Developmental Psychology (Ch. 4)

Baby Grayson uses his thumb and index finger to pick up and eat his Cheerios each morning. Grayson is using

the pincer grasp

Which of the following reflexes demonstrates that infants can feel touch?

the rooting reflex

An infant who weighs less than _______ pounds at birth is considered low birth weight.

5.5

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the visual acuity of infants?

An infant's visual acuity by one year of age approximates that of an adult.

Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination?

Auditory myelination isn't completed until 4 or 5 years of age

____ and ____ are the two most important predictors of an infant's survival and health.

Birth weight; length of gestation

Hannah has been experiencing false contractions for the last several weeks prior to delivery. These are known as:

Braxton-Hicks contractions

Del is right on target with the skills assessed by the Bayley Scale. Why might we want to know if he is keeping pace with other children of the same age?

Children who fall behind as assessed by the Bayley scales might be showing early signs of emotional disturbances or sensory, neurological, or environmental deficits.

Historically,

the lack of accurate knowledge about female anatomy & the birth process did more harm than good.

The majority of early infant deaths take place in:

Developing countries

Which countries tend to stimulate their infant's motor skills more than other countries?

Developing countries

The ____ _____ gives an illusion of depth and is used to assess depth perception in infants.

visual cliff

When can sound first be perceived?

During the last two months of pregnancy

Now at 9 months, Atlas can approximate crawling up the stairs alone. Which developmental theory argues that babies can learn these kinds of motor skills only when the nervous system is developed enough?

Dynamic systems

The type of motor skills that involve finger dexterity are called _________ motor skills.

Fine

On the video clip, 6 mth old Del struggles to maintain his balance while manipulating objects. To develop better balance, Del will need to improve his:

Gross Motor Skills

In the clip, we see Amalia exhibiting a range of abilities, from walking to throwing a ball to bouncing. Collectively, these types of abilities are known as _______.

Gross motor skills

Why didn't Rachel walk into any walls?

Her depth perception was helping her

Motor development in the second and third year of life can best be conceptualized as _______.

Increased coordination of basic movements and skills.

_______ _______ rates have decreased continuously since the 20th Century.

Infant mortality

You just came from a talk by Dr. Nelson & want to work on your baby's development based on Dr. Nelson's advice. Which of the following will you do?

Interact with your baby more often.

Now that Esme is 14 months old, she can do all of the following EXCEPT:

Jump

Your friends just had a baby and have equipped the baby's room with every new educational toy they could find in an effort to give him a good head start. They ask you what you think. What would you tell them?

Keep only the toys that you will play with the most in parent-child interactions.

_________ is the process of giving birth.

Labor

Which of the following concepts describes the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?

Lateralization

The layer of fat cells that encases many axons is called the:

Myelin sheath

What term is used to describe the first 4 weeks of life, where the fetus is supported entirely by the mother, to an independent existence.

Neonatal

Newborn babies are also called.

Neonates

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding infants' taste?

Newborns prefer sweet tastes

When 6 month old Atlas grabs for the measuring spoons but can only grab with his entire hand he is demonstrating the:

Palmer grasp

Which of the following aligns with Dr. Nelson's thoughts on deprivation?

Parents who are concerned are often doing what they need to do

When Atlas at 10 months can use his fingers to pick up a cheerio, he is showing that he has gained the:

Pincer grasp

In this clip we see 3-month-old Atlas flailing his arms at his mobile and his parent's keys. This lack of ability to coordinate his movements is what Piaget would refer to as:

Primary circular reaction

______ is the process where cells acquire specialized structures and functions.

differentiation

How long should an infant consume ONLY breast milk or formula (i.e.-no other food) for nutrients & energy?

The first six months of life

__________ behaviors are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary & automatic way.

Reflex

_______ babies weight less than 90% of babies of the same gestational age.

Small-for-date

From the moment of birth, what type of smells do newborns prefer?

Smells such as strawberry and vanilla

Now that Esme is 11 months old, she can do all of the following EXCEPT:

Stand alone easily

Now that Esme is 12 months old, she can finally:

Stand alone without support

In this clip we see 10-month-old Esme able to do all of the following EXCEPT:

Stand without support

______ refer(s) to increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider and more precise range of movement, along with greater control of the environment.

Systems of action

You are working with the mother of a child Rachel's age who has not developed strong walking skills. You notice that her mother picks this child up a lot and carries her. How would dynamic systems theory explain this?

The baby's environment is restricting her development of this skill.

