Deviance

A student conducts a study on texting behaviors among college students using closed-ended questions where participants' answers are provided on a five-point Likert scale, ranging "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree". This type of research is called _______ research.

Survey

Which theoretical orientation examines the social meaning of deviancy through labels and how people are understood and defined through such stereotypes?

labeling theories

Which additions to social control theories would examine the different levels of control placed on boys and girls in patriarchal households as affecting different deviancy?

power control theory

According to the labeling theorists, it is not necessarily the deviant behavior engaged in that is important for analysis. Rather, it is the social __________ that defines an act as deviant and the outcome of committing the act.

reaction

______________ rule-breaking is a form of primary deviance.

residual

In order to conduct a content analysis, the researcher must consider the systematic coding scheme that will be used to objectively examine emerging themes

true

The symbolic function of law is when the law tells individuals what actions they can and cannot engage in, and agents of the law enforce those rules by arresting individuals who break the law.

false

Which of the following is not one of Sutherland's Nine Propositions of differential association theory?

criminal behavior is inherent

a woman who is voluntarily childless is viewed as deviant across all cultures

false

NACIREMA articulated the objectivist perspective because the author did not advocate relativity of deviance

false

Objectively given and subjectively problematic are the same conception of deviance

false

Social control theory is traced to the eighteenth-century work of which theorist:

Cesare Becarria

Akers et al (1998) conducted a Midwest self-report study on drug use, finding that social learning variables were predictive of which substance use and problems?

Alcohol and marijuana

Which of the following is false regarding career deviance?

Career deviance is typically committed by only working classes (or blue-collar criminals.

Which of the following is true regarding the FBI's Uniform Crime Report?

Data included on violent crimes (murders, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) and property crimes (burglary, larceny theft, and motor vehicle theft) known by the police

When deviance is perceived to not cause injury or harm to anyone, it is which technique of neutralization?

Denial of injury

The term deviant career implies an actual career: a job, room for possible advancement (or dismissal), "regular" pay, and possibly even taxes. Which of the following is false regarding a deviant career?

Deviant careers are always long-term and usually involve money.

Which theorist is considered the pioneer of sociological criminology and known for the significant contribution, differential association theory?

Edwin Sutherland

____ _____ is defined as "criminal and deviant acts by the largest corporations and the most powerful political organizations

Elite deviance

the " gold standard" for determining causal relationships is what type of research?

Experimental research

Which theory is designed to predict all behaviors, beyond criminal and/or delinquent?

General theory of crime

Which of the following is not part of the steps in scientific research methods?

Incorporating personal beliefs and own politics

the ____ was established after the Nuremberg Code. It is comprised of very important committees established to review and approve research involving human subjects

Intitutional Review Board

Which is not a new form of deviance due to new technologies?

Legal downloading of music, movies, and readings

Which Marxist theorist wrote Communist Manifesto?

Marx

Which of the following is false regarding spirituality and our understanding of crime, deviance, and desistance?

Quantitative and qualitative analyses both offer outstanding empirical support to the idea that spirituality was related to desistance.

According to Clinard and Meier (2010), which two conceptions of deviance exist in the study of deviant behavior?

Relativist and normaticve conceptions

Recently, Lynda Baker and her colleagues reviewed several general and prostitution-specific models of change, as well as the empirical literature on the specific barriers women face when exiting prostitution. Which of the following are examples of individual barriers as discussed by Baker and her colleague

Self-destructive behavior and substance abuse, mental health problems, effects of trauma from adverse childhood and violence.

Denial of the victim is a technique of neutralization.

True

the childern of _____ were forced to a new set of norms, things they considered deviant from their own culture, including strangers, foods, clothing, and etiquette for two months while investigations took place

Zion Ranch

an example of an aesthetic norm includes:

a few tattoos

According to labeling theorists, which of the following statements is true?

acts are not inherently deviant and depend upon context and response

Which theorists studied upper-level drug dealers and smugglers in California, finding a stratification within deviant careers?

adler and adler

Laws are:

backed by offical or formal sanctions, and is a deviation from norms understood by majority of a group

from a critical perspective, deviance is:

behaviors and conditions that are inherently deviant and occur in the same ways across social, economic, and political conditions

What type of economic system are Marxist and conflict theories primarily critical of?

capitalist

________ refers to when an individual becomes involved in deviance as a sequence of events.

career deviance

Experimental research examines a causal relationship, which involves which two variables?

cause and effect

_______ consequences refers to how incarceration effects communities and families beyond the institution.

collateral

________ theories argue reforms rather than revolutionary overthrow.

conflict

________ theories examine changes in attitudes, legal rights, and conflict among different groups who do not agree or find consensus.

