DHN exam 4
Food-borne illness can also be caused by simple life forms that live on dead or decaying organic matter; these are called _____.
Fungi
Which of the following statements is true? Amino acids are a major source of energy for contracting muscles. Glucose is the primary fuel for resting muscles. During high-intensity exercise, the rate of glucose oxidation decreases. None of these is correct.
None of these are correct
You have a high risk of developing traveler's diarrhea when you visit: New York, New York, Paris, France, or Sydney, Australia
None of these are correct
Departments and their responsibilities
a. EPA: determines which pesticides can be used in agriculture, determines quality of drinking water b. FDA: regulates quality standards for interstate transportation of all foods except poultry, meat, eggs, and milk, approves and regulates use of irradiation in certain foods, and determines whether food is GRAS or not c. USDA: collects and analyzes food samples to check for the presence of microbial and other unwanted and potentially harmful materials in foods, certifies organic foods in US, regulates quality standards for poultry, meat, and eggs
Inc iron deficiency risks & osteoporosis risks:
a. Iron deficiency: monthly menstrual losses, distance running that may lead to gastrointestinal bleeding b. Osteoporosis: cessation of menstruation, and low dietary calcium intake
Matching nutrient intake with associated problems in adolescents
a. Low calcium intake: low bone mass and increased fracture risk b. Iron deficiency: Increased fatigue and decreased ability to learn c. Vegetarianism: potential for inadequate vitamins D and B-12 intake d. Inactivity: overweight and atherosclerosis
Excessive amounts of apple or pear juice should be avoided as the types of sugar in these drinks can lead to ______.
diarrhea
Julio wants to cook chicken and bake a pie made with eggs and milk for his roommates. Julio and his dinner guests are likely to experience food-borne illness if he
marinates the cut-up pieces of raw chicken and uses the marinade to make a dipping sauce for the chicken
Compared to preschoolers, older children tend to eat
more foods away from home
Which of the following conditions is often associated with the abuse of anabolic steroids? Urinary tract infections Macular degeneration Low blood pressure Sleep disturbances
sleep disturbances
Which of the following statements is true? When beginning the improvement stage of an exercise program, a person should exercise at 85% of his or her age-related target heart rate zone. Over time, a well-planned exercise program results in detraining. The first 3 to 6 weeks of a new exercise program is called the origination stage. A comprehensive fitness program includes aerobic, resistance, and stretching activities.
A comprehensive fitness program includes aerobic, resistance, and stretching activities.
Which of the following statements is true? In the United States, people rarely suffer from food-borne illnesses. An undercooked hamburger patty is the most likely source of aflatoxin. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for inspecting local restaurants and grocery stores to ensure they meet food safety standards. A food's odor or appearance is not a reliable indicator of whether it is safe to eat.
A food's odor or appearance is not a reliable indicator of whether it is safe to eat.
Functions of intentional food additives include: making the food taste better, enhancing the color of the food, improving the nutrient content of the food
All of these are correct
Walter is 90 years of age. His ____ is likely to influence his nutritional status: need to wear false teeth, annual income, and isolation from family members
All of these are correct
Which of the following foods often is a source of food-borne pathogens? Potato salad, unpasteurized milk, egg custard
All of these are correct
As a healthier alternative to French fries, some fast food outlets offer pre-sliced, bagged apples as a side option. The ingredients list often reads, "Apples and Ascorbic Acid." Ascorbic acid is another name for vitamin C. What role does the ascorbic acid play in the product?
Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that prevents discoloration when the apples are cut and exposed to oxygen
Kelly is concerned about the growth of her premature daughter, Quinn. At Quinn's last pediatrician appointment, the doctor assured Kelly that Quinn's head circumference indicates adequate growth. What does head circumference measure in a child?
Head circumference is a means of assessing brain growth
Which of the following statements is true
It is not unusual for children to have food jags
Now that Quinn is six months old, her mother Kelly is wondering if she is ready to start solid foods. What factors determine if Quinn is ready for solid foods? Check all that apply:
Quinn no longer thrusts her tongue forward and pushes out food when it is introduced, she can sit up with back support, and she can control her mouth, head, and neck
Dana and her husband are on vacation at a resort that features a variety of outdoor activities. Because she is pregnant, Dana is cautious about what types of exercise she engages in. All of the following are appropriate exercises for pregnancy EXCEPT
SCUBA diving
Loraine's kids recently got a pet turtle. She is trying to teach them the importance of washing their hands after handling the turtle because turtles are potential carriers of:
Salmonella
Which of the following statements is true? While at rest, a muscle cell stores only a small amount of ATP. The oxygen energy system does not produce ATP. The lactic acid energy system requires large quantities of oxygen to function properly. Gram per gram, sugars supply more energy than fats.
