Deviant Behavior Final

In a recent nationwide survey undertaken by Ms. Magazine, nearly _____ percent of the college women who had been raped by their dates did NOT identify their experience as rape.

75

Which of the following statements about pedophile priests is NOT true?

Almost half of all priests have been involved in molesting children.

_____ holds that if an individual associates with people who hold deviant ideas more than with those who embrace conventional ideas, the individual is likely to become deviant.

Differential Association

Which of the following is not an example of a theme of Jordan and Cowan's warrior narratives?

Emotional vulnerability

According to Messner and Rosenfeld, lack of opportunity is the primary and overwhelming factor that contributes to people resorting to illegal means of achieving success.

False

Almost all rape victims express their feelings inwardly and rarely display anger or seek revenge against their attackers.

False

Anywhere from about 15 to 20 percent of college women have been sexually assaulted.

False

It is impossible for a woman to rape a man: such a case of rape has not been known to take place except in the movies or some men's fantasies.

False

It is likely that analyses based on inequality, such as that in critical and conflict theory, will become outmoded as periphery nations rise to compete in the global economy.

False

Labeling phenomenological theories concentrate on understanding the causes of deviance.

False

Most rapes are committed on impulse.

False

Most rapists would admit to their crimes.

False

Powerful people have less need to engage in deviance because they have so much already.

False

Reintegrative shaming is another form of negative stigmatizing.

False

Research has shown that strong social controls can almost totally prevent deviant behavior from occurring.

False

Sutherland's Social Learning Theory purports that deviant behavior is learned via cultural values of success.

False

Under feminist theory, the dominant class defines as criminal those behaviors that threaten its interests.

False

Which of the following is an example of Burgess and Aker's Differential Reinforcement theory?

Having been rewarded witj good grades for studying hard in the past. Trae continues to study hard today.

Which of the following is NOT an example of Merton's legitimate means to achieving success?

Insider trading

Which of the following is NOT a statement about the nature of postmodernist theory?

It is relatively disinterested in the most modern forms of deviant behavior.

This theoretical perspective attributes deviance to the unequal distribution of resources brought about by the exploitative capitalist system.

Marxist theory

What factor combinations are said by Robert Agnew to contribute to frustration, fear, and anger?

Removal of positively valued stimuli and presentation of negative stimuli

According to Merton's anomie-strain theory, which of the following statements is true?

The legitimate means of achieving high success goals are not freely available to all classes of people.

According to conflict theory, potential results of coercive control include resentment and alienation.

True

According to the deterrence doctrine, certainty and swiftness of punishment are two ways crime can be reduced.

True

Attachment to conventional people and institutions and commitment to conformity are two ways individuals bond to conventional society.

True

Conflict theory greatly contributes to our understanding of how social inequality influences the making and enforcing of norms, rules, and laws.

True

Even societies that condemn rate as a serious crime have a culture of rape.

True

Labeling theory has been most often criticized for failing to locate the actual causes of deviance

True

Many rape victims feel about involvement with the police and courts is worse than that of the rape itself.

True

Merton's theory indicates that individual acts of deviance have a social origin.

True

Most child molesters admit their guilt, while most rapists refuse to do so.

True

Most rapists do not randomly, compulsively, or explosively assault their victims; instead, they do some planning before they strike.

True

One essential part of differential association theory is the assertion that the process of learning to become a criminal is the same as the process of learning to become a normal person.

True

One new approach to the study of deviance is the postmodern analysis of linguistic domination, or how the language of the powerful group dominates linguist interaction.

True

Participation in a gang rape fulfills a social need rather than sexual desire.

True

Social control can actually cause deviant behavior as well as prevent it.

True

The concept of differential reinforcement is best at explaining why a person continues to commit a deviant act, not why he or she does so in the first place.

True

The idea of victim-precipitated rape is more a male's biased view rather than an accurate description of the crime.

True

There is no reliable evidence to support anomie-strain theory's claim that people of the lower classes are mite likely than those of other classes to engage in deviant behavior.

True

To phenomenologists, the deviant's subjective experience is the heart of deviant reality.

True

To phenomenologists, the meanings of deviant phenomena are essentially problematic.

True

Various data seem to suggest that child molesters feel disastrously to meet the cultural standards of masculinity.

True

When a person who is labeled a deviant passively accepts the stigmatizing label and undertakes a deviant career, this behavior is called secondary deviance.

True

The myth that women want to be raped is

a male blame-the-victim rationalization.

Harold Garfinkel studied Agnes, who was a person seeking a sex change operation, and discovered that she considered herself

a normal woman with a physical defect (a penis).