conflict

Research on deviance is often ______, focused on factors associated with how deviance is distributed across different groups or factors thought to be causes or consequences of deviance.

descripitive

What is the term used to refer to when people come to define themselves as deviant?

deviant identity acquisition

_____________________ refers to the likelihood of rewards and punishments that will reinforce or diminish behaviors.

differential reinforcement

_________ conducted a study of African-American men in Philadelphia, finding these men faced a constant threat of being arrested and surveillance by police is deeply consequential in their lives.

goffman

Career deviance and deviant careers include studying:

how deviance changes over time

Random assignment is important in experimental research because:

it assures internal validity is maintained

In the research study by Pamela Hunt on the ___________ Subcultures, the "passion" philosophy refers to sharing resources in communal living, the aversion to status and authority, and promoting such behaviors to others

jamband

In the history of social learning theories, they are criticized for a tendency to focus on ______________.

juvenile delinquents

_______ refers to the process where problems and behaviors have a medical definition that is influential in how we conceptualize and respond to the problem or behavior.

medicalization

Symbolic interactionism is a _________ level perspective.

mirco-

According to power control theory, ________ constitute(s) the primary agents of socialization in the family.

mother

Sykes and Matza refer to techniques of ___________ as it relates to social control and our justifications for deviance and crime.

neutralization

if a researcher is conducting a quasi-experimental research design, he/she will use what sampling technique?

nonrandom assignment

Rules of behavior that are defined both formally and informally are_____

norms

Deviance is reflective of _____ and ____.

norms, attitudes

which of the following is not deviance?

sneezing in class

_____ conceptions of deviance are also referred to as social constructionist and reactionist or relativist perspectives.

subjectively problematic

Which theorist studied life inside a maximum security prison as a form of social control, arguing five central pains of imprisonment?

sykes

according to critical conceptions, deviance is established by _____.

those in power, to maintain and enhance their power

Travis Hirschi is among social control theorists which seek to ask why are people not being deviant rather than why are people deviant?

true

A social contract is:

when individuals give up some personal freedoms and abide general rules of conduct

Life course theory can be used to understand why criminal careers and career deviance begins and ends

true

Low-level entry of drug dealers and smugglers is when conventional businesses used to launder drug money through.

true

Marxism argues that false consciousness of the laborer is the false hope or belief that as laborers in a capitalist society they can move up.

true

Marxist and conflict theories assume that conflict exists, especially in capitalist societies, in which laws are administered to some and not others.

true

Marxist/conflict theories would be interested in the study of a case where a woman who worked at a restaurant who was repeatedly harassed, verbally abused, and assaulted by a few male cook staff. She then seeks to file a lawsuit for sexual harassment; however, she is faced with resistance from both men and women in the restaurant and community

true

Medicalized deviant behaviors change over time and space.

true

Objectively given deviance is also referred to as normative or positivistic by the authors

true

Participant observation research can be convert or overt

true

Punishing those individuals who act outside of the accepted range of behavior serves the function moral affirmation.

true

Quasi-experimental research focuses less on internal validity and random assignment than experimental research

true

Radical nonintervention essentially means "leave the kids alone wherever possible".

true

Reality TV shows often allow us to see and consume deviance of everyday life.

true

For Kitsuse and Spector (1973) would be interested in what is defined as deviant whereas they would not find it important to study how deviance is defined.

false

Homophobia referes to the fear of heterosexuality

false

Differential association theories best describe subgroups like serial killers and schizophrenics.

false

Edwin Sutherland stated that conventional theories about crime and criminality are valid because they explain only the crimes of the lower class.

false

The Fremont Arts Council or FAC is an example of deviance because:

It displays the appropriateness of nudity in certain contexts

Experimental research examines correlational relationships

false

Conflict theorist, ___________, studies the process in which individuals become a part of a group, the development of relationships within and among groups, and how conflict arises when groups are threatened by competing interests of other groups.