While at rest, a muscle cell stores only a small amount of ATP
Anthony is training for a half-marathon. On long-run days, which of the following snacks would be the most appropriate to consume after one hour of running and why?
a banana and pretzels because they provide carbs, which prevent fatigue
The co-workers in Loraine's office enjoy bringing home-prepared foods to have "potluck" lunches on Fridays. Loraine is concerned about the risk of food-borne illnesses, so she brought a food thermometer to work to test the dishes that were prepared for a recent potluck. Which food(s) that were served during the meal is/are in the danger zone? Check all that apply:
a chilled macaroni salad made with mayo at 55 degrees F, and a warm scalloped potato casserole at 132 degrees F
At an outdoor picnic, it is advisable to avoid all of the following foods EXCEPT
a chilled salad served from a shallow container filled with ice
Inc vs Dec risks by exercise
a. Dec: Stress, colon cancer risk, depression and anxiety, sleep disorders, blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, risk of premature death b. Inc: self-image, muscle mass, strength, flexibility, and balance, bone strength, cardiovascular function
Energy systems and duration
a. PCr-ATP: exercise lasting a few seconds b. Lactic acid: exercise lasting 30-40 seconds c. Oxygen: endurance exercise activities
Components of healthy maternal weight gain in order from greatest to least:
fetus, uterus and breasts, placenta and amniotic fluid, blood
Breast milk is a near perfect food for infants, although it does lack some micronutrients that babies need. Breast milk is relatively low in which of the following nutrients? Check all that apply:
fluoride, iron, and Vitamin D
Freezing food is one way of preserving food. What does freezing do?
freezing halts microbes' ability to multiply
Muscles store ____, the immediate source of glucose for contracting muscles.
glycogen
Loraine's mother-in-law is babysitting Loraine's 8-month-old baby, and mentions she is going to give him fruit that is sweetened with and honey for dessert. Loraine points out that he cannot have honey. Why should children under one year of age avoid honey?
honey can contain botulism spores that can cause botulism in young children with immature immune systems
Now that Quinn has started eating solid foods, her parents want to ensure she avoids any choking hazards. Which of the following are not advisable to feed an infant as they may cause choking? Check all that apply:
hot dogs cut into coin-shaped pieces, peanut butter, and grapes
An ergogenic acid that increases muscle mass by may also cause uncontrolled growth of the heart or other organs and is banned by the International Olympic Committee is _______.
human growth hormone
The level of excretion you exhibit during an activity is referred to as the _____ of exercise, whereas the time you devote to the activity is the _____.
intensity; duration
Emma is a 25 year-old pregnant woman. Her need for ____ is 50% higher than before she became pregnant
iron
Maternal iron stores transferred to the fetus during the end stages of pregnancy generally run out by the time an infant is six months old. Iron is important for cognitive development. What is the best source of dietary iron for a 12-month-old child?
iron-fortified breakfast cereal or small amounts of lean meat
Human milk is also rich in _______, arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which help with brain and eye development
linoleic acid
During her 6th month of pregnancy, Miranda developed pregnancy-induced hypertension. As a result of this condition, Miranda has a higher risk of giving birth to a _____ infant than a pregnant woman who does not experience pregnancy-induced hypertension.
low birth-weight
A second hormone, _____, signals breast tissue to "let down" milk.
oxytocin
Organisms that live in or on another living thing and get their nutrients from the host are called ______.
parasites
Microbes that can cause disease are called _____.
pathogens
The act of making your body engage in movement that results from skeletal muscle contraction is called _____.
physical activity
Your ability to engage in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity activities without becoming excessively fatigued determines your level of _____.
physical activity
A suckling infant sends a signal to the ________ in the mother's brain, telling it to release two hormones.
