Developmental Psychology Exam 3 Review

What is the integrated view?

We've got the foundation, but the environment could influence it.

How is internalization different from compliance?

Well, compliance is basically "I understand what you're saying and I will follow your orders." Internalization includes builiding your own moral compass. So you follow the fules laid out by compliance without an extrnal source. Example would be if you're parent wants you to make your bed every morning, you should do it without having to be asked.

Incidence of worries

Worries at nighttime increase between ages 7 and 9. 5% develop specific phobia. Sometimes there is a school phobia in which ages 5 to 7 kids are scared of seperation from their parents and then ages 11-13, kids are scared with the speicific aspect of school. This is most common in children with behaviorally inhibited temperment.

What is empathy and what does it require?

ability to match emotional state to that of someone else and requires a certain level of cognitive skill and social information typically through facial expressions such as seeing someone cry to be able to know what a person is feeling.

What is the incidence of childhood sexual abuse?

abusers are typically males who attack women and its usually family members. Percentage of victims is 12-35% of women and 4-9% of men .10% of victims are under 3, 30% are 4-7 and by ages 8-11, raises another 25%

Developmentally sensitive considerations for alcohol use

adolescents are more vulnerable to cognitive issue as a result from alcohol use, parents who have alchol disorder make it more likely for the child to have one as well, excessive substance use can increase conflict amont friends and family, and kids who have conduct disorder are at greather risk for substance abuse.

What are the 2 stages of puberty?

adrenarche and gonadarche

What are some alternatives to physical punishment?

advance notice of house rules and rehearsal so reminding kids how you want them to behave. Also the whole "you have 2 choices" thing, and reinforcing pro-social behavior.

What are some reasons why adolescents may not use contraceptives?

afraid of parents finding it, wondering if your significant other will still love you, and thinking you will be fine without a condom

What are objective indices?

age at which adolescents reach Tanner III and include national/sample norms

Adrenarche

ages 6 to 9 years and involves the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis which contributes to skin changes (increased acne) and also the development of body hair.

Gonadarche

ages 8 to 11 years and involves the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis and includes increased estrogen and testosterone

What are primary sex characteristics? Give examples.

directly related to reproductive capability. These things have to be in order for us to make babies. Examples would be preperation of fallopian tubes for ovulation, production of sperm in semen

Consequences of teen pregnancy

educational acheivemnt, marital issues (increased risk for divorce), economic circumstances (limited for jobs cause you didn't finish high school or go to college), and parenting skills and ability

What are some ways to prevent teen pregnancy?

effective sex education so encouraging abstinence but also providing info. and access to contraceptives as well as skills fo handling sexual situations. Abstinence only programs are problematic and people who take virginity pledges are actually at more increased risk of getting pregnant

What are causes of death and disability in adolescents related to?

emotional and behavioral issues. There is an increase in rates of accidents, suicide, depression, substance use, violence, reckless behaviors, eating disorders, and also an increase in risk taking, sensation seeking, and erratic behavior.

What does temperment include?

emotional reaction (quickness and intensity of which we can respond to something), activity level, attention, and emotional self-regulation (strategies to modify activity from emotional reaction.)

What is temperment?

emotional substrate of personality that may represent the basic patern of personality.

What are adolescents focused on according to Freud and Erikson?

energy is focused on heterosexual relationships (Freud) and identity development as well as how we fit into the world around us (Erikson)

Examples of inductive reasoning

explanation of rules and expectations, moral persuasion, personal appeals, and delineation of hurtful consequences for others.

What did Erik Erikson focus on?

focused more on societal influence and his theory was called psychosocial theory. He added 3 more stages to Freud's so a total of 8 stages in his psychosocial theory.

What causes differences in timing of puberty?

genetics, nutrition and exercise, and environmental characteristics such as childhood stress or for girls, having an unrelated male in the household leads to earlier development

What are the 4 basic emotions?

happiness, anger, sadness, and fear

Resolution of the genital stage?

having heterosexual relationships with non-family members.

What is narrow virtuosity?

having to much industry and being too skilled. Example would be child stars or musical prodigies. The issue here is that they are consumed by this one skill and miss out on learning social skills. Parents usually set up this environment for the kids. So think like Toddlers and Tiaras.

Happiness

helps bond parents and children together. Social smile in response to human face happens at 6 weeks and laughter happens around 3 to 4 months.