Vold

the scientific method is?

a systematic procedure that helps safe guard against researcher bias

Beckett and Herbert view ________________ as "an emerging and consequential social control practice . . . [that] is consequential, even more so than the civility codes that they increasingly supplant. Not only do these new tools enable this concept, they provide the police greater license to question and to arrest those who occupy public space."

banishment

Which researchers used a Seattle case study to examine how often individuals, mostly poor or homeless, are arrested and prohibited from entering areas associated with drug dealing and prostitution?

beckett and herbert

According to Karl Marx, in a capitalist society, economic power belongs to the ____________ and the ______________ live in poverty and misery.

bourgeoisie; proletariat

Which of the following is not an example of sexually unconventional behaviors?

college students having sex

According to Hirschi's social bond theory, _______________ refers to emotional attachment and bonds that keep us from engaging in deviant behaviors.

commitment

What level of programs providing opportunities for conventional involvement and rewards for doing good things in the neighborhood as protective factors for deviance prevention?

community level

From a social constructionist perspective, deviance is:

constructed based on interactions of those immediate to society and not inherent

_____ would require the researcher to conduct participant observation research as a part of field research

ethnographic field research

A critical conception of deviance is not a legitmate conception of deviance today.

false

A criticism of conflict and Marxist theorists is that they dismiss conflict as having explanatory power in deviance studies.

false

A trajectory is shorter than a transition.

false

According to Marxist theories, the law is the tool for powerless groups to ensure interests and services of need are met.

false

According to objectively given conceptions, behaviors, or conditions are not inherently deviant.

false

According to sociologists, deviance is always studied as a relative definition

false

According to the relativist conception of deviance, universal definitions of deviance exist that apply across all time and place.

false

Acts that are exciting, risky or thrilling induce NORMAL self-control.

false

Associating with nonbelievers of own belief systems will reinforce beliefs, definitions, etc. on deviancy.

false

Confidentiality, informed consent, and anonymity are no longer important to research on deviance and crime because of the Institutional Review Board's political agenda

false

Cultural deviance has not been very influential in the study of deviance.

false

Daphne Scholisnki's memoir, The Last Time I Wore a Dress is significant because she spent years in a juvenile detention center without treatment of her gender identity disorder.

false

Deviant behavior is always criminal

false

If a researcher is interested in examining graffiti artists in their natural environment in attempt to understand the subculture of graffiti artists and the meanings behind their work, a content analysis approach would be best for this research

false

If behavior is prevalent by hidden populations or young people, for example, it cannot be considered deviant just because the law states it is

false

Individuals without power will be better able to both reject a label or to impose a deviant label on another.

false

Informal social controls would include hospitalization in a mental ward.

false

Labeling theory is an objectivist perspective that rejects symbolic interactionism.

false

Life course theories do not use social learning or social control theories to explain desistance because of the failed attempts at conducting studies in the past.

false

Marxist theorists are in support of capitalism to reduce deviancy and group conflict.

false

Positivist conceptions of deviance most align with critical perspective of deviance

false

Primary data sources include data that are already collected and readily available for the researcher to analyze

false

Primary level of programs provides opportunities for conventional involvement and rewards for doing good things in the neighborhood as protective factors for deviance prevention.

false

Survey researchers only conduct closed-ended questions in order to ensure responses are predetermined

false

Symbolic interactionism is an objectivist perspective.

false

Typically, the first strike by a juvenile delinquent leads to immediate expulsion to adult facilities, as part of harsh punishments and zero tolerance prison practices.

false

Hospitalization, rehabilitation, and processing in the criminal justice system are what type of social control?

formal

What type(s) of social controls exist in society according to the book?

formal and informal

In the early 1950s, the ____________Project, offered delinquent boys the opportunity to leave their residential treatment facility during the day to go to work or school and then return to what was referred to as Guided Group Interaction where group sessions were led by trained staff, and the boys could discuss problems they were experiencing with their families, in school, or in their jobs.

highland

If a researcher is studying juvenile delinquents and would like to interview children participating in a community service group as part of their court sentencing, the researcher would need to obtain:

human subject research approval

________ functions of the law argue that the law is proscribed and tells individuals what actions they can and cannot perform, and is enforced by agents of the law.

instrumental

Social control theories argue deviance is a caused by:

insufficient internal and external controls

____________ is when an individual is typically viewed as a good person, but they have just committed a bad deed.

integrative shaming

According to Nye, _________ refers to rules and norms that are instilled in consciousness as children.

internal social controls

Differential association and social learning theories are most likely to emphasize studies that examine social learning through communication with ________ others.

intimate

_______ theories would study corporations and the human suffering corporate action and powers cause to society.

marxist

_____________ and ____________ theories assume that conflict exists, especially in capitalist societies, in which laws are administered to some and not others.

marxist; conflicy

A _________ status refers to the status that shapes perception and behaviors of those around you and is considered the most important status.

master

____________ deviance is when common violations of the norms occur and the identity of a deviant is not developed.

primary

Todd Clear (2007. argues that _________ places suffer distinct disadvantages and that the effect of incarceration is felt far beyond the lives of the individual inmates.

prison

William Chambliss (1973) studied the __________ and ________ in order to understand delinquency, social power, and labeling across two different groups of high school boys—the working-class and the upper-middle class, from the same community.