As can be seen on the video clips, over time Del's behaviors become more complex. With respect to his assessment on the Bayley Scales _________.

The test items Del is expected to pass also become more complex.

Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?

Tying shoes

Geoffrey's mother noted that she was trying to get him to grasp something. At his age in this video, what can he do?

Use the grasping reflex

Seven-month old Del has achieved several motor milestones, including rolling over & sitting up w/out support. In addition to using his visual, skeletal, & muscular system, what else does Del use to help him accomplish these tasks?

Vestibular organs in his inner ear

Which of the following statements is consistent with Gibsons' ecological view of perceptual development in infancy?

We directly perceive information that exists in the world around us

The Bayley Scales are used to monitor infant & early childhood development. Which of the following is not an area assessed by the Bayley Scales?

Weight

The leading cause of infant deaths in the United States is:

birth defects

Starting with the prenatal period, a process called ______ _______ occurs and continues after birth, helping to create an efficient nervous system.

cell death

The brain and spinal cord are part of the:

central nervous system

__________ delivery is used to surgically remove a baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen.

cesarean

Esther Thelen considered motor development a _____ process of interaction between baby and environment.

continuous

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a:

doula

In this video, Rachel is guiding her support as she walks around. Which of the following theories explains why she did not run into any walls as she walked?

ecological theory of perception

Scientists have identified genes directly linked with specific aspects of:

personalities

During the ____ stage of birth, the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts 45 minutes to an hour.

second

A midwife is with the mother _____.

throughout her pregnancy, labor, & birth.

APGAR

-Appearance -Grimace -Respiration -Puse -Activity -Rated 0,1,2 (for a maximum of 10) -At 1 & 5 minutes after birth

Low-birth weight babies are at risk for which of the following in childhood?

-Asthma -Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder -Learning Disabilities

In this clip, Dr. Milgrome, discusses SIDS. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics SIDS babies share?

-Babies b/w 1 & 5 months of age -Babies that might have a cold -Smoker in the house Answer: Full-term babies

A long-term outcome for a low-birth-weight baby might be:

-Diabetes -Cardiovascular disease

Select all of the following that describes the brain's growth:

-Different parts of the brain grow more rapidly -Growth starts with spurts -Growth occurs in fits

During the formative period, which of the following are especially dangerous to the developing brain?

-Environmental toxins -Drugs -Maternal Stress -Malnutrition

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

-For infants up to 2 mths old -Reflexes -Central nervous system instability -Motor organization -Attention & interactive abilities -Score is based on infant's best performance

Which of the four main lobes in the brain are associated with language processing?

-Frontal lobes -Temporal lobes

Risks, Treatments, & Outcomes of Postmaturity Infants:

-Greater size of fetus at delivery -Risk of brain damage or death

The Developmental Screening Test measures which of the following?

-Gross motor skills -Language development -Fine motor skills -Personality development

Risks, Treatments, & Outcomes of Low-Birth-Weight Infants:

-Mother under 17 or over 40 -Use of alcohol or drugs -Having no children or more than 4 -Kangaroo care -Cognitive deficits in memory & processing speed -Impaired motor development

Which of the following groups of mothers would be least likely to breast feed their infants?

-Mothers under the age of 25 -African American mothers -Mothers without a high school education

Which of the following are the two ways that neurons change during the first years of life?

-Myelination for visual pathways occurs rapidly -Connectivity among neurons increases

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is a measure that is used to assess a

-Newborn's reflexes -Newborn's neurological Development -Newborn in the first month of life

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuron change during the first years of life?

-Synaptic connections b/w axons & dendrites increase -Myelination begins prenatally -Connections among dendrites increase Answer: Myelination ends toward the end of the first year

Risks, Treatments, & Outcomes of Stillborn Infants:

-Twins & multiples -Use of associated reproductive technologies -Small for gestational age

Which of the following gross motor skills is NOT typically mastered in the second year of life?

-Walking backward without losing balance -Running stiffly for a short distance -Kicking a ball without falling Answer: Jumping across distance

What are reasons why a Cesarean delivery might be preferable to a vaginal delivery?

-When the fetus seems to be in trouble -When the mother is bleeding vaginally -When the fetus is in the breech or transverse position -When the mother has had a previous Cesarean delivery -When the infant's head is too big to pass through the mother's pelvis

Baby Kiley was delivered by vaginal birth. The biggest benefits to her well-being with the natural birth is/are:

-a surge of hormones that clears her lungs -blood that is sent to her heart and brain -mobilization of stored fuel to nourish her cells

Protective factors include:

-affectionate ties to family -individual attributes -rewards at school or work

Customs surrounding childbirth reflect the ___ of a culture.