What is effortful control?

idea introduced by Rothbart in that you can effectively shift your attention if need be and explains how well you can manage negative emotions. Example would be if someone makes you upset, your first impulse might be to yell at them, but it's not always appropriate to do so.

What is the Off-time/Deviance Hypothesis?

idea that if you are different from your peers or an earlier or later developer, than you are at greater risk for psychological and bahavioral issues. Earlier development is more problematic for girls and later development is more problematic for boys.

What are self conscious emotions?

injury or enhancement to sense of self and play an important role in later skill development, academic activities, etc.

What is Erikson's Psychosocial theory?

involved balancing positive and negative traits successfully and attainment of virtue or strength.

What is the healthy resolution of the oral stage?

obtaining just the right amount of food

What is the conflict of the oral stage?

obtaining the appropriate amount of food vs. neglectful or harsh oral experiences such as weaning a child off their pacifier.

What is the EZF of the Genital Stage?

the genitals

What is the conflict of the genital stage and what is the source?

the sexual urges repressed during latency now resurface to flow in socially appoved channels. The source is puberty.

Problem focused coping

Trying to change the situation when something is distressing you. So like asking for a parent to help you with something.

Rates for STD's

1 out of 6 sexually active teens contract an STD every year. Adolescents have the highest rates of STD's among all other age groups and its more likely for a male to infect a female. 50% of college students do not use any form of protection.

What are the 8 stages in the Psychosocial theory?

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy to 18 months) 2. Autonomy vs Shame (2-3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3.5-6 years) 4.Industry vs. Inferiority (6 years-puberty) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)

How many kids ended up being in the difficult category?

10% and these kids had irregular routines, reacted negatively and intensely, and were to slow to accept new experiences

What is the average age of first intercourse?

15 years and 50% of adolescents are sexually active

How many kids ended up in the slow to warm up category?

15% and didn't really like change as well but were more low key about it, had mild responses, and tended to withdraw from the environment

What is the occurence of sexting?

15% of youth have received sexual messages via text and only 1/4 of these were upset by the texts

Rate of teen pregnancy

20% of sexually active American females get pregnant each year.

What is the Still Face Paradigm?

3 step face to face interaction with an adult. Typically the mom and child come into lab and start out with normal interaction. The second step is that the mother is asked to present a neutral face and no longer respond to the child. Third step is the reunion phase in which the mom goes back to interacting with the child.

How much do girls and boys grow and what is the pattern of growth?

3-5 inches and gain 20 pounds within 12 months for girls and for boys they add 4 inches and gain 25 pounds within 12 months. For both boys and girls, the pattern of growth goes like hands,legs,feet--> torso--> upper body

How many kids ended up in the unclassified category?

35% and these kids didn't really fit the patterns that Thomas and Chess were trying to identify.

Adolescent suicide. What is the risk?

3rd leading cause of young death and is more likely for boys to go through with the actual act. The greates risk for suicide includes being intelligent and socially withdrawn, antisocial, or experiencing traumatic recent life events.

How many kids ended up being in the easy category?

40% and these kids adjusted to novelty well, quick to develop patterns such as feeding and potty training schedule, and were cheerful and easygoing.

Communication with parents and adolescents about sex

50% of adolescents talk to parents about sex. Common mistakes parents make when discussing this topic include lecturing, being judgemental, interpreting the child saying "I know Mom" as the truth when in reality they probably don't know, using non technical terms for body parts, and thinking that once the "big talk" is finished that the job is done.

What is the rate of contraceptive use?

60% reported using a condom the last time they had sex. The US comes in last place for contraceptive use but first place for teen pregnancy.

Sleeplessness in Adolescents

A biological tendency for sleep delay develops in which our bodies are telling us to stay up later and get up later. This is a problem because school requires us to get up so early so the body is not getting enough sleep.

Studies done on alcohol and children

A study was conducted in which a group of 10 year old boys were brought in and were essentially given enough alcohol to make an adult sloppy drunk, but the boys did not seem drunk at all. They were given motor skill tests and asked to describe their experience and seemed fine.

What is the Tanner Staging System?

Adolescene are shown pictures and there are sets of pictures and each set has 5 pictures. The first set shows pubic hair and for each set, the adolescent is asked to pick a picture out of each set that best matches where they are in development.

Juvenile Delinquency

Adolescents account for 17% of police arrests. Delinquency rises in early adolescence, peaks mid adolescence, and then declines. 10-19 year olds account for only about 13% of the population but account for 17% of police arrests.