saints and the roughnecks

_____________ deviance is when deviant behavior occurs as a means of defense, attack, or adjustment to the problems caused by a label and reactions to labels already developed.

secondary

____ are deviant because they afflict bodily harm with intention while many people avoid bodily harm

self-injurers

Which of the following includes incidence of sexual aggression as deviance?

sexual aggression

Rosa Parks is known for her act of positive deviance because:

she was expected to sit in the back of the bus and refused to sit in the back

What does Steven Spitzer use to describe the unneeded laborers and those critical of the system in his work?

social junk and social dynamite

Many researchers have proven that _____________ (also referred to as "faith-based approaches". can be seen as a "hook"—something that some involved in career deviance can grab hold of to help them use their own human agency to open doors out of the lifestyle they wish to exit.

spirituality

An example of pharamaceutical deviance includes:

taking Adderall before an exam you friend has a prescription for, but you do not

A student who is interested in predicting youth violence is hired to conduct brain scans on children starting at age 3. They are tasked with following the student throughout their lives in order to understand brain scan activity and criminal behavior participation over the life course. Therefore, this study could be tested using life course theories.

true

A video online that provides "tips and tricks" on bulimia and anorexia is considered a learned deviant act because it includes sharing skills for deviant acts of body modification.

true

According to Akers (1998), definitions are attitudes, beliefs, and rationalizations that define a behavior as good or bad, right or wrong, appropriate or inappropriate; definitions can be general or specific.

true

According to sociologists, violations of aesthetic norms and physical incapacity (including physical disability) are two examples of physical deviance

true

According to the labeling perspective, deviance is a status imposed on an individual or a group that may or may not be related to actual rule breaking

true

According to theorists, labels can negatively affect individuals and may lead to future acts of deviance or crime.

true

Alice Goffman conducted a study where she found African-American men in Philadelphia, faced a constant threat of being arrested and surveillance by police is deeply consequential in their lives.

true

An example of residual rule breaking would include a young female who begins to participate in witchcraft, despite her family practicing Christianity.

true

Constructivism refers to the view that societies continuously construct and reconstruct their own understandings about deviance and crime.

true

Conventional sexual orientations in the United States during the 1950s included heterosexuality, in which homosexuality is the deviant opposition to the conventional during that time

true

Deviant acts that provide immediate gratification of desires construct low self-control.

true

Differential location in the social structure refers to the social and demographic characteristics of individuals defining roles in larger social structure.

true

Discrimination and stigma are examples of societal factors that create barriers to desistance.

true

Drinking too much alchohol is considered a deviant behavior in the United States today.

true

Field research includes a range of observations, from pure observer to participant observation

true

Flashmobs are deviant because they break out in synchronized dancing in public places where dancing usually does not take place

true

Individual and peer factors, school, and family are among risk factors of deviant onset.

true

Juvenile justice programs tend to focus on rehabilitation more than their adult counterparts.

true

Karl Marx coined the term "proletariat" to refer to the laborers of production

true

Labeling theorists would argue that deviance is less about what you do and more about the social response to what you do that shapes future routes of deviance.

true

Recent studies have made clear that the U.S. criminal justice system and particularly our reliance on mass incarceration disproportionately affect minorities and the poor, and have long-lasting impact on the life chances and opportunities available to individuals, families, and whole communities.

true

Researchers of career deviance and deviant careers are concerned with why people begin to engage in deviance and why deviance persists.

true

Social control theories argue the law is representative of the consensus in society.

true

Social controls can be consequential no matter which institution they are connected because one an individual is confined the transition to the community can be difficult.

true

Social learning theories argue social behavior is observed and imitated.

true

Spirituality is a key component to self-help and formal treatment programs aiming to desist deviants from life of deviance.

true

Subjectively problematic means that deviance is constructed based on interactions of those in society

true

The Scarlet Letter is a story of stereotypes, labels, and the consequences of each of these as labeling theorists would argue in their analyses.

true

Today, even those interested in biological predictors of crime and deviance do not argue that behavior is inherited, but rather they say that there may be predispositions that make some folks more likely to engage in behavior.

true

Total institution refers to the social arrangement in society in which all daily activities are conducted in masses, tightly scheduled and prearranged as a form of social control and institutionalization.

true

Trajectory is the pathway or line of development of deviancy over a life span, referring to long-term patterns of life behavior and marked by sequence of transitions.

true

William Bonger built upon Marxist ideas and explicitly related them to the topic of crime in his book Criminality and Economic Conditions.

true

intentional behaviors that violate norms but are conducted in honorable ways and for the good of people are acts of positive deviance

true