Dirt Test
9. Secondary clay-size minerals are recrystallized products of the chemical breakdown and/or alteration of primary minerals.
T
107. A layer of soil formed by natural processes of soil development is called a: A. soil horizon B. soil profile C. rocky solum D. pedon regolith E. parent material
a
110. The most widely distributed and extensive of all parent materials is A. residuum B. eolian C. alluvium D. marine E. cumulose
a
111. Eolian parent materials are transported: A. by atmospheric winds from their points of origin B. from volcanic lava fields by ice C. to the base of hills by gravity D. to floodplains by freshwater E. to beaches by the ocean waves
a
116. farming disturbance of the topsoil
a
12. Information about conditions at 2 to 4 meters deep in a soil is most helpful for understanding _______. A. how best to design a building foundation B. the diversity of animal life in the soil. C. the proper classification of the soil. D. fertility requirements of most crops
a
120. Compared to silt, clay-sized soil particles are characterized by A. greater attraction for water B. greater proportion of primary minerals C. less attraction for water D. less capacity to hold nutrients in plant-available forms
a
128. The ease with which air, water, and plant roots pass through the soil is called A. permeability B. porosity C. soil strength D. infiltration rate E. degree of aggregation
a
13. Igneous rocks can best be characterized as: A. rocks formed when molten magma solidifies. B. rocks containing both feldspars and micas. C. rocks formed from the recrystallization of sedimentary material. D. rocks containing a mixture of primary and secondary minerals. E. rocks found primarily near volcanoes.
a
The reaction: orthoclase + HOH → K+ + OH- + kaolinite clay is an example of ________. A. hydrolysis B. acid solution weathering C. oxidation D. hydration E. exfoliation
a
101. Relatively deep well-drained soil
a
12. Glacial till is deposited by melt waters flowing out from the front of glaciers.
F
17. Soils developed in wind-blown parent materials such as loess are generally of poor agricultural value
F
18. A soil developed in transported parent materials will likely have properties related to the properties of the bedrock located below the C horizon
F
19. The topmost horizon in most humid region forest soils is the A horizon.
F
3. Subsoil is typically equivalent to the O horizon.
F
4. The dark brown and black humus found in many soils does not mix well with clay minerals so there is very little contact between these two soil components.
F
5. A, B, C, and E horizons are found in all soils.
F
8. Sandstones are examples of metamorphic rocks.
F
1. Most of the water in our freshwater rivers has come in contact with and has been affected by soils.
T
10. Chemical weathering is accelerated by water, oxygen, and organic and inorganic acids moving down through decomposed rock.
T
11. Residual parent materials have formed in place and have not been transported from one area to another.
T
13. Organic deposits are most common in areas where water flow over the soil surface is restricted and where wetlands form.
T
14. Climate influences not only the rate of weathering but the type of native vegetation in an area.
T
15. The O horizons of a soil are dominantly organic horizons occurring above mineral horizons.
T
16. The soil A horizons are more apt to be cultivated during agriculture than the E horizons.
T
2. Soil air usually has a higher carbon dioxide content than the air in the atmosphere.
T
20. Eluviation of clay, iron, and other materials is the principal process responsible for the formation of an E horizon.
T
6. Most of the water flowing in rivers passed through a soil profile or over soil surfaces before reaching the flowing river waters