pituitary gland
During most of pregnancy, the _______ is the organ responsible for nutrient and oxygen transfer from the mother to the developing human being
placenta
Highest safe minimum internal temp to lowest
poultry, hamburger, medium-rare steak
One hormone, _____, stimulates breast milk production
prolactin
Which of the following is generally classified as aerobic?
running
What is the best way to store eggs in order to reduce the potential for food-borne illness?
store them in their original carton in the fridge
Loraine is having guests over tomorrow; she is preparing a pork roast that is currently frozen. Which of the following are appropriate methods to thaw the frozen meat? Check all that apply:
thaw the frozen meat in the refrigerator, thaw the frozen meat under cold, running water, and thaw the frozen meat in the microwave
Dietitians and Pediatricians generally recommend that babies be breastfed exclusively for:
the first 6 months of life
Of the energy systems available for use by exercising muscles, which one allows cells to produce the most amount of ATP?
the oxygen energy system
Jordan is an American who is traveling through India. Today, he's staying in home that's in a village about 50 miles southwest of New Delhi. To avoid traveler's diarrhea, Jordan should
use bottled water to drink, wash hands, brush teeth, and take medication
Another potential source of food-borne illnesses are _____, which are pieces of genetic material coated with protein.
viruses
Carbohydrate loading involves a period of increasing carbohydrate intake. It also leads to an increase in the muscles' storage of which of the following that may cause muscle stiffness and unwanted weight gain?
water
Anthony is a 42-year-old male who recently lost 50 pounds by increasing his exercise and eating small, frequent meals. Now that he is in a weight-maintenance phase, his trainer recommends exercising for 90 minutes per day, most days of the week, at 60-70% of his maximum heart rate. How many heartbeats per minute is 60-70% of his max heart rate?
107-125 beats per minute
Energy needs required from least to greatest
1st trimester, 2nd trimester, 3rd trimester, lactating mother
According to the American College of Sports Medicine, healthy American adults under 65 years of age should aim for what level of moderate-intensity exercise?
30 minutes a day, 5 days a week
As race-day approaches, and in order to increase his glycogen stores and reduce the likelihood of fatigue, Anthony wants to increase the percentage of total kilocalories in his diet coming from carbohydrate. If he is eating 2,500 kilocalories per day during the training period, and if he wants 60% of his kilocalories per day to come from carbohydrate, how many grams of carbohydrate should he be eating per day?
375 grams of carbs per day
Contrary to some beliefs, full gestation is not nine months, but rather _______ weeks
38-42
Lance's goal is to win a marathon bicycle race. He trains aerobically for at least 90 minutes daily. He weighs 80 kg. Based on this information, what is the minimum number of kilocalories he needs to consume daily to maintain his body weight while in training and during a race?
4,000
Anthony is training for a half-marathon. He is now training for more than 90 minutes most days of the week. If Anthony weighs 199 pounds, approximately how many calories per day does he need to support his energy needs and maintain his current weight?
4,500kcal per day
What is the best internal temperature for your refrigerator?
40 degrees F
Anthony is training for a half-marathon. He is now training for more than 90 minutes most days of the week. If Anthony weighs 199 pounds, approximately how many grams of carbohydrate per day should he consume to maintain adequate muscle glycogen?
543-905 grams of carbs per day
Caffeine beverages from highest to lowest
8oz cup of tea, 16oz bottle of mt dew, 8.3oz can of red bull, and 8oz cup of coffee
Stefan is a healthy man who is 26 years of age. Using this information, calculate his approximate target heart rate zone for moderate-intensity physical activity.
97-136 bmp
Food-borne illness-causing microbes thrive under certain environmental conditions. Food-borne illness risk is increased with all of the following EXCEPT
A slightly basic pH
_____ are poisonous substances produced by certain molds that can cause liver damage and death.
Aflatoxins
The toxin produced by ____ can cause blurry vision, muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, and even death
Clostridium botulinum
Which of the following pesticides kills weeds?