According to labeling theory, the final step leading to secondary deviation involves

acceptance of and adjustment to deviant social status by the deviant.

According to Hirschi, which of the following is NOT a way for individuals to bond themselves to society?

an experience of a gap between goals and means

Feminist theory states that rape is caused by sexual inequality because rape is

an expression of men's dominance over women.

The essential idea of conflict theory is that conflict as well as its resulting criminality is

an inherent, normal, and integral part of complex modern societies.

According to leading masculinities scholars, some men who utilize sexual violence

are acting from a feeling of low power and seek to assert their masculinity to both men and women

Child molesters are likely to

be their victim's relatives or neighbors.

The theories of positivist sociologists attempt to explain the _____ of deviance.

causes

Many men do not seem to recognize the difference between

consensual pre-rape intimacy and forced sex.

Which of the following is NOT one of the constructionist theories of deviance?

control theory

According to Cloward and Ohlin, lower-class boys experience different opportunities in the form of three subcultures, which are

criminal, conflict, and retreatist.

Hank is a sociologist investigating the causes of crime. He is interested in how some areas of the city have traditions of crime that persist over generations, and how individuals easily move into groups following those traditions. What theory of deviance is guiding Hank's research?

differential association theory

Which of the following is a problem psychologists feel can lead men to become rapists?

feelings of sexual inadequacy

One of the outcomes of same-sex rape is that the male victim

feels a loss of masculinity.

All of the following are reasons the powerful are more prone to deviance EXCEPT for

greater deviant tendencies.

One reason why labeling theory has enjoyed tremendous popularity among sociologists is because this theory

has considerable data to support some of its basic ideas.

Many sociologists have criticized Merton's version of anomie-strain theory for assuming that lower-class people

have the same level of aspirations as other social classes.

All of the following are criticisms of phenomenological theory EXCEPT that phenomenologists

incorrectly assume that powerless deviants are powerless people who have little free will.

When the language of the strong dominates the language of the weak, the weak experience

linguistic domination.

In her analysis of 156 tribal societies, Peggy Sanday found that rape-prone societies are marked by

male dominance.

According to Merton, the only cultural values of importance in American society is

material success.

Daniel Glaser felt that Sutherland's theory was too _____ and proposed that a process of identification with criminals also had to take place.

mechanistic

Oftentimes a victim of rape who self-blames will

not accept the fact that they were victims of a violent crime

Which of the following theories examines the subjectivity of people, including their attitudes, feelings, and opinions about deviance?

phenomenological theory

Quinney and other conflict theorists see something terribly wrong with existing society and have called for

political action

According to Erikson and others, labeling other persons as deviant has

positive consequences for the community or individuals who apply the label.

According to Lemert, what is the first act in the sequence of interaction leading to secondary deviation?

primary deviation

Labeling theory interprets deviance as a(n)

process of symbolic interactionism.

Which of the following behavioral characteristics would a rapist NOT consider a sign of vulnerability?

projecting confidence without appearing aggressive

According to Merton, when persons hold high success aspirations and are not given the opportunity to realize them, they might

resort to illegitimate means of achieving their aspirations.

Joe, a steel worker in Cleveland, Ohio, has no aspirations of being rich and successful. Nevertheless, he works hard and takes pride of his job. According to Merton's theory, this is an example of

ritualism.

An expression of disapproval designed to invoke remorse in the wrongdoer is called

shaming.

According to Jack Douglas, there are two types of meetings: abstract meanings and _____ meanings.

situated

According to the power theory, the types of deviance and types of persons who commit deviant acts are strongly influenced by

social inequality.

The essence of several types of anomie-strain theory is that the experience of

socially induced strain pressures individuals to commit deviant acts.

Merton's version of anomie-strain theory is based on the premise that

society encourages the individual to engage in deviance.

One positive contribution of anomie-strain theory is that

society, not the individual, causes much deviance.

The feminine qualities conducive to becoming a victim of rape are

softness, gentleness, and consideration.

In many areas of the world, long after the fighting and their consequent rape by foreign solders, women

tend to be regarded as irreparably damaged property.

One reason why Church leaders failed to dismiss offending priests from their jobs is

the church's culture of secrecy and forgiveness.

What do phenomenologists mean by the term deviant reality?

the subjective meaning that deviants impute to their own deviant experience

With acquaintance rape, the rapist mostly uses

verbal coercion.

According to control theories of deviance, the central question is

what causes conformity.

One reason why many rapists felt they would never go to prison for rape is that they believe that

women were sexual objects for men to use for pleasure.