism

Amalia's 17-month-old son has an extensive vocabulary and can create both two- and three-word combinations. The _____ view of language would suggest that Amalia repeated words and reinforced her son's attempts at language.

Behaviorist

What are the domains of human development?

Biological Development, Cognitive Development, and Psychological Development

In which of the following countries is center-based day care for children NOT subsidized by the government?

Brazil

Why is it difficult for researchers to know exactly what a 12-month-old is capable of saying?

Caregivers may understand a baby when a stranger (or researcher) cannot.

Melanie, who is 18 years old, continued drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes during her pregnancy. When she gave birth at 34 weeks, her daughter weighed 4 pounds. Now 9 months old, her daughter is not sitting up by herself and is showing signs of other motor control difficulties. She may have:

Cerebral palsy

White coat syndrome occurs when a patient sees a doctor and exhibits a rise in blood pressure. According to behaviorism, this BEST demonstrates:

Classical conditioning

Garrett is 10 years old. According to Piaget, Garrett is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Concrete operational

_____ differences in communication appear to influence the ratio of nouns to verbs and adjectives used by new talkers.

Cultural

Baby Kelly's mother suffers from paranoid schizophrenia. Kelly is more likely to display Type ____ attachment than if her mother was not paranoid.

D

Alaina is pregnant and has undergone prenatal testing. The initial tests raised some red flags, and a subsequent DNA test confirmed that the fetus does in fact have three copies of chromosome 21, or:

Down syndrome

Helena is 40 years old and has just conceived her first child. Her age at conception means that she has a GREATER risk of having a fetus with:

Down syndrome

What is the ecological systems appproach?

Each person is affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions. (family, neighborhood, community, state, etc)

When an action results in pleasurable experiences and is repeated, the learning process known as _____ conditioning has taken place.

Either operant or instrumental

All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Abraham Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his _____ needs.

Esteem

An adolescent who thinks about the injustice of a situation is in Piaget's _____ period

Formal operational

Heritability is a statistic that indicates what percentage of the variation in a particular trait, in a particular population, context, and era can be traced to:

Genes

A father wants his son to start helping his mother do the laundry. According to social learning theory, the father should:

Help out with the laundry himself

Elise is 5 days old. She will MOST likely prefer hearing:

Her mother's language over an unknown language

_____ is a statistic that indicates what percentage of the variation in a particular trait, within a particular population, context, and era can be traced to genes.

Heritability

Which genetic disorder is a dominant disorder?

Huntington disease

At 12 months of age, James is classified as securely attached. Which behavior in the Strange Situation would be MOST consistent with this classification?

James is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and pleased when she returns.

Two-year-old Dahari lives in an area affected by drought. He is listless, small for his age, and has an extended abdomen and brittle hair. Dahari is MOST likely suffering from:

Kwashiorkor

Belinda gave birth 36 weeks after conception. Her baby weighed 5 pounds, 2 ounces. Belinda's baby was _____ birthweight.

Low

Nearsightedness in the United States has increased from 25 to 42 percent. One possible reason is:

More time spent indoors

Life-span perspective #2, development is ____:

Multi-contextual

Life-span perspective #3, developement is ____:

Multi-cultural

Life-span perspective #1, development is ________:

Multi-directional

Isaiah is 7 months old. His sister takes a toy and hides it behind her back. Isaiah cries and does not look for the toy. It is likely that he has not yet acquired:

Object permanence

When an infant recognizes that things continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has attained what Piaget called:

Object permanence

What is primary circular reaction?

Occurs in the first month of life and involve an infant's responses to its own body

Learning theorists, or behaviorists, believe that development:

Occurs step by step

Marie smokes cigarettes and bites her nails. According to Freud, she is unconsciously stuck in which stage?

Oral

Life-span perspective #3, development is ____:

Plastic

What is plasticity?

Plasticity is basic to a contemporary understanding of human development.

Isabel, who is 5-years-old, writes her first poem in kindergarten using words and drawings. She is in Piaget's _____ period.

Preoperational

Beginning sometime in high school, Bernie lost his way. He failed to find his niche and drifted into an aimless life of odd jobs and drug use. In Erikson's terms, Bernie failed to solve the identity-versus-_____ crisis.

Role confusion

Alice takes her 1-year-old son, Derek, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Derek eagerly explores the room as long as Alice is present. When Alice leaves the room to fill out some forms, Derek becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, Derek quickly calms down. Derek's attachment style is MOST likely:

Secure

Social construction:

Shared customs, language, etc. Affected by social context, not a direct outcome of biology.

Six-year-old Austin is hyperactive and has been tested for ADHD. A school psychologist suggests that Austin's hyperactivity might reflect the influence of some prenatal substance that did not affect his physical development, but instead influenced the development of his brain. Austin might be showing the effects of behavioral _____ that his mother ingested while he was in the womb.

Teratogens

Using a sample of children with two myopic parents, a researcher finds a correlation coefficient of −.33 between the likelihood of becoming myopic and the number of hours spent playing sports each week. Which statement is inconsistent with this finding?

The more time children spend playing sports, the more likely they are to become myopic.

Using the still-face technique, one in _____ 4-month-old infants are classified as socially engaged.

Three

What is a sensitive period?

Time when a particular development occurs most easily

What is a critical period?

Time when certain things MUST occur for normal development

Tristan's 17-month-old daughter has an extensive vocabulary and can create both two- and three-word combinations. B. F. Skinner would say that:

Tristan repeated words and reinforced her daughter's attempts at language

Neglect is to abuse as ______attachment is to ______ attachment

Type A; Type D

Secure attachment (Type B) makes a toddler:

Willing to explore

Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?

