DG 7 & 8 & 9

How does the energy content of the electrons change during the light reaction?

the electrons gain energy as they flow from H2O to NADP+

Within the chloroplast of a mesophyll cell, where do the light reaction and the calvin cycle take place?

Light reaction= thylakoid membrane, Calvin cycle= stroma

What are the 2 main components of each photosystme

each photosystems contains light harvesting complexes and reaction center complex.

Cite three ways that a brown fat cell differs from a white fats cell?

1. Brown fat cells have multiple lipid droplets 2. Brown fat cells have alot of mitochondria 3. Brown fat has a large amount of cytoplasm

What are the three major products of glycolysis and how many molecules are generated per glucose input?

2 NADH: 2 ATP (2 used and 4 produced - net yield =2), 2 pyruvate molecules

The full electromagnetic spectrum of visible light?

380-750

What type of enzyme does NADH usually function with

A dehydrogenase

Rubisco is not very effiecient and high quantities are needed for photosynthesis. scientists have always dreamed of being able to find ways to improve its catalytive turnover. Why might improving the catalytic turnover rate of this enzyme be beneficial?

A more efficient enzyme could improve crop yield because the plants would grow faster. Perhaps a more efficient enzyme would also increase the amount of CO2 that is removed from the atmosphere by plants.

In photosystem 2 and 1, why are a variety of different pigment molecules present in the light harvesting complex(antenna complex)?

A specific pigment will only absorb light of a specific wavelength. By having a variety of different pigments, light will be absorbed over a broader range of wavelenght

Based on your knowledge of cellular metabolism, explain why hypoxic cancer cells are so greedy for glucose.

Anaerobic respiration generates less ATP/glucose molecule than aerobic respiration.Therefore, a hypoxic cancer cell must consume large quantities of glucose to make enough ATP to keep its cellular processes functioning.

In both healthy and cancerous cells, glucose is converted to pyruvate via glycolysis. Where does this metabolic process take place within a cell?

Cytoplasm

When these electrons travel down the electron transport chains of PSH2 and PS1, energy is release. Explain what this energy does within each of these electron transport chains.

In photosystem 2, the energy drives the synthesis of ATP via chemiosmosis. In photosystem 1, the energy drives the reaction where NADP+ and H+ are reduced to NADPH.

What type of cell produces irisin and what type of cell produces FGF21?

Muscle cells produce irisin and brown fat cells (as well as many other cells) produce FGF21.

How many photosystems are used in the light reaction

PS1, PS2

2 specific pigment molecules are found in the reaction center of both photosysten 2 and photosystem 1. What are these molecules

Photosystem 2= p680 Photosystem 1= p700

Drugs that decrease the efficiency of cells to produce ATP via aerobic respiration often cause an individual to lose weight. Briefly explain why this might happen.

When ATP production is less efficient, more "fuel" (e.g. carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) must be used to make ATP. Thus the body will "tap" into its "stored fuels" and an individual will lose weight as the stores are depleted

the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex acts on pyruvate to catalyze three reactions. What are the products of each reaction, and how many molecules of each product are produced per glucose molecule?

a. Two CO2 molecules b. Two NADH molecules c. Two acetyl-CoA molecules

Carrots are loaded with B-carotene. Why are they orange in color?

because we see the light that is transmitted and reflected and not the light that is absorbed.

during the light reaction, what three different types of pigments absorb light in a plant cell?

chlorophyll a, chlorphyll b, and carotenoids

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytoplasm/ cytosol

where does oxidative phosphorlation take place>

inner membrane

where does pyruvate oxidation take place

mitochondrial matrix

where does the citric acid cycle take place?

mitochondrial matrix

What is the name of the enzyme that catalayzes the first reaction in the calvin cycle

rubisco

Why is photosnthesis an endergonic reaction

the free energy in glucose and oxygen is much greater than the free energy in CO2 and H2O. Thus the reaction is an endergonic reaction because the Detla G is positive number. Light energy is needed to drive photosynthesis.

What is the overall purpose of the light reaction?

the purpose of the light reaction is to convert light energy into chemical energy of ATP and the reducing power of NADPH

Why is it important that humans eat these vegetables?

these veggies contain carotenoids that provide photo-protection by absorbing excessive light energy and reducing free radicals. Excessive free radicals have been associated with several diseases such as skin cancer and mascular degeneration.

What is the overall purpose of the calvin cycle?

to use the chemical energy of ATP and the reducing power of NADPH to convert 3 CO2 into G3P