digestive system

liver

Bile contains bicarbonate ions (neutralize acids), bile salts (solubilize fat)Stored in gallbladder

what is essential nutrients

Compounds that must be obtained in the diet in their complete form. -4 groupsEssential amino acidsEssential fatty acidsMinerals Vitamins

small intestine

Duodenum: digestion of foodBrush border enzymes on luminal surfaceSecretions by pancreasSecretions by liverJejunum: nutrients absorbed across epithelial cells into bloodIleum: Vitamins, mineral and water absorbed -Final digestion of macronutrients using enzymes secreted by the liver and pancreas•Liver produces bile, which breaks fat globules into smaller fragments-bile is stored in the gall bladder•Inner surface of intestine covered with villi -Functionally, the small intestine is chiefly involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. It receives pancreatic secretions and bile through the hepatopancreatic duct which aid with its functions.

pancreas function

During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones. These are chemical messengers that travel through your blood.

liver function

Functions of the liver. The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver.

what is the differences between the diets of omnivores, carnivores, and herbivores? what are the differences in their dentition? what are thedifference in their digestive tract?

Herbivores are animals that eat only plants. Carnivores are animals that eat only meat. Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and meat. -Carnivores have a very simple digestive tract because meat is easy to digest. Herbivores, on the other hand, can have very complex digestive systems that can include multiple stomach chambers and regurgitating food for rechewing, because plant materials are much harder to digest. -In general, meat-eating carnivores have teeth for tearing and skulls capable of biting with great force, while the plant-eating herbivores have teeth and skulls equipped to grind tough vegetation. Omnivores, which eat both plants and animals, have skulls and dentition suitable for a wide range of foods. -herbivore; Must digest cellulose but lack cellulase, Use microbesSimple stomach -uses cecum at connection between small and large intestine herbivore: Complex stomach -several chambersForestomach -3 lower esophageal pouchesRumen and reticulumOmasumCud occasionally regurgitated, rechewed and swallowedAbomasum -true stomachContains acid and enzymes -Length of small intestine variesHerbivores -much longer intestines than carnivoresAdded time for digesting plant material

explain the difference between intra and extracellular digestion. Provide examples of animals that do each.

Intracellular digestion takes place in animals without a digestive tract, in which food items are brought into the cell for digestion. extracellular digestion: Extracellular digestion is a process in which animals feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. -The simplest example of digestion intracellular digestion, which takes place in a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening. Most animals with soft bodies use this type of digestion, including Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Ctenophora (comb jellies), and Cnidaria (coral, jelly fish, and sea anemones). -Extracellular digestion is a form of digestion found in all saprobiontic annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichens and chordates, including vertebrates.

what is the difference between macro and micronutrients.

Macronutrients are those nutrients that the body needs in large amounts. These provide the body with energy (calories). Micronutrients are those nutrients that the body needs in smaller amounts.

2 kinds of macronutrients

Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins Healthy carbs. Healthy protein. Good and bad fats.

Two kinds of micronutrients? provide exmaples.

Micronutrients are the elements required by us in small quantities. Iron, cobalt, chromium, iodine, copper, zinc, molybdenum are some of the micronutrients.

pancreas

Secretes enzymes and bicarbonate ion rich fluid

what are the 3 examples of biomolecules? provide examples. Two kinds of micronutrients? provide exmaples. what is an essential nutrient?

The four major types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

summary of digestion

The human digestive tract is a long, coiled tube extending from mouth to anus. Food passes from the mouth, through the pharynx and esophagus, and into the stomach. After being partially digested in the stomach, food passes into the small intestine. Digestion continues in the first part of the small intestine. Absorption takes place mainly in the small intestine, which consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine absorbs water and minerals. The large intestine includes the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. Locate the three types of accessory glands: the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands.

cecum function

The main functions of the cecum are to absorb fluids and salts that remain after completion of intestinal digestion and absorption and to mix its contents with a lubricating substance, mucus. The internal wall of the cecum is composed of a thick mucous membrane, through which water and salts are absorbed.

large intestine function

The purpose of the large intestine is to absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and get rid of any waste products left over. By the time food mixed with digestive juices reaches your large intestine, most digestion and absorption has already taken place.

salivary glands

amylase, carbohydrates (starch)(chemical digestion)

trace a piece of food from the cereal bowl to the toilet bowl

mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus -The human digestive tract is a long, coiled tube extending from mouth to anus. Food passes from the mouth, through the pharynx and esophagus, and into the stomach. After being partially digested in the stomach, food passes into the small intestine. Digestion continues in the first part of the small intestine. Absorption takes place mainly in the small intestine, which consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine absorbs water and minerals. The large intestine includes the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. Locate the three types of accessory glands: the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands.

be able to identify the organs and structures of the digestive system on a dissected pig or image of one

picture

what are different adaptations and strategies that animals have for obtaining food? understand how these adaptations enable the animal to obtain and/pr absorb nutrients from that food source. Apply this to what you have learned about evolution.

-Unusual adaptation of an acorn-eating insect. The impressively long "snout" of the herbivorous acorn weevil (Curculio) is adapted both for feeding and for making a hole in the acorn through which it deposits an egg. When it has hatched, the larva feeds on the contents of the acorn seed. -An herbivorous bear, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The panda's large, at teeth and well- developed jaws and jaw muscles are adaptations for grinding high- ber plant food. Most bears are omnivores. -Long-nose butterfly sh (Forcipiger longirostris), a predator. The mouth (on right) of the long-nose buttefly sh is adapted for extracting small worms and crust- aceans from crevices in coral reefs. The false eyespot on the sh's tail confuses its predators. -Snake (Alsophis sp.) strangling a lava lizard (Tropidurus). Snakes are predators that can swallow very large prey whole because of the structure of their jaws. The very exible lower jaw expands during swallowing. -bird stomach: proventriculus scretes acid and pepsinogen, gizzard grinds food using sand or small stones, no tooth -both horeses adn cattle are herbivores which use microorganisms to digest cellulose, but theri digetice systems are quite different -cnidaria: Trapping food that floats or swims using sticky surface or tentacles -fluid feeders: Mosquito females have piercing mouthparts to suck up vertebrate blood•Vampire bats scratch the skin of vertebrates and lap up blood•Many insects feed from plant sap -filter feeding: Many marine and aquatic organisms use this method•Specialized filters trap microscopic organisms from the water -filter feeders: food particles gets trapped in cilia --carnivores kill live prey or scavenge -grazers: herbivores that feed constantly on grasses bulk feeders: teeth are adaptations for different sorts of bulk feeding

what is a nutrient?

-are substances in food that are used as energy sources to power the systems of the body, as ingredients to make compounds needed for metabolic processes, and as building blocks in the growth and repair of tissues.

how does the stomach contain acid without injuring itself? what is the role of the stomach in digestion? compare digestion/stomachs in a bird, a ruminat and a human

The acidic gastric juice also kills bacteria. The mucus covers the stomach wall with a protective coating. Together with the bicarbonate, this ensures that the stomach wall itself is not damaged by the hydrochloric acid. -This is where digestive juices and enzymes break down the food that you chewed and swallowed. It prepares it to provide your body with energy. The stomach makes several digestive juices and enzymes that mix with food. Next, the stomach's strong muscles act like a blender to turn food into a useable form. -birds: Crop: storage and softeningBirds and many invertebrates, no teeth cannot grind food, gizzard has pebbles or sand to pulverize food,proventriculus secretes acid and pepsingen