Developmental Psychology Test 2

When people grasp the deeper meaning of ideas, keep an open mind about different approaches and perspectives, and decide for themselves what to believe or do, they are using ______ thinking.

critical

is knowledge about memory and includes general knowledge about memory, such as knowing that recognition tests are easier than recall tests.

metamemory

Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test because school officials wanted to determine a ______ who would not benefit from typical school instruction.

method of identifying children

Advances in executive function skills in preschool are linked with which of the following?

- Academic achievement - Subsequent literacy and math skills - School readiness

Which of the following statements accurately describe the development of children's theory of mind from toddlerhood into early childhood?

- Children begin to recognize and acknowledge that their desires can differ from another child's desires. - Children begin to understand that what others see may not be the same as what they see. - Children begin to recognize and verbalize positive and negative emotions.

Research indicates that which of the following changes occur as memory takes on more autobiographical characteristics between 3 and 5 years of age?

- Children increasingly remember events as occurring at a specific location. - Children increasingly remember events as occurring at a specific time. - Children include more elements that are rich in detail in their narratives.

Relating to decision making, in what ways are young adolescents more competent than children?

- Considering the credibility of the sources - Generating different options - Examining a situation from a variety of perspectives

Which of the following factors influence the accuracy of a young child's memory?

- Interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions - Individual differences in susceptibility - Age differences in susceptibility to suggestion

Which of the following are true of how intelligence is evaluated?

- It must be evaluated independently. - It is generally measured by an intelligence test.

Which of the following statements are true about executive function in aging adults?

- Older adults are not as cognitively flexible as younger adults. - Older adults are less effective at inhibiting dominant or automatic responses. - Executive function skills decline in older adults.

Which of the following are factors influence children's theory of mind development?

- Parent engagement in mind-mindedness - Advances in prefrontal cortex functioning - Engagement in pretend play

Emotional intelligence is defined by which of the following abilities?

- The ability to accurately understand emotion - The ability to perceive and express emotion - The ability to use feelings to facilitate thought

According to the research, which of the following were true of preschoolers who were able to delay gratification?

- They made more money as adults. - They coped with stress better as adolescents. - They became more academically successful.

Knowledge influences memory in which of the following ways?

- What is noticed - The ability to remember and reason - How information is interpreted

In early childhood, executive function involves which of the following developmental advances?

- cognitive inhibition - goal-setting - cognitive flexibility

The awareness that people can have false beliefs (beliefs that are not true) develops in a majority of children by which age?

5

Who is credited with the development of the first intelligence test?

Alfred Binet

Alzheimer disease is characterized by the early onset of (explicit/implicit) memory deficits, while (explicit/implicit) memory is not affected until later stages of the disease.

1. explicit 2. implicit

By what age should an infant be able to inhibit behavior when commanded by an examiner, as demonstrated in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

12 months of age

When the speed of repetition was controlled in research, ______-year-olds' memory spans were equal to those of young adults.

6

At around which age are children first able to understand that the same event can be open to multiple interpretations?

7

In research done by Stephanie Carlson, under which of the following conditions did children become more flexible in their thinking?

After hearing about a topsy-turvy imaginary world

What does the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence evaluate?

An infant's ability to process information

Older adults tend to develop deficiencies in which of the following areas of attention?

Aspects of driving Complex vigilance tasks Selective attention

Which of the following is an aspect of long-term memory?

Autobiographical memory

Use it or lose it is a component of the engagement model of the _________, __________ which emphasizes the role of social and intellectual engagement in protecting against declines in intellectual development.

Blank 1: cognitive Blank 2: optimization

Binet felt intelligence consists of complex cognitive processes including which of the following?

Comprehension Imagery Judgment Memory

Which term refers to knowledge about one's own memory, such as a student's ability to know whether she has studied enough for a test?

metamemory

When considering habituation and dishabituation, what should parents do to foster infant learning?

Engage infants with novel things and repeat them until the infant stops responding.

Executive function involves managing one's thoughts for the purpose of which two of the following?

Engaging in goal-directed behavior Exercising self-control

Remembering what you did on the first day of high school is an example of ______ memory.

Episodic

Which of the following is the most important cognitive change that occurs during adolescence?

Executive control

What term is used to describe the most important cognitive change in adolescence, involving reasoning, making decisions, and monitoring thinking critically?

Executive function

Executive function involves managing one's thoughts for the purpose of which two of the following?

Exercising self-control Engaging in goal-directed behavior

Gabby is a toddler who loves going to the library. When Gabby and her mother get to the library, Gabby knows exactly where to go to get to the children's section. What type of memory is used in this instance?

Explicit memory

True or false: There is a developmental transition from early childhood into school age in which the children recognize that they can verbalize their preferences and that those preferences may be different from their parents'.

False: The transition occurs from toddlerhood into early childhood.

The most prominent finding from brain-imaging studies is that a distributed neural network involving which two of the following are related to higher intelligence?