-beliefs -values -resources

Select all of the body systems that a mother and baby share before birth:

-blood circulation -nourishment -respiration

The natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mother's pain:

-by decreasing her fears -with relaxation techniques -through education

Alyssa has just given birth to a pre-term infant. Alyssa's baby is at risk for:

-cerebral palsy -infant death -respiratory distress

Monozygotic twins not only look alike but are also at risk for the medical disorder of:

-low body mass index -peptic ulcers -strokes

A major complication of birth is identified in infants that are:

-premature -small for date -low birth weight

Physical growth & development follow two principals:

-proximodistal -cephalocaudal

Which of the following do pediatric experts recommend for solid food intake?

-start solid food gradually around 7 months -introduce solid foods like cereals

Select all of the following that are states of arousal in an infant:

-wakefulness -crying -sleep

In 17th-century France, a woman had a _____ chance of dying in childbirth (or shortly after giving birth).

1 in 10

Place the major milestones in motor development in the correct order.

1. Prone, life head 2. Prone, chest up, use arms for support 3. Roll over 4. Support some weight with legs 5. Sit without support 6. Stand with support 7. Pull self to stand 8. Walk using furniture for support 9. Stand alone easily 10. Walk alone easily

A newborn's visual acuity is estimated to be:

20/400

The newborn's brain is about ____ % of its adult weight.

25

The minimum gestation length that defines a full-term infant birth is:

266 days

The birth process occurs in _____ stages.

3

Dr. Milgrome states that putting babies back on their back to sleep has cut the rate of SIDS in the United States and Eastern Europe by:

50%

Nick can roll over deliberately and can sit without support. Nick is most likely how old?

6 months old.

At which age did Rachel show an ability to balance on her hands and knees in the video?

7 months

In the US, the average baby is 20" long and weighs about

7.5 lbs

In 2007, ___% of infants and toddlers received most of the recommended vaccines.

90

In the United States, what percentage of babies are born in hospitals?

99

Now that Del is 12 mths old, he can stand alone, walk, and run. The modern view of motor development suggests Del achieved these milestones because of ___________.

A combination of growth, experience, and support from caregivers

A widely-used method to assess the health of newborns, the ______ scale is administered at one and five minutes after birth.

APGAR

At one and five minutes following birth, an infants vital signs are assessed using what scale?

APGAR scale

Baby Meghan was born at 30 weeks gestation & has shown impaired mental development. This may be due to inadequate development of:

DHA

Now at 10 months we see Atlas crawl up the steps by himself. This demonstrates:

Gross motor skills

Now that Atlas is 5 months old he is able to grab desired toys and use both hands to push up but his movements are still shaky. This demonstrates the he has made gains in ____ but is still short of acquisition of ____

Gross motor skills; fine motor skills

As Rachel holds her head up to look around, the rest of her body seems to move with her head movement. Why does this happen?

Her head is proportionally larger than the rest of her body.

Based on your knowledge of physical development in infancy, why might Geoffrey has trouble raising his head?

His head is proportionately larger than the rest of his body.

7-month old Amalia can stand with the support of her mother, suggesting her development is proceeding on track. When assessing babies' development, we often compare their performance on motor milestones to that of the "average baby." These comparisons are known as __________.

Norms

Caretakers must vigilantly watch infants towards the end of the first year when they often develop _________ at the same time.

The pincer grasp and crawling

Eight-month-old Atlas is being assisted in crawling up the stairs with help from an adult. Vygotsky argued this was the best way to learn, as instruction is taking place in:

The zone of proximal development.

Rachel's parents are concerned about her safety and want you to evaluate their home. Based on the progression you have seen in the video, what is the next thing you warn them they will need to prepare for?

You warn them that Rachel will begin climbing stairs.

Nurse midwives feel that birth is ______.

a normal aspect of the lifespan.

The birthing process may take place through several different methods. The most commonly used & preferred is:

a vaginal delivery

According to dynamic systems theory, motor development is

affected by the baby's motivation, energy level, and strength.

An antiseptic, temperature-controlled crib is called:

an isolette

If a newborn infant has not begun to breathe within 5 minutes after birth, it may acquire permanent brain damage from lack of oxygen. This situation is called:

anoxia

The decrease in risks surrounding pregnancy & childbirth in industrialized nations is due to:

antibiotics, labor-inducing drugs, & safe anesthesia

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be breastfed, though not exclusively, for _______ months.

at least 12

Anoxia occurs when a baby does not ______ within five minutes of birth.

breathe

Lennon turned 3 several months ago. If he is like most typically developing children, Lennon can

copy a circle fairly well.