The health paradox of adolescent

Adolescents are the healthiest and most resilient in that there are improvements in strength, speed, immune function, and increased resistance to dehydration and most types of injury. However, overal morbidity and mortality rates increase 200-300% from childhood to late adolescence.

Amount of hours of sleep in adolescents. Why do adolescents get less sleep?

Amount of sleep declines from 10 hours in childhood to about 7.5 hours. This is because adolescents have a greater freedom to select bedtimes and have access to light and stimulating activities such as phones or TV which actually keep your body awake.

Major Depressive Episode/Disorder in adolescents

An episode is 2 weeks long with at least 5 symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep, sadness lethargy, and irritability. 15-20% of adolescents expereince an episode. Twice as common in girls and girls age 12-15 with major depressive epiosode triples so it goes from 5% at age 12 to 15% by age 15.

Freud's theory included psychosexual stages. What did he base these stages off of?

An erogenous zone which is an area of heightened sensitivity that is the biological drive at that stage.

What is the secular trend?

As a population, humans on average are starting to develop a lot earlier than we used to.

What are some strengths of psychodnamic (Freud and Erikson) theories?

Attempts to adress the complexities of personality development, focuses on the emotional qualities of the child-caregiver relationship, and emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences.

Love Withdrawal

Basically telling the child that they have to earn your love and that you will not love them unless they behave you. This is a negative approach.

Why is their greater parent-child conflict with adolescents?

Because when a parent says no, the adolescent reacts more greatly and pulls away from family and focuses on peers.

How can you tell the difference between a child who is in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage and the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

By how they play. A child in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage doesn't really use rules to play games and will finish a game when they get bored. A child in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage is rule governed and plays by the rules.

How does emotion understanding develop?

By middle childhood, we can understand that emotions might not be shown. People may be sad but kids at middle childhood can realize that a person may not always look sad. They do this by understanding facial cues and mixed emotions.

What is the conflict of the Industry vs. Inferiority stage and how is it resolved?

Children are more focused on values from society. If children fail to make attempts and try, they are considered inferior. However, if they do try, they are considered industrious and expected to reign in their energy. The resolution is to adapt to social norms by reigning in their desires as well.

Who is Margaret Mead?

Created a social perspective by studying tribes in Samoa and discovered that adolescence was a happy period for both boys and girls. This is different from the US. So she discovered that cultural values play a big role in development.

Who was Rothbart?

Drew from Thomas and Chess work and identified 6 different dimensions of temperent which can be boiled down to 3 underlying componenets which is emotion, attention, and action.

What is more problematic? Earlier development or later development? Why?

Earlier development because bodies are maturing faster than cognitive development

What is the difference between empathy and sympathy?

Empathy is "I am sad with you" and sympathy is "I am sad for you"

What event takes place in Initiative vs. Guilt and what is the outcome and virtue obtained?

Exploration takes place; Outcome is asserting power and control over environment. Success= sense of purpose and failure= dissaproval or guilt. Virtue obtained is purpose.

What events take place in Trust vs. Mistrust and what is the outcome and virtue obtained?

Feeding takes place; outcome is develops trust when caregivers respond and mistrust when they don't. Virtue obtained is hope.

What is Goodness of Fit?

Focuses on how a child adapts based on the child's characteristics and the environment around them .

What is the EZF of the Phallic Stage?

Genitals

When do adolescents typically drink?

Have their first drink between 10 and 17 years and regular use occurs between 13 and 21 years. 70-90% have drank alcohol by age 18. Those who drink before age 14 are at higher risk.

What is the resolution of the Phallic Stage?

Idenditifying with the same sex parent and learning to balance conflicting drives.

Fear

Linked to mobility as well. As the child is moving around the environment, they start to develop fear. Initial fear hapens at 6 months and stranger anxiety happens around 8-12 months.

What is Menarche and Spermarche

Menarche= average 12 years and is a girls first period. 90% of girls in the US have started menstruating by age 14. Spermarche= average 13 years and is ejaculation. 60-70% of boys by age 13 have experienced this.

Timing of puberty in twins

Monozygotic twins experience menarche within 1 month of each other and dizygotic tiwns experience it within 1 year of each other.

What are secondary sex characteristics? Give examples.

Not required but are observable markers or indicators. Examples would be breast development, voice/skin changes, facial hair, and body odor.