Frontal lobe Parietal lobe

Which of the following are influences on children's autobiographical memories?

Increasing age Culture Reminiscing

Which of the following concepts encompasses problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to experiences?

Intelligence

Which four of the following are among Gardner's proposed types of intelligences?

Interpersonal Musical Verbal Spatial

Baby Erika is 1 year old. She is at the park with her mother. She sees a puppy and becomes very excited. She goes over to her mother and grabs her shirt and points at the puppy. What concept does this interaction demonstrate?

Joint attention

______ influences what people notice and how they interpret information.

Knowledge

Factors that may affect preschoolers' susceptibility to distortions in eyewitness circumstances include which of the following?

Level of self-concept Parents' attachment in romantic relationships Degree of support from parents

When evaluating for a special needs identification, IQ should be considered along with which of the following?

Medical background Social competencies School performances Developmental history

What is the definition of source memory?

Memory that involves the ability to remember where one learned something

When is expertise more likely to occur?

Middle adulthood

Which of the following statements is true about semantic memory in older adults?

Older adults take longer to retrieve semantic information.

Which of the following explains why some intelligence experts have doubts about multiple-intelligence approaches?

People who do well in one area of intelligence tend to do well in other areas; therefore the need for multiple intelligences is not necessary.

Michael is a baby who has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Michael demonstrated?

Perceptual categorization

Which of the following is NOT one of the five scales in the Bayley-III? Socioemotional Personal-social Adaptive Language

Personal-social

Which of the following is a strategy parents typically use with young infants to direct joint attention?

Pointing Gaze following

What are two typical strategies that older children and adults use to remember information more effectively?

Rehearsal Organization

Which of the following is NOT a necessary requirement of joint attention?

Reinforcement for attending to an event

Which of the following would be good strategies to encourage children to understand and remember material?

Repeat with variation Embed memory-relevant language Link information often and early

Which of the following aspects of working memory begin to decline in older adults?

Replacing old, no longer relevant information Updating relevant memory representations

Which of the following strategies would be the LEAST effective way to guide children in their ability to remember information more effectively?

Rote memorization

In which two areas of attention do older adults have more difficulty in comparison to younger adults?

Selective attention Vigilance

Which of the following aspects of executive function are most important for young children's cognitive development and school success?

Self-control Working memory Flexibility

Which aspect of monitoring information would be most difficult for an older adult?

Source memory

Of the following, which is one of the most widely used individual tests of intelligence used today?

Stanford-Binet 5

Which of the following refers to the concept that changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth?

Terminal decline

If an infant categorizes birds and airplanes into the same group, which of the following statements is true regarding the infant's perceptual categorization and conceptual categorization?

The infant understands perceptual categorization but not conceptual categorization.

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others?

Theory of mind

Which of the following is associated with Howard Gardner?

Theory of multiple intelligences

Which of the following best characterizes the concept of terminal decline?

Time to death is a good predictor of cognitive decline.

Which of the following are some of the composite scores that make up the Weschler Intelligence Scales?

Visual Spatial Processing Speed Fluid Reasoning Working Memory

The type of memory that allows individuals to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language is called ______ memory.

Working

Preschoolers have ______ opinion of their memory abilities.

an inflated

________________intelligence refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

analytical

Jake went to the store and selected a new truck to give his Mom for her birthday. Jake's older brother explained that their Mom does not like trucks like he does and instructed him to select a piece of jewelry. Jake's older brother is demonstrating:

awareness

The fact that older adults' working memory can be improved through training most implicates which of the following?

brain plasticity

The field of science that studies the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning is called developmental:

cognitive neuroscience.

According to one study, older adults assessed in 2013-2014 engaged in a higher level of abstract reasoning than their counterparts who were assessed two decades earlier. This best exemplifies the impact of which of the following?

cohort effects

What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?

concepts

Which of the following refers to psychological processes involving conscious control driven by logical thinking and critical analysis?

cool executive function

Which of the following types of intelligence do NOT conform to the patterns favored in conventional schooling?

creative and practical

Explicit memory is also known as ______ memory.

declarative

When schools pay attention to helping students develop skills that entail knowing about their own knowing, those schools are fostering:

metacognition

Scott tries to remember his neighbors' names by putting them in ABC order. This is a more engaging extensive mental strategy for processing, called

elaboration

When someone is engaging in more extensive processing of information for the benefit of memory, that person is most likely using ______ as a memory strategy.

elaboration

The retention of information about life's happenings is known as ______ memory.

episodic

A study of 60- to 90-year-olds found that sustained engagement in cognitively demanding, novel activities improved the older adults'

episodic memory.