Yes. children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.

What is the still-face technique?

adult keeps her face unmoving and expressionless and stares at infant for a minute. the baby becomes very upset, especially with a parents still face. This experiment supports the importane of synchrony and a parents responsiveness to the infant.

If nearsightedness runs in a family, parents can take steps to help prevent their children from developing it, such as:

allowing them to spend time outdoors.

At home, 3-year-old Mathilde's parents speak both French and English, but Mathilde's grandmother only speaks English. If asked a question by her grandmother, Mathilde is likely to:

answer using only English words.

Anong, who is breast-feeding her infant daughter, had measles as a child. Her daughter will be protected from the disease because of the _____ in Anong's breast milk.

antibodies

Beatrice has always had synchrony with her baby daughter Ekaterina. Ekaterina, who is now 2 years old, is walking and talking and has developed more of a social bond with her mother. This bond is referred to as:

attachment

Ian is 7 months old. If he is a typical baby, his parents can expect him to:

be able to babble

Janell is 12 months old. If she is a typical baby, her parents can expect her to:

be able to understand and speak some simple words.

Jill, a good student, found it incomprehensible that she failed her physics exam after studying for a week. She is in the state of:

cognitive disequilibrium

Which attachment pattern involves infants who freeze in place, cry hysterically, and/or pinch themselves?

disorganized

Dr. Dubois conducts twin and family studies in different cultures to explore environmental factors influence the expression of genetic tendencies toward alcoholism. Recall the textbook's discussion of nature and nurture in Chapter 1. Dr. Dubois specializes in an emerging field called:

epigenetics

Nine-month-old Charlie repeatedly reaches for his sister's doll, even though he has been told "no" many times. This is an example of:

goal-directed behavior

Meena cannot be vaccinated because of her allergies, but she is protected to some degree from catching childhood diseases because of _____ immunity, which means that at least 90 percent of people in her local community have been immunized.

herd

Ninety-three percent of children in the poorest nations now survive, while just a few decades ago many infants died. This is BEST explained by:

improvements in public health measures

In Erikson's theory, children in elementary school are generally in the _____ stage.

industry-versus-inferiority

According to Erikson, when a 4-year-old child attempts to put on her own shirt or make a cake with her own recipe, she is demonstrating:

initiative

One-year-old Tom rarely acts nervous in new situations and pays little attention to his mother's presence or absence. Tom would MOST likely be classified as having a(n) _____ attachment style.

insecure-avoidant

While visiting neighbors, Umar clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. Umar is exhibiting _______ attachment behavior

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

An increase in food insecurity could be linked to an increase in:

low-birthweight babies

On her first day at day care, Cara demonstrates _____ when she puts her book back on the shelf after observing other children tidying up.

modeling

For children with two myopic parents, the likelihood of becoming myopic is _____ correlated with the number of hours spent playing sports each week.

negatively

The text suggests that immunization rate is _____ correlated with infant mortality rate.

negatively

The text suggests that years of maternal education is _____ correlated with fertility rate.

negatively

In the first year of life, most infants in Canada are cared for:

only by their mothers

The text suggests that infant mortality is _____ correlated with fertility rate.

positively

Henry crawls after his mother when she leaves the room. In terms of attachment, Henry is exhibiting what is known as _____ behavior.

proximity-seeking

In 2010, the rate of mortality among young children was one-_____ of the rate in 1950.

quarter

Awareness of genetic risks helps parents to:

set priorities for raising their children, and act on them.

Some children who see their parents abuse each other also become abusive in their relationships. This type of behavior is called:

social learning

Four-year-old Mosola, who lives in western Africa, is short for his age. He often has only one bowl of yams a day to eat. He could be suffering from the condition called:

stunting

What is the dynamic systems approach?

suggests human development is an ongoing ever-changing interaction between body and mind between the individual and every aspect of the enviroment

A mother is playing with her infant son at a park. She is smiling and making faces at him. The infant smiles back almost instantaneously. This is an example of the type of interaction that developmentalists call:

synchrony

Seven-year-old Sam can't sit still in class and is often disruptive. His teacher has noticed that he has difficulty reading and playing with other children. She knows that his mother has a drinking problem. Sam could be displaying effects of behavioral _____ that his mother ingested while he was in the womb.

teratogen

The observation that all babies babble the world over supports which theory of language development?

the innate view

Trisomy refers to:

the presence of three rather than two chromosomes at a particular location.

Babies probably like listening to lullabies because:

the words often rhyme and are repeated

A preterm baby is born _____ or more weeks early.

three

Lily has always been considered thin, and she only gained 12 pounds in the last six months of her pregnancy. Her baby will likely be _____ at birth.

underweight

Research by Pilarz and Hill (2014) finds that children with _____ maternal caregiving are more likely to be aggressive by 3 years of age.

unstable

Nine-year-old Naledi, who is severely underweight for her age, often eats only a bowl of rice a day. She is suffering from a form of malnutrition called:

wasting

If one monozygotic twin is nearsighted, the other twin:

will almost always be nearsighted

At a trip to the local shopping mall one December, young Darius is surprised when he overhears the man dressed as Santa Claus speaking in a harsh tone to his "elf helpers." He thought that Santa Claus was supposed to be permanently happy and jolly! These expectations for Santa's behaviors make up Darius's _____ of the beloved Christmas character.

working model