Digestive System

The passageway between the oral cavity and the pharynx is the:

fauces

Gastric juices in stomach

- kill bacteria - work together to digest food - include hydrochloric acid

component organs of the digestive tract?

- mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - colon - anus

components of mucosa

- mucosal epithelium - villi - lamina propria - muscularis mucosae

the pH level inside the human stomach?

1

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

1. Ingestion: process of bringing food into the mouth 2. Mechanical processing 3. Digestion 4. Secretion (chemical digestion): involves the action of saliva on starches 5. Absorption 6. Excretion

Functions of the tongue

1. Mechanical processing by compression, abrasion, and distortion 2. Manipulation to assist in chewing and to prepare material for swallowing 3. Sensory analysis by touch, temperature, and taste receptors 4. Secretion of mucins and the enzyme lingual lipase

What kind of acid is produced by stomach glands to optimize chemical digestion?

hydrochloric acid

the correct order of the four steps of the digestive system (from start to finish):

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Chewing is called

mastication

2 types of digestion

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the______

oropharynx

The muscles of the esophagus squeeze the food downward using the process of:

peristalsis

When the stomach is empty, it folds up into wrinkles called:

rugae

Which organs do both chemical and mechanical digestions?

stomach

accessory organs of the digestive system?

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Too much water absorption in the large intestine leads to_________

constipation

By the time the food leaves the stomach to enter the small intestine called?

creamy paste called chyme

The large area of the stomach between the fundus and the J curve is the:

Body.

Which environment does pepsin work best?

an acidic environment

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the

appendix

Too little water absorption in the large intestine leads to____________

diarrhea

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion? a. saliva breaking down starches in the mouth b. chewing food c. bile breaking down lipids d. A and C

(B) - mechanical digestion is the breaking down of food into smaller pieces, not a change in the chemical structure of the food particles.

Which of the following is an example of chemical digestion? a. chewing food b. enzymes breaking down food into small molecules the body can use c. saliva breaking down starches in the mouth d. B and C

(D) - chewing food is an example of mechanical digestion

During deglutition (swallowing) __________

- The upper esophageal sphincter opens. - The soft palate elevates.

What is pepsin?

- protein digesting enzyme in stomach - responsible for the break down of proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments.

the role of saliva in the digestive system:

- to moisten and lubricate chewed food so it can easily be swallowed - to begin chemically digesting food with the enzyme amylase

How many pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity?

3

another name for food that has been chewed and combined with saliva is:

bolus

the enzyme amylase serves to:

break the chemical bonds in starches, forming sugars.

Salivary amylase (enzyme of salivary glands) functions to digest

carbohydrates

The lateral walls of the oral cavity are formed by the?

cheek

What is the mesentery?

double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place, stores fat, allows blood vessels and nerves to get to organs in peritoneal cavity

Chemical digestion of starch food begins in the______

mouth

Mechanical digestion begins in the____

mouth

layers of digestive tract

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

contraction of the _____ layer of the intestinal wall functions to change the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves food through its length.

muscularis

Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.

muscularis mucosa

Cholecystokinin (hormone secreted by cells in the duodenum) from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of _______

proteins, fats, and acid in the duodenum

The curved, tubular portion of the J-shaped stomach is the:

pylorus

what is the primary function of colon (large intestine)?

remove water from the undigested material that is left.

organs plays the biggest role in absorbing the nutrients found in foods we eat?

small intestine

Chemical digestion of proteins begins in the______

stomach

nutrients are absorbed through the ___________, which are finger-like projections that line the walls of the small intestine.

villi