Consciously managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control is accomplished by (one word) function.

executive

Having extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain is best described as:

expertise

Declines in memory in older adults occur primarily in which of the following types of memory?

explicit working episodic

True or false: Advances in executive function do not occur until a child reaches elementary school.

false

Cognitive ______ involves being aware that alternatives are available for situations.

flexibility

To be successful in school, children need to be less rigid and learn to be more ____________ in their thinking, as well as be able to consider different strategies and perspectives.

flexible

Looking where another person has just looked is called:

gaze following

When ______ is used, fuzzy traces are built up, which are more enduring and less likely to be forgotten than ______ traces.

gist, verbatim

When parents interact effectively with children and keep introducing stimuli until the child stops responding, the parents evidently understand:

habituation.

Children with an advanced theory of mind

have better social skills in peer relations.

According to Howard Gardner, people:

have multiple intelligences, and IQ tests only measure a few of them.

Psychological processes driven by emotion are referred to as ________ executive function.

hot

Dominic creates mental images to help him remember directions. What is the mental strategy Dominic is using?

imagery

Using mental images, or ________ is a strategy for improving memory.

imagery

According to the Bayley-III, a 6-month-old infant should be able to do all of the following EXCEPT

imitate words the examiner says.

Riding a bike, swinging a bat, or texting without having to consciously think about it are examples of ___________ memory.

implicit

Sally automatically gets on her bike and starts to ride, even after several months have passed without using her bicycle. This is an example of ______ memory.

implicit

Regarding the development of a child's theory of mind, changes tend to occur in all of the following mental areas EXCEPT:

insight

Implicit memory is ______ explicit memory to be adversely affected by aging.

less likely than

Which of the following refers to a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time?

long term

Hypertension has been associated with ______ cognitive performance in older adults.

lower

Speed of repetition is a powerful predictor of ______ span.

memory

During elementary school years children use gist, and its use contributes to the improved ______ of older children.

memory and reasoning

Strategies involve the use of ______ activities to improve the processing of information.

mental

Knowing about knowing or thinking about thought is called

metacognition

Which view posits that increased activation in the prefrontal cortex with aging reflects an adaptive brain that is compensating for the challenges of declining neural structures and function, as well as declines in various aspects of cognition?

neurocognitive scaffolding view

The ability to exercise selective attention tends to decline in:

older adulthood.

Of the following variables, which appears to be most effective in lessening the decline in executive function in late adulthood?

physical fitness

Educational experiences have been ______ with better performance on memory tasks.

positively correlated

Students high in ______ intelligence may not do well in school, but their excellent social skills and good common sense often lead them to career success outside of school.

practical

Aging in which part of the brain may produce a decline in working memory?

prefrontal cortex

Executive function refers to a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's:

prefrontal cortex

Which age group is the most susceptible to suggestion?

preschoolers

Intelligence tests that evaluate an infant's ability to encode the attributes of objects, detect similarities and differences between objects, form mental representations, and retrieve mental representations are actually assessing an infant's ability to:

process information.

Which of the following areas are included on the Stanford-Binet 5?

quantitative reasoning knowledge fluid reasoning visual-spatial reasoning working memory

Which of the following strategies works better for short-term memory?

rehearsal

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to help an older adult improve their memory?

reliance

In order to solve problems in their domain, experts are more likely than novices to use strategies that include all of the following, EXCEPT:

relying exclusively on recent experiences.

During middle adulthood executive function:

remains strong.

The reminiscence bump refers to the phenomenon of recalling more events from the ______ decades of one's life than from other decades.

second and third

Focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others is a description of ______ attention.

selective

An important aspect of cognitive flexibility is

self-efficacy.

A person's knowledge about the world and his or her area of expertise is known as _______ memory.

semantic

Recalling who the U.S. president is and remembering the capital of Japan are components of ______ memory.

semantic

According to a recent study, theory of mind predicted which of the following in children?

severity of autism

Research using the memory-span task suggests that ______-term memory increases during early childhood.

short

Working memory is closely linked to ______ memory.

short term

A researcher who reads off a short list of numbers at a rapid pace and then asks a participant to repeat the numbers is most likely studying

short term memory

The ability to remember where one learned something is known as ______ memory.

source

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child who has developed executive function skills?

stimulus-driven

An adult who challenges a speaker about some false claims and a lack of key facts is utilizing:

theory of mind.

Reasoning, reflection, solving problems, and making decisions are all parts of:

thinking

The manipulating and transforming of information in memory is called:

thinking

Which of the following best characterizes theory of mind?

thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others

Age-related deficits in prospective memory occur more often in ______ tasks than in ______ tasks.

time-based; event-based

Prospective memory involves remembering:

to do something in the future.

Robert Sternberg's ______ theory of intelligence claims that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

triarchic

True or false: There is no consensus on what cognitive components comprise executive function.

true

When thinking about thinking, a 3- to 5-year-old will often:

underestimate when mental activity is likely to take place.

Identify the six mental abilities assessed in the Seattle Longitudinal Study.

verbal comprehension inductive reasoning perceptual speed verbal memory spatial orientation numeric ability

When are older adults more likely to remember the source of information?

when it is important to them

Three important factors associated with cohort effects on cognitive functioning are ______, ______, and ______.

work, education, and health