Herbicide
Nutrient needs during pregnancy
a. 71 grams per day: protein b. 27 mg per day: iron c. 600 micrograms DFE per day: folic acid d. 85 mg per day: Vitamin C e. 1000 mg per day: Calcium
Anaerobic vs aerobic breakdown of glucose:
a. Anaerobic: glucose degrades into pyruvate under these conditions, provides most of the energy needed for events that require a quick burst of energy, ranging from about 30 seconds to 2 mins, occurs when oxygen supply in the muscle is limited, and provides about 5% of the ATP made from complete glucose metabolism b. Aerobic: breakdown products are carbon dioxide and water, supplies more ATP than the other type of glucose breakdown, and occurs when plenty of oxygen is available in the muscle
Increasing vs decreasing aging processes
a. Inc: heartburn and constipation, hardening of arteries b. Dec: Saliva production, activity of bone-forming cells, brain weight, cardiac output, thyroid hormone production, and kidney cell function
Which of the following activities is generally classified as aerobic?
cycling
The let-down reflex allows breast milk to travel through _____ to the nipple where the baby can access it by continuing to suckle.
ducts
In the early stages of her pregnancy, Dana often experienced morning sickness. She found that a few practices helped alleviate her mild nausea. Which practices are recommended to alleviate nausea associated with pregnancy? Check all that apply:
eating small, frequent meals and snacks, ventilating the kitchen to reduce food smells, and drinking small sips of water and eating crackers before getting out of bed
At the beginning of gestation - from weeks 3-8 - the fertilized egg develops into what is called an _____
embryo
If you plan or structure this activity in order to increase cardiovascular function or muscle mass it is called ____.
exercise
Which of the following pesticides controls the spread of molds that damage crops?
fungicide
Throughout her pregnancy, Dana has been experiencing heartburn. A friend who is a Registered Dietitian explained that hormones produced by the placenta relax muscles in her uterus and GI tract, causing heartburn, but that there are a number of things she can do to alleviate the discomfort. All of the following help prevent or lessen pain associated with heartburn EXCEPT:
lying down after meals
Towards the end of the first week of breastfeeding, the initial milk has transitioned to _______
mature milk
The _______ supplies the fetus with oxygen-rich blood and returns deoxygenated blood
umbilical cord
This early breast milk provides _______ and is _______ in color.
antibodies and immune properties; yellowish
Gabrielle is due to give birth to a boy in March. Before she became pregnant, Gabrielle weighed 140 pounds, which was in the healthy range for her height. Based on this information, her physician will recommend that she gain ______ pounds during her pregnancy.
25-35
From week 9 until birth, the developing human being is called a ______.
fetus
Pregnant women generally need to take a supplement that contains:
folic acid
Percent of energy used by fat from greatest to least
Bench press weight lifting, two hour 12-mile run, playing professional basketball game, 50 yard dash
Promotion of mental alertness by athletes can be achieved through the use of about 3-9 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of _______.
Caffeine
Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient for fueling muscles. During exercise, where can the body get carbohydrate? Check all that apply
Carbs can come from glycogen stored in muscle mass, carbs can come from glycogen stored in liver cells, and carbs can come from glucose available in the bloodstream
The method used to determine Body Mass Index (BMI) in children over age 2 is different from that used to determine the BMI of adults. In what way does childhood BMI measurement differ from adult BMI measurement?
Childhood BMI uses height and weight and is gender- and age-specific, whereas adult BMI just accounts for height and weight
Avoid introduction of honey until age one because honey may contain ______.
Clostridium botuilnum spores
Dana is intending to breastfeed her baby after he is born. She has read that breast milk differs significantly from cow's milk and that cow's milk should not be introduced until the baby is at least one year old. How does breast milk differ from cow's milk and why? Check all that apply:
Cow's milk is too high in minerals, too high in protein, and too low in barbs for an infant, when introduced too early in life, cow's milk proteins may cause an allergic response, and one of the proteins in cow's milk is difficult for an infant to digest
Which of the following substances is a lipid that is necessary for the proper development of an infant's nervous system?
DHA
Using a meat thermometer is the most accurate way to determine internal temperature of cooking meat. Where is the best area to insert the meat thermometer for accurate temperature readings?
The thickest part of the muscle tissue
Engaging in regular physical activity is an important component of a weight-management or weight-loss program. In addition to the effects on weight, regular physical activity also decreases chronic disease risk. What disease risk does regular physical activity help reduce? Check all that apply
Type 2 diabetes, Certain types of cancer, and osteoporosis
1Which of the following vitamins is often lacking in the diets of older adults, especially elderly women?