T
7. Igneous rocks are formed when molten magma cools and solidifies.
T
130. Percent porosity and soil bulk density are related. An increase in porosity results in: A. a decrease in bulk density B. an increase in bulk density C. a more compacted soil D. no change in bulk density E. bulk density equal to porosity
a
134. Which of the following soil properties has the greatest influence on soil infiltration rate? A. Texture B. Organic matter content C. Carbonate content D. Particle density
a
136. The total volume of solid particles in the soil in question 135 was 55 cm3 . Calculate the particle density of the soil in question 135. A. 2.73 g/cm3 B. 2.73 g C. 0.41 g/cm3 D. 1.82 g/cm3 E. 1.82 cm3
a
19. If you wanted to find a soil where physical weathering dominated over chemical breakdown you would be most apt to find it in ______. A. a desert region of Arizona B. a humid region in Brazil C. the hill lands of Georgia D. a wetland deposit in Minnesota E. a coastal plain area of Delaware
a
20. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic are three _________. A. types of rocks B. basic classes of soils C. master horizon names D. types of minerals E. processes of weathering
a
23. Organic matter accumulation is most pronounced in the ____. A. O horizon B. A horizon C. E horizon D. B horizon E. C horizon
a
33. Which of the following soil horizons would likely have the highest percentage of organic matter? A. A B. E C. Bt D. Ck E. impossible to tell from the information given
a
34. Which of the following conditions would result in the greatest soil development, assuming that all other soil forming factors are equal: A. temperate, moist climate with forest vegetation B. cool, dry climate with grass vegetation C. warm, dry climate, grass vegetation D. steep landscape, forest vegetation
a
35. Soils on south aspects in the Northern Hemisphere generally have ________ than the soils on adjacent north aspects. A. less vegetative cover and warmer temperatures B. deeper profiles and cooler temperatures C. greater organic matter levels and more direct solar radiation D. shallower profiles and greater vegetative cover E. cooler temperatures and shallower profiles
a
37. The two soil horizons common in humid, forested areas derived from sandy granitic alluvium are: A. O and E horizons B. A and R horizons C. O and B horizons D. A and D horizons E. R and A horizons
a
39. Which of the soil horizons would more likely be found in a desert than under a rainforest? A. Bk B. Ap C. E D. Cr E. R
a
40. In the Northern Hemisphere, soil development is most likely greatest on slopes which are: A. north-facing C. east-facing B. south-facing D. west-facing
a
45. The most common rock type presently on surface of the land is A. sedimentary B. granite C. metamorphic D. sandstone
a
46. On a stable upland landscape with little erosion or deposition, one would expect to find: A. deep residual soils B. alluvial parent materials C. lacustrine parent materials D. aeolian parent materials E. shallow transported soils
a
49. Material deposited by moving fresh water is called: A. alluvium D. eluvial B. colluvium E. loess C. lacustrine
a
54. Which of the following is true about the hydrolysis reaction A. Water changes the chemical composition of minerals, making them less resistant to further weathering and releasing elements to soil solution B. Fe-bearing minerals react with water and oxygen to form hydrated Fe2+ C. Water breaks the minerals down physically without changing their chemical composition, making them less resistant to further weathering D. Water combines with carbon dioxide to form an acid that dissolves carbonate minerals
a
58. Argillic horizons are characterized by A. accumulation of silicate clays B. high level of Na+ ions C. high levels of iron and aluminum oxides D. impervious hardpan layers E. organic matter accumulation
a
6. "Topsoil" is generally equivalent to which soil horizon? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E
a
67. Which graph most correctly portrays the relationship between humus content and soil depth in a grassland soil?
a
71. In a floodplain deposit, the coarser textured soils are found developing in the material deposited at which location (A, B, or C)?
a
72. Among the following processes of weathering which one is not a physical weathering process? A. hydrolysis B. wetting and drying C. freezing and thawing D. grinding action E. action of organisms
a
76. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a soil horizon dissolves in the rain water passing through the soil, moves down through the soil profile into the groundwater. This is an example of which soil forming process? A. Loss B. Transformation C. Addition D. Translocation E. Ultisols
a
80. The elements added to the soil solution by mineral weathering can be: A. taken up by plants or leached B. taken up by plants or primary minerals C. added to secondary and primary minerals D. converted into toxic organic compounds E. removed from the soil by primary mineral formation
a
86. If you were to choose the most favorable location for agriculture, which of the following sites would you choose? A. an old stream floodplain B. a glacial end moraine C. an aeolian sand dune D. an old river channel E. a colluvial toeslope
a
90. E soil horizons are defined as zones of: A. eluviation D. organic matter B. illuviation E. consideration C. mineralization
a
91. Which of the following conditions would result in the least soil development and weathering; assuming that all other soil forming factors are equal: A. cold, dry climate with tundra vegetation B. cool, dry climate with grass vegetation C. warm, humid climate with mixed forest vegetation D. warm, dry climate with grass vegetation E. level landscape with forest vegetation
a
102. Cool moist soil with an E horizon
b
104. Metamorphic rocks can best be characterized as: A. rocks formed from the weathering of sedimentary material. B. rocks formed by heat and pressure alterations of pre-existing rocks. C. rocks formed when molten magma solidifies. D. rocks containing a mixture of primary and secondary minerals. E. rocks found primarily near oceans.