In the video, Cindy maneuvered around toys on the floor. Which form of perception provided her with the skills to do this?

depth

The purpose of the rooting reflex is to:

direct the infant to turn its head toward something to suck

Myelination enables signals within the brain to travel _______.

faster

Children grow ______ during the first 3 years.

fastest

Jennifer has chosen natural childbirth (or prepared childbirth) to avoid the:

fears of childbirth

Prior to the twentieth century, in Europe & the United States, birth was a:

female social ritual

The longest stage of labor is the:

first stage

________are the soft spots on a baby's head.

fontanels

As Rachel continues to develop beyond her attempts to roll over at the age of 10 weeks, which of the following will help her roll over more?

greater development of arms and legs

Which of the following skills is Rachel using to raise and move her head around?

gross motor

The ability to gather information by handling objects rather than looking at them is _____ perception.

haptic

One reason that a higher proportion of low-birth-weight babies are born to African American women is that they may:

have higher levels of stress

At this stage, over which part of her body does Rachel have the most control?

head movement

Which sense did the mother use to get Cindy to walk closer to her?

hearing

In this video, Michael is in REM sleep. What is one way you can tell this?

his eye movements

The best way to avoid risks to an infant not yet born after forty-two weeks of gestation is to:

induce labor and perform a cesarean section

A trait that is polygenic or influenced by the addictive effects of large numbers of genes working together creates:

intelligence

A care method involving skin-to-skin contact b/w an infant & mother is called _____ care.

kangaroo

As Rachel tries to use her muscles in response to her father's actions, what skill are the muscles developing?

locomotion

The 3 stages of birth are not of equal lengths. The first stage is the

longest.

At birth, Davion weighed 4lbs. Davion is considered a ______-_____-______ infant.

low-birth weight

The ____ reflex is present when the infant is startled or fearful of falling.

moro

The _____ reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement.

moro

Conner received an Apgar of 6. This means he

needs help to establish breathing.

Three-day old infants can tell ____ speech sounds from those they heard before.

new

Infants should be introduced to foods other than breast milk or formula (such as cereal) at ____ months of age.

no earlier than 4

A recent study suggests that a group of people suffer from a depletion of approximately 30 genes, which results in them being:

obese

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is sudden death of an infant under the age of ___ year.

one

The rise in estrogen levels that stimulates the uterus to contract and the cervix to become more flexible is identified as:

parturition

Carter eats dry Cheerios for a snack. In order to pick up the cereal and put it in his mouth, Carter will use the ____ grasp.

pincer

During the third stage of birth, the ________, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled.

placenta

Malleability of the brain is also known as:

plasticity

Baby Cole was born at forty-three weeks gestation. His birth would be considered:

postmature

Which term best describes infants born 3 weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full-term?

preterm

Growth in height and weight during the first few months of life is ____ and ____ by the age of 3.

rapid; decreases

Emma's contractions are stronger & closer together than they were and her infant's head is now moving through her cervix & into her vaginal canal. This indicates that is in the ____ stage of childbirth.

second

Baby Neve was born only one week from his due date, but he weighs less than 90% of babies of the same gestational age. Neve would be classified as:

small-for-date

An infant's physiological and behavioral status is often referred to as _____ of _____.

state; arousal

The cycles of wakefulness, sleep, and activity are an infant's _________ of ____________.

state; arousal

The sudden death of an infant after the 20th week of gestation is a:

stillbirth

When a fetus doesn't survive after the 20th week of gestation, it is called a _______.

stillbirth

The regions of the world with the highest infant mortality rates are:

sub-Saharan Africa & Asia

A coating that helps keep an infant's air sacs from collapsing is called:

surfactant

An aspect of personality corresponding to a person's characteristic way of approaching and reacting to situations is called:

temperament

The procedure in which infants are placed on the edge of a glass-covered dropoff and their mothers coax them to crawl onto the glass is called:

the visual cliff

What status has Rachel achieved in this video?

toddler

The improved infant mortality rates of industrialized nations, compared to those in developing countries, is a result of:

trained nurses and a trained midwife assisting in delivery.

Parturition begins about ____ week(s) before delivery.

two

The fetus gets oxygen through the ____ cord

umbilical