Developmental Psychology Chapter 4
bullying
"A person experiences ______ when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself." -Dan Olweus
social referencing
"reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
slow-to-warm-up child
A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
Easy child
A child who is generally in a positive mood, who quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and who adapts easily to new experiences.
difficult child
A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, who engages in irregular daily routines, and who is slow to accept new experiences.
attachment
A close emotional bond between two people
social smile
A smile in response to an external stimulus, which, early in development, typically is a face.
reflexive smile
A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep.
18 months
Age of self-awareness.
6 weeks
Age of the social smile
Mary Cassatt
American impressionist- painted contact support.
temperament
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally respondig
separation protest
An infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves.
stranger anxiety
An infant's fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life.
Strange situation
An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.
insecure resistant babies
Babies that often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing.
ecurely attached babies
Babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
Harlow
Bastard who studied monkey attachment.
attachment
Behaviorists such as Watson & Skinner Did not view as a basic human need
temperament
Examples of ______ Researchers: Thomas & Chess Inhibited & uninhibited: Jerome Kagan Emotionality, Activity Level: Plomin & Defries Goodness of Fit: Lerner
emotion
Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to them. Is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state of a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
9
In the research of Thomas and Chess, Infants were rated on _ personality dimensions, then sorted into three groups.
1/3
Nearly __ of children are overweight.
child care
Parenting quality contributes more to early and later development than the quality and quantity of early _____ _____
Kathleen McCartney
Recommendations to Parents about Child Care from Kathleen McCartney
goodness of fit
Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
Piaget stages of development
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational
.20, .40
Stability of temperament is not very high, perhaps in the range of __ to __ (low to moderate correlations)
80%
___ of obese children become obese adults.
Mediators
_____ between attachment and psychopathology 1. Perceptions of others 2. Perceptions of self 3. Emotional competence 4. Emotion regulation 5. Promotion of particular emotions: joy v. anger, anxiety, sadness 6. Emotion understanding
insecure avoidant babies
babies that show insecurity by avoiding the mother.
insecure disorganized babies
babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.
increasing
bullying may be ______. Seems worst around grade 6.
scaffolding
parents time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with the parents.
reciprocal socialization
socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.