b
105. Typically, the younger the soil, the fewer the: A. amount of alluvial stratification B. number of different soil horizons C. free oxygen content D. primary mineral content E. degree of biotic diversity
b
108. Among the following processes of weathering which one is a physical weathering process? A. hydrolysis of orthoclase B. disintegration of feldpars due to rapid temperature changes C. reduction of ferric iron D. oxidation of biotite iron E. carbonation of calcite
b
113. In the Northern Hemisphere, soil development is most likely the least on slopes which are: A. north-facing C. east-facing B. south-facing D. west-facing
b
115. illuvial accumulation of clay
b
121. The percentages of which soil components represent the minimum information necessary in order to determine the textural class of a soil? A. gravel and sand B. silt and sand C. clay and organic matter D. clay, water and air E. sand, silt and clay
b
133. Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between soil structure and soil permeability A. Blocky structure in a Bt horizon results in rapid permeability due to the dominance of macropores B. Granular structure in an A horizon results in rapid permeability due to the dominance of macropores C. Platy structure in an A horizon results in low permeability due to the dominance of macropores D. Single grained structure in an A horizon results in low permeability due to the dominance of micropores E. none of the above
b
17. Residual parent materials are best described as __________. A. materials formed under organic residues B. materials formed by weathering of rocks and minerals in place C. materials transported from one location to another by water, ice, or wind D. materials more dominant in Iowa than in the Southern United States E. upland materials formed with relatively little chemical weathering
b
24. Silicate clay accumulation is most common in the ____. A. A horizon B. B horizon C. C horizon D. O Horizon E. E horizon
b
25. The presence of rocks such as shale and sandstone indicate the existence of _______. A. a high water table B. ancient seas C. old mountain ranges D. iron-rich minerals E. highly weathered soils
b
27. Compacting a soil results in which set of changes in percent by volume of its constituents? A. decrease in mineral material and increase in water-filled pore space B. increase in mineral material and decrease in air-filled pore space C. increase in mineral material and increase in air-filled pore space D. increase in organic matter and decrease in water-filled pore space
b
3. Most of the different nutrients essential for growth are supplied to plants directly from the ______. A. rain water B. soil solution C. atmosphere D. cosmic radiation E. soil humus
b
30. The mixed angular gravel, rock, and soil found at the foot of a slope is typical of what type of parent material? A. eolian B. colluvial C. alluvial D. glacial E. residual
b
32. Granite tends to weather to soils that are A. Highly fertile and coarse textured B. Infertile and coarse textured C. Highly fertile and fine textured D. Infertile and fine textured
b
36. The presence of basalt indicates the existence of _______ in the past. A. a high water table B. volcanic activity C. old mountain ranges D. iron-rich minerals E. highly weathered soils
b
43. B horizons are defined as zones of: A. eluviation D. alliteration B. illuviation E. constipation C. mineralization
b
50. Which of the following would be the last horizon to form as a soil profile develops is the: A. A B. B C. C D. R
b
55. Eolian parent materials would be mainly located on: A. summits and debris slopes B. loess plains and sand dunes C. backslopes and the base of hills D. floodplains and mesa tops E. beaches and landslides
b
57. Which horizon of a soil profile is most changed from the parent material? A. O B. A C. E D. B E. C
b
60. Climate is a soil-forming factor that results in: A. few soil differences B. regional soil differences C. no biosphere differences D. sandy and clayey soil decomposition E. changes in topographic position
b
63. Effect of climate on soil formation. Select the set of profiles that best shows the effect of climate on soil development as one moves from east to west across the U.S.