What are the 3 major issues of the Identity vs. Role confusion stage?

Occupation in which those who lack industy struggle with their career choices. Value system in which those who lack trust have trouble finding ideologies to stand behind and then lastly, sexual identity.

What were the 5 psychosexual stages of Freud's theory called?

Oral stage (0-1), Anal stage (1-3), Phallic Stage (3-5), Latent Stage (5-12 years, middle childhood), and Genital Stage (12+ years)

What are the stages of the Tanner Staging System?

Pre-pubertal= Tanner I-II Pubertal= Tanner III-V The sexual maturity index averages up where you are.

What events take in place in Industry vs. Inferiority and what is the outcome and virtue obtained?

School takes place and the outcome is coping with new academic and social demands. Sucess= competence and failure= weak self image. Virtue obtained is competence.

Name some self consious emotions.

Shame which is unintentional, guilt which is intentional, embarassment, envy, and pride.

What events take place in the Identity vs. Role confusion stage and what is the outcome and virtue obtained?

Social relationships take place and the outcome is developing "self". Success= true to yourself and failure= confusion and weak self. The virtue obtained is fidelity.

What is self regulation?

Strategies we might use to adjust our emotional state to a more comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals.

What is the idea of a digital citizenship/footprint?

That pictures that you send or put on "snapchat" never really disapear.

What is the EZF of the Anal Stage?

The anus

What is the result of the Still Face Paradigm? In other words, what is the Still Face effect?

The child gets really upset when the mother is not responding. However, mothers with more sensitive personality resulted in chidlren not getting as upset in the still face efect.

What happens if a child doesn't get enough food?

They will develop an oral agressive personality in which results in verbally viscious biters when they are younger

What happens if a child receives to much food?

They will develop an oral receptive personality which results in overeating as an adult, prone to smoking, or "swallowing" other people's ideas

What event takes place in Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt and what is the outcome and virtue obtained?

Toilet training takes place; outcome is developing a sense of personal control. Autonomy is ganed when child is given freedom to make choices. Shame and doubt occur when the toddler is not given any choices or boundaries. Virtue obtained is will.

What are some negative effects of being abused as a child?

anxiety and depression such as PTSD or panic disorders are common, re-victimization is possible, drug or alchol abuse, and also inappropriate sexual behavior due to being super young for their first time having sex

What 2 aspects does empathy involve?

apprehending amother person's emotional state or condition and matching that emotional state to oneself.

When do better coping strategies happen?

around age 10 and includes emotion focused coping and and problem focused coping.

What are subjective indices?

asks the acutal adolescent where they think they are in development and how they feel. So a question asked would be like "Compared to other boys and girls your age, would you say your development is the same, faster, or slower?" This is somewhat correlated to objective indices.

What is the conflict of the Anal stage?

battle between the id's impulses to get rid of wastes whenever and society's expectation that we control ourselves

When does self control begin?

between 12-18 months and happens in the form of compliance

Incidence of spanking

boys are spanked more than girls and mothers tend to spank more than the fathers. Spanking usually happens under the age of 7 and negative effects include modeling agressive behavior.

How do caregivers shape self regulation?

by drawing from classic learning theories, modeling appropriate emotion expression/regulation, and using language to label emotions.

How can you promote compliance?

by limiting directives so don't call out every time the child is misbehaving, obtain attention by making sure the child's focus is on you, having succint, "positive directives in which you make sure the child understands what you want them to do, and providing time for the child to comply.

Emotion focused coping

changing the way you feel about something

What do self conscious emotions require?

cognitive deveopment, rudimentary sense of self and instruction as to when to feel these things.

Definition of personality

collection of relatively enduring patterns of reacting to and interacting with others and the environment that distinguishes each child and adult.

What is the conflict in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage and how is it resolved?

conflict is that there is a gowing sense of purpose and desire to plan and carry out activities vs. societal expectations. This is resolved with play, particularly with peers where children learn how to cooperate with others. The negative outcome of this stage is that an overly strict superego causes children to feel to much guilt or becomes a "show off"

Who were Thomas and Chess?

developed 4 categories about temperment and followed kids from childhood to adulthood. These categories included easy, difficult, slow to warm up, and unclassfied

What are some weaknesses of psychodynamic theories?

not testable, fuzzy concepts, based on case studies and personal observations

How does self regulation develop?

limited in young infants but grows over first year through brain development in which there is an increase in the babies tolerance for stimulation and through locomotion in which there are new abilities to move around the world to help manage your emotional states. This is the most basic one. An example would be like covering your eyes during a scary movie.