Vitamin D
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of _________, ergogenic acids that provide energy for muscles and may enhance muscle recovery after intense physical activity
branched-chain amino acids
Macronutrient scenarios
a. Protein: contribution of this macronutrient to energy needs for fueling muscles is generally small b. Fat: important energy source for low-or moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or more than 20 mins c. Carbs: For endurance athletes in training, the majority of calories should come form this macronutrient & the most important macronutrient to consume during exercise that surpasses one hour
Recommended vs not recommended child feeding practice
a. Recommended: encourage kids to try at least one bite of each new food presented at meal time, offer nutritious snacks between meals to hungry kids, choose bright colors, crisp textures, and sweet or mild flavors when choosing children's meals, and avoid introducing honey to children until they are at least 1 year old b. Not recommended: encourage kids to eat the entirety of every food at every meal, offer vegetables with strong flavors and odors, such as broccoli, onions, and asparagus to children, and put children to bed with bottles that contain only a small amount of carbohydrate-laden liquid
Matching food preservation with food
a. Salting: meat b. Irradiating: Raisins c. Aseptic processing: shelf-stable juices d. Fermenting: milk & yogurt
Myths about protein
a. True: The amino acids form dietary protein included in a small meal or snack after strenuous exercise can help muscle cells repair damaged muscle tissue by synthesizing new proteins, excess protein is stored as fat, the National Academy of Sciences maintains that no additional dietary protein is suggested for healthy adults undertaking resistance or endurance exercise b. False: Protein is a major biological fuel used during physical activity, excess protein is stored in muscle tissue, and a number of reputable scientific bodies advocate that protein intake for athletes should be at least 2.0 g/kg/day
Weight gain in pregnancy
a. Underweight at conception: gain 28-40 pounds b. Healthy weight at conception: gain 25-35 pounds c. Overweight at conception: gains 15-25 pounds
Viruses, bacteria, and parasites
a. Viruses: a food service worker who doesn't wash his hands after having a bowel movement contaminates salad with a pathogen that causes many passengers to develop vomiting, abdominal cramps, and watery diarrhea within a couple of days & an infected foodservice handler touches raw vegetables for a salad and transfers the condition that causes jaundice and affects the liver to the customer who ordered the salad b. Bacteria: pre-packaged lettuce contaminated with Salmonella, raw oysters contaminated with Vibrio vulnificus, and rare hamburgers made with ground beef that is contaminated with 0157:H7 c. Parasites: a broken meat thermometer ends up causing a dinner guest to eat an undercooked pork roast infected with Trichinella Spiralis & a broken water main in a port town contaminates the entire boat's water supply with Crytosporidum
Participating in exercise that involves sustained, rhythmic contractions of large muscle groups is called _____.
aerobic exercise
Which of the following conditions is often associated with the abuse of anabolic steroids? Low blood pressure Macular degeneration Aggressive behavior Chronic cough
aggressive behavior
Single-celled microorganisms are called _____.
bacteria
Unpasteurized or raw milk should not be fed to children as it may be contaminated with ______.
bacteria and viruses
This later breast milk tends to be _____ in color.
bluish
In the US, most
boys begin puberty when they are between 10-12 years of age
When preparing foods for infants older than 6 months, candy, whole nuts, coarsely cut meats, raw carrots, popcorn, and peanut butter should be avoided as they can cause _______.
choking
Breastfeeding provides some advantages that are not achieved with formula feeding; one primary advantage is the production of _______, the initial form of breast milk.
colostrum
One ergogenic acid that may be useful in some circumstances is the use of _____ to improve performance in those who undertake repeated bursts of activity, such as in sprinting or weight lifting
creatine
Babies and small children should not be put to bed with a bottle because bathing the teeth with formula, juice, or human milk can cause _______.
dental caries
Hamburgers and other ground meats are high-risk foods. What makes these foods particularly susceptible to food-borne illness? Check all that apply:
→ grinding mixes pathogens from the surface of a meat throughout the meat product, grinding increases surface area, exposing more of the protein-rich tissues to microbes in the air, meat grinders are sources of pathogens that can be spread to the food if the grinder is not properly cleaned, and under-cooking hamburgers fails to kill potentially harmful pathogens that may be residing in the middle of the burger
