digestive

pepsin

(an active enzyme) which digests chicken and vegetable proteins

dental plague

a collection of oral microorganisms and their products, or tartar (calcified deposits at the margin of the teeth along the gums) is a precursor to invasion by dental disease-causing bacteria

cholyecystitis

an acute or chronic inflammation of the gall bladder, usually associated with cholelithiasis and obstruction of the cystic duct with a stone.

gallstones(cholelithiasis)

can form in the gallbladder from excess cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigment.

alimentary canal

digestive tract, which extends from the mouth to the anus. includes the mouth, stomach, pharynx, small intestine, esophagus, large intestine.

pylorus

exit area of the stomach

disorders of the liver

hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver causing jaundice, where the skin and sometimes the eyes have a yellowish hue. viral hepatitis is the most common cause of hepatitis and is related to three major viruses: hepatitis A: is highly contagious and causes mild to severe infection. it is transmitted by contaminated food. hepatitis B: serum hep is transmitted through contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or saliva, as well as by a needly prick. hepatitis C is the most common blood borne infection in the us like HBV the disease is transmitted by blood and body fluids. in addition hep D can occur in association with B making the infect worse. E is similar to A and occurs mostly in developing countries. chronic hep occurs when the acute hep is not healed after 6 months. it progresses slowly, can last for years, and is difficult to treat. cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic irreversible disease replacing normal liver cells with hard fibrous scar tissue its most common cause is alcoholism there is no known cure. cancer of the liver asa a primary cancer usually arised in patients with chronic liver disease

carbs

in your small intestine, carbohydrates like starches are broken down into simple sugars-glucose and fructose which are absorbed by the lining cels and transferred to the capillaries of the villi. the most commonly consumed carbs are bread, soft drinks, cookies, cakes, doughnuts, syrups, jams, potatoes, and rice. from the capillaries of the villi, the simple sugars are carried to the liver by the portal vein, where the non glucose sugars are converted to glucose. glucose if the major source of energy for all cells.

periodontitis

infection causes the gums to pull away from the teeth forming pockets that become sources of infection that can spread to underlying bone. infection of the gums with a purulent of pus-like discharge is called pyorrhea.

dysentary

is a severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis with blood and mucus in frequent, watery stools.

esophagus

is a tube 9 to 10 inches long. it pierces the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus to go from the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity

Gingivitis

is an infection of the gums

gastroenteritis(stomach flu)

is an infection of the stomach and intestine that can be caused by a large number of bacteria and viruses. it cause vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. an outbreak of gastroenteritis can sometimes be traced to contaminated food or water.

small intestine

is responsible for most of the absorption of the nutrients. food(chyme) spends about 3 to 5 hours in the small intestine

large intestine

is so named because its diameter is much greater than that of your small intestine. in your abdominal cavity, the large intestine forms a perimeter around the central mass of the small intestine.

mouth

is the gateway to your digestive tract. its the first site of mechanical digestion, through mastication(chewing) and of chemical digestion, through an enzyme in your saliva

diverticulosis

is the presence of small pouches bulging outward though weak spots in the large intestines lining. the pouches are asymptomatic until they become infected and inflamed, a condition called diverticulitis

stomatitis

is used for any infection of the mouth including: mouth ulcers also called canker sores are erosions of the mucous membrane lining the mouth. aphthous ulcers that last for 3 or 4 days these are usually stress or illness related but can also be caused by trauma. cold sores or fever blisters are recurrent ulcers of the lips, lining of the mouth, and gums due to infection with the virus herpes simplex type 1. these ulcers usually clear up spontaneously. thrush is an infection occurring anywhere in the mouth that is caused by the fungus candida albicans. this fungus is normally found in the mouth but it can multiple out of control as a result of prolonged antibiotic or steroid treatment, cancer chemotherapy, or diabetes.

the liver

is your largest internal organ. it is a complex structure located under your right ribs just below your diaphragm as a complex organ your livers multiple functions include: manufacturing and excreting bile, removing bilirubin (a pigment) from the bloodstream

varix

latin: dilated vein, tortuous

uvulva

latin:grape fleshy projection of the soft palate

ileum

makes up about 55 percent of the small intestines length, it ends at the ileocecal valve, and spinster that controls entry into the large intestine

periodontal disease

occurs when the gums and the jawbone are involved in a disease process

disorders of the pancreas

pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas.

pancreas

spongy exocrine gland, exocrine glands secrete fluids.

dysphagia

symptom of cancer of the esophagus. symptoms are dysphagia (difficulties swallowing), a burning sensation in the chest, and weight loss.

the accessory organs of digestion

teeth, liver, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, pancreas

secretion

the addition of secretions like mucus, that lubricate, liquefy, and digest food throughout the digestive tract while also keeping the tracts lining lubricated

digestion

the breakdown of foods into forms that can be transported to cells and absorbed into these cells. this process has two parts. mechanical digestion: breaks larger pieces of food into smaller ones without alerting their chemical composition. mastication (chewing) breaks down the food into smaller particles so that digestive enzymes have a larger surface area with which to interact. deglutition(swallowing) moves the bolus(mass or lump) of food from the mouth into the esophagus. peristalsis(waves of contraction and relaxation) moves food material through most of the alimentary canal. chemical digestion: breaks down large molecules of food into smaller and simpler chemicals by way of digestive enzymes (made by the salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas)

disorders of the mouth

the human mouth is the entrance to the digestive system and since so many elements pass through it, the human mouth is prone to tooth disorders and a host of other conditiona

propulsion

the mechanical movement of food from the mouth to the anus. normally this takes 24 to 36 hours.

appendicitis

the most common cause of acute abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. if neglected, the inflamed appendix can rupture, leading to peritonitis. Appendicitis is treated with a surgical appendectomy usually performed through laparoscopy

absorption

the movement of nutrient molecules out of the digestive tract, through the epithelial cells lining tract, and into the blood or lymph for transportation to the body cells.

elimination:

the process by which the body removes undigested food residue

the stomach

the stomachs peristaltic contractions mix different boluses of food together and push these contents toward the pylorus( the stomach opening that leads to the bowl) to produce a mixture of semi digested food called chyme.

gallbladder

the underside of your liver is your gallbladder, which stores and concentrated the bold produced by the cystic duct from the gallbladder joins wit the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. this duct system moves the bile from the liver to the duodenum, is called the biliary tract.

dental caries

which are tooth decay and cavity formation are erosions of the tooth surface caused by bacteria, if untreated it can lead to an abscess at the root of the tooth.

hydrochloric acid

which breaks up the connective tissue of meat and the cell walls of vegetables(think of the chicken and vegetables meal you ate earlier)

mucus

which lubricates food and protects the stomach lining

tongue

your tongue moves food around your mouth and helps the cheeks, lips, and gums hold food in place while you chew it. small rough, raised areas on the tongue, called papillae, contain some 4,000 taste buds that react to the chemical nature of food to give you different taste sensations. a fast bud cell lives for 7 to 10 days before its replaces