b
64. Typically, the older the soil, the greater the: A. amount of alluvial stratification B. number of different soil horizons C. free oxygen content D. primary mineral content E. degree of biotic diversity
b
68. Primary minerals in igneous rocks form during the: A. physical weathering of soil minerals B. cooling and solidification of magma C. recrystallization of elements in the soil solution D. leaching of soluble salts and carbonates E. formation of earthquake fault zones
b
69. The process by which earthworms, ants move soil up and down in the soil profile is called A. Cryoturbation B. Pedoturbation C. Geochemical weathering D. transformation E. None of the above
b
7. "Subsoil" is generally equivalent to which soil horizon? A. A B. B C. F D. D E. E
b
79. Physical weathering of rock causes: A. increased biotic activity B. particle size breakdown C. slow chemical reaction D. decreased soil formation E. decreased mineral surface areas
b
9. The amount of different sizes of mineral particles in a soil defines the soil ________. A. structure B. texture C. pore space D. solution E. profile
b
98. Soils developed from colluvial parent material are usually A. Flat and fertile B. Coarse, stony, with fast drainage C. Light porous and productive D. Clayey and poorly drained
b
100. Shallow soil with little horizon development
c
106. Soils developed from accumulated organic material have which of the following characteristics A. Flat, high in clay, and fertile B. Coarse, stony, with fast drainage C. Light porous and productive D. Clayey and poorly drained
c
109. Which of the following soil horizons would likely be found in a densely vegetated, redwood forest? A. Bk and Cr horizon B. O and R horizons C. O and B horizons D. Ap and D horizons E. Bn and Bd horizons
c
114. In the USDA classification system, the size range of sand is: A. 0.05 mm to 0.002 mm B. 0.02 mm to 0.2 mm C. 2.0 mm to 0.05 mm D. <0.002 mm E. <2.0 mm
c
118. illuvial concentration of humus
c
123. In many soil profiles, the subsoil is high in clay, but is also moderately permeable to percolating water. Why? A. Clay generally promotes free water movement B. The subsoil may have an organic texture C. Blocky structure may be well developed D. The water table may be present in the subsoil E. All of the above are common reasons
c
132. Which of the following describes the relationship between particle size and soil permeability? A. The finer the texture, the greater the pore volume and the greater the permeability B. The coarser the texture, the greater the pore volume and the greater the permeability C. The finer the texture, the smaller the pore size and the lower the permeability D. The coarser the texture, the larger the pore size and the lower the permeability E. none of the above
c
135. Calculate the bulk density of a 100 cm3 soil sample containing 150 grams of oven dry soil. A. 0.67 g/cm3 B. 0.67 g C. 1.50 g/cm3 D. 1.50 cm3 E. none of the above
c
15. Physical weathering processes result in: A. the decomposition of primary minerals. B. the hydrolysis of minerals through frost action. C. the disintegration of rocks due to differential expansion of minerals. D. the oxidation of iron and manganese compounds.
c
29. Rock exfoliation is caused by changes in _________. A. hydration B. oxidation C. overburden pressure D. carbon dioxide dissolution E. all of the above
c
38. Aspect is a component of which soil forming factor? A. climate D. organisms B. parent material E. time C. topography
c
42. Shale tends to weather to soils that are A. Highly fertile and coarse textured B. Infertile and coarse textured C. Relatively fertile and fine textured D. Infertile with a high pH
c
56. The steeper the topography, usually the ______ the soil. A. older and deeper B. shallower and older C. younger and shallower D. cooler and older E. warmer and younger
c
59. The lower case letter used to designate a B horizon with evidence of prolonged periods of water saturation is _____. A. ss B. k C. g D. w E. h
c
62. Most chemical weathering processes are promoted by the presence of A. sulfuric acid B. low temperatures C. carbonic acid D. microbial activity E. none of the above
c
70. The downward movement of material (e.g., humus, iron oxide, clay) out of the soil surface horizon is called: A. alluviation D. illiteration B. illuviation E. consternation C. eluviation
c
81. Material was transported by wind from the receding glaciers and deposited on developing soils in the Great Plains. What type of process is this with regard to the soils developing on the Great Plains? A. Loss B. Transformation C. Addition D. Translocation
c
84. During the development of a soil from loess parent material, rainwater containing organic acids dissolves carbonates from the loess and moves them down to a zone of accumulation. In order of their occurrence, the two processes described are examples of what soil forming processes? A. Addition / Loss B. Transformation / Loss C. Transformation / Translocation D. Addition / Transformation E. Translocation / Addition
c
87. The percentages of sand, silt and clay in a soil define the soil's: A. structure B. bulk density C. texture D. porosity E. hydraulic conductivity
c
92. Which of the following horizon sequences would be most characteristic of an "old" soil?
c
94. Soil iron-bearing minerals may be chemically reduced by: A. a fluctuating permafrost layer in the subsoil B. alternating oxidizing and leaching conditions C. a permanently high water table at the soil surface D. an oxidized zone in the A horizon E. a deep oxidizing zone below the parent material
c
95. The Bk horizon of a calcareous shale-derived soil has a higher pH than its parent material due to: A. oxidation of iron and manganese B. carbonate secondary and primary minerals C. the presence of abundant illuvial calcium carbonate D. higher carbonic acid levels in the topsoil E. solution weathering of soluble salts
c
103. Secondary minerals are not found in: A. metamorphic and sedimentary rocks B. soils and lacustrine sediments C. soils and sedimentary rocks D. igneous rocks and the atmosphere E. soils and metamorphic rocks
d
117. illuvial accumulation of carbonates
d
125. Which type of structure is typically found in sodium-rich sub-surface horizons? A. platy B. sub-angular blocky C. prismatic D. columnar E. granular
d
127. Formation of granular aggregates is aided by A. fungal hyphae B. fine roots C. microbial and plant exudates D. all of the above E. A and C
d
129. The ease with which water enters the soil is called A. permeability B. porosity C. soil strength D. infiltration rate E. degree of aggregation
d
131. Precipitation falling in excess of the soil infiltration rate is lost by: A. percolation B. permeability C. evapotranspiration D. surface runoff E. capillary movement
d
137. Calculate the porosity of the soil in questions 135 and 136 using your calculated bulk density and particle density values. A. 55% B. 55 cm3 C. 45 g D. 45%
d
14. Secondary minerals are most prominent in the fraction of soils. A. organic B. sand C. silt D. clay
d
16. Which of the following is not considered one of the five major factors influencing soil formation? A. native parent materials B. living organisms C. climate D. valence state E. topography
d
2. In a load of 10 cubic meters of ideal topsoil, approximately how many cubic meters of the volume would be solid material? A. 1 B. 2.5 C. 4 D. 5 E. 7.5
d
26. Granite is an example of a(n) ________. A. primary mineral B. sedimentary rock C. secondary mineral D. igneous rock E. eolian parent material
d
31. Alluvial deposits are usually characterized by ______ soils. A. sandy and gravelly B. clay textured C. poorly drained D. nearly level
d
4. The layers of contrasting material found when one digs a hole in a soil are called _______. A. pseudoliths B. regoliths C. pedons D. horizons E. soil structure
d
44. Parent materials derived from weathered basalt results in A. Coarse textured, high in P B. Fine textured soils high levels of S C. Coarse textured, infertile soils D. Fine textured soils containing K, Mg, and Fe
d
48. As one travels from the Mojave Desert into the Sierra Nevada mountains, precipitation increases. One can expect that soil: A. organic matter content is higher in the desert B. organic matter content is equal in both locations C. calcium carbonate can be deeply leached in the desert D. organic matter content is higher in the mountains E. gypsum levels increase in the mountains
d
5. A soil profile consists of _________. A. the sum of chemical and physical data known about a soil B. the way a soil "feels" C. the boundaries of a particular soil D. the set of layers seen in a vertical cross section of a soil E. none of the above
d
51. Loess is a wind deposited soil parent material. The material originally was: A. colluvium at the base of hillslopes B. aeolian dune sand C. volcanic boulders from Mt. St. Helens D. fine material deposited when the last glaciers retreated
d
52. Which set of weathering mechanisms would you expect to be at work in the tropical rainforest of Brazil A. hydrolysis, crystallization of salts, abrasion by wind, daily heating and cooling B. abrasion by water, oxidation, crystallization of salts, release of overburden pressure C. plant roots, daily heating and cooling, oxidation, carbonation D. hydrolysis, oxidation, carbonation, plant roots
d
53. Two landforms upon which one would expect to find alluvium include: A. loess plains and till plains B. sand dunes and loess plains C. volcanoes and floodplains D. stream terraces and floodplains E. till plains and sand dunes
d
61. The A horizon of a limestone-derived soil is more acid than the parent material due to: A. oxidation of iron and manganese B. carbonate secondary and primary minerals C. the presence of abundant calcite D. higher carbonic acid levels E. solution weathering of soluble salts
d
66. Where in the U.S. would you expect peat deposits to be located? A. Southwest Arizona B. Southern Oregon C. Central Iowa D. Upper Peninsula Michigan E. there are no peat deposits in the U.S.
d
73. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Soils on hillsides tend to be deeper than those on level lands B. Limestone parent materials enhance the process of acidification C. Leaf litter in forested areas does not contribute to soil formation D. Calcium carbonate accumulation is more prominent in arid than in humid regions
d
74. Complete oxidation of iron in soils can result in: A. a high organic matter content