Anger

linked to mobility and as children are better able to move around their environemnt, they get angrier more easily when they are blocked from doing certain movements. Changes from generalized stress to actual anger around 4 to 6 months.

What is late maturation in males associated with?

low self esteem and substance use problems

Sadness

most common when parent-child interaction is disrupted and sadness happens around 2-6 months. Included the still face paradigm and the still face effect.

What is emotion self regulation motivated by?

motivated by self esteem and peer approval and kids learn that if they can't control their emotions than they might be at risk for rejection by thier peers.

What was the Erogenous Zone Focus (EZF) of the oral stage?

mouth, lips, tongue in which gratification is obtained through oral stimulation such as eating food or sucking on a pacifier.

How do adolescents develop?

myelination of neural fibers accelerate which results in better attention, planning, info. integration, and self-regulation. There is also an increased reactivity to stress and pleasure as well as increased moodiness and "sensation seeking"

What helps to determine the resolution of these conflicts?

nature and nurture. These conflicts must be resolved for development to occur.

What are some common problems in middle childhood?

new worries because you're moving from a period of fantasy into a much more logical and real world. So dark, lightening, and monsters which are fantasy develop into fears of dying, natural disasters, and separation from parents which is more real world.

Consequences of Major Depressive Episode/Disorder

poor school acheivement, substance use/abuse, interferes with identity development, continued problems with depression, and suicide

What are the different types of discipline?

power assertion, love withdrawal, and inductive reasoning

What is the resolution of the Anal Stage?

proper toilet training

What are some ways to assert power?

removal of rights or privileges and spanking

Adolescents substance use consequences

short term injury or fatality and long term dependence and vulnerability to other problems.

When do growth spurts begin and what is it driven by?

starts around age 10 for girls and age 14 for boys. It is driven by increases in growth hormones and thyroxin

What is fidelity?

sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one or to friends and companions.

Power Assertion

techniques based on parent-child power differential and this type does not support the internalization process. This is usually used on younger kids and and excessive use of this style is not good.

What is the psychodyamic theory?

that biological drives conflict with psychological functions and how we resolve these conflicts has long lasting effects

What is the conflict of the Phallic stage?

the Oedipus/Electra Complex, Castration Complex, or Penis Envy. Oedipus/Electra complex is basically child developing sexual attraction toward their parent of the opposite sex but then do not receive the same feelings, so they get frustrated. Castration complex is the boy child fears that their father will castrate them because of having sexual feelings toward their mom. Lastly, penis envy is girls get jealous that boys have a penis so they want one to.

What happens if you underemphasize toilet training?

the child is likely to develop an anal expulsive personality in which they are self indulgent, careless, sloppy, excessively messy, and defiant

What happens if you overemphasize toilet training when the child is not ready?

the child is likely to grow up and develop and anal retentive personality in which they are overly controlling of their environemnt and excessively detailed in their thought and behavior

What is the marshmellow test?

there is a researcher and a child and it's snack time. The researcher goes "here's this gooey, awesome marshmallow that it's really delicious" and the researcher gives the child the marshmallow. The researcher says he's going to leave the room and that if the child can wait until he gets back to eat the marshmallow, then the child will receive 2 marshmallows. Testing whether the child eats the marshmallow is seeing if the child can delay gratification. Kids can't pass this test until about 3 or 4.

What is the EZF of the Latent stage?

there is none because sexual energy has sort of died down and is considered a "quiet period." Because of this, there isn't really conflict and focus is on school work and same sex friendships.

How does sleep deprivation affect adolescents?

they go to bed later and get up earlier which affects mood, attention and decision making

What did Erik Erikson believe about Freud?

took a lifespan perspective and believed that Freud overemphasized the role of sexual drives in development.

What is early maturation in females associated with?

unhealthy body image/low self esteem, earlier engagement in "adult" activities such as drug use and sexual activity, and clinical problems such as depresssion, anxiety, and eating disorders.

Inductive Reasoning

using specific examples from which we drive a general rule which is supposed to reflect a large behavior.

Definition of compliance and when does it happen?

voluntary obedience to simple requests and commands. This doesn't happen until about 1 year.

What is the pubertal stage?

where you are currently in development

What is pubertal timing?

where you are in development as compared to your peers.