Digestive System

The release of feces from the large intestine is dependent on (1) stretching of the rectal walls, (2) voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter, (3) involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, (4) activity of the intestinal bacteria, (5) sympathetic stimulation of the internal sphincter.

1 and 2

Which of the following are true concerning the peritoneum? (1) The kidneys and pancreas are retroperitoneal. (2) The greater omentum is the largest of the peritoneal folds. (3) The lesser omentum binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. (4) The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. (5) The mesentery is associated with the small intestine.

1, 2, 4, and 5

Which of the following are functions of the liver? (1) carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, (2) nucleic acid metabolism, (3) excretion of bilirubin, (4) synthesis of bile salts, (5) activation of vitamin D.

1, 3, 4, and 5

Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of gastric secretion and motility are true? (1) The sight, smell, taste, or thought of food can initiate the cephalic phase of gastric activity. (2) The gastric phase begins when food enters the small intestine. (3) Once activated, stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the stomach trigger the flow of gastric juice and peristalsis. (4) The intestinal phase reflexes inhibit gastric activity. (5) The enterogastric reflex stimulates gastric emptying.

1, 3, and 4

Which of the following are true? (1) Segmentations in the small intestine help propel chyme through the intestinal tract. (2) The migrating motility complex is a type of peristalsis in the small intestine. (3) The large surface area for absorption in the small intestine is due to the presence of circular folds, villi, and microvilli. (4) The mucus-producing cells of the small intestine are Paneth cells. (5) Most long-chain fatty acid and monoglyceride absorption in the small intestine requires the presence of bile salts.

2, 3, and 5

When a surgeon makes an incision in the small intestine, in what order would the physician encounter these structures? (1) epithelium, (2) submucosa, (3) serosa, (4) muscularis, (5) lamina propria, (6) muscularis mucosae.

3, 4, 2, 6, 5, 1

Which of the following lists the tubing in the correct order of food movement? -Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, esophagus -Oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, stomach, pyloric valve -Laryngopharynx, oropharynx, esophagus, pyloric valve stomach -Oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, pyloric valve, stomach -Nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach

Oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, stomach, pyloric valve

Which of the following is not true concerning the liver? -The left hepatic duct joins the cystic duct from the gallbladder -As blood passes through the sinusoids, it is processed by hepatocytes and phagocytes. -Processed blood returns from the liver to systemic circulation through the hepatic vein. -The liver receives oxygenated blood through the hepatic artery. -The hepatic portal vein delivers deoxygenated blood from the GI tract to the liver.

The left hepatic duct joins the cystic duct from the gallbladder

T/F: The coordinated contractions and relaxations of the muscularis which propels materials through the GI tract is known as peristalsis.

True

T/F: The soft palate, uvula, and epiglottis prevent swallowed foods and liquids from entering the respiratory passages.

True

List the mechanisms of absorption of materials in the small intestine: [a], [b], [c], and [d].

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport

The end-products of chemical digestion of carbohydrates are [a] , of proteins are [b], of lipids are [c] and [d], and of nucleic acids are [e], [f], and [g].

monosaccharides, amino acids, monoglycerides, fatty acids, pentoses, phosphates, nitrogenous bases,

Which of the following are mismatched? -chemical digestion: splitting food molecules into simple substances by hydrolysis and aided by digestive enzymes -motility: mechanical processes that break apart ingested food into small molecules -ingestion: taking foods and liquids into the mouth -propulsion: movement of food through GI tract due to smooth muscle contraction -absorption: passage into blood or lymph of ions, fluids and small molecules into the epithelial lining of the GI tract lumen.

motility: mechanical processes that break apart ingested food into small molecules

Which of the following would be considered accessory organs? -pancreas -stomach -esophagus -large intestine -small intestine

pancreas

The regular contractions of the muscularis that push food through the gastrointestinal tract -segmentations -peristalsis -migratory motility complex -haustral churning -pendular movement

peristalsis

Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the

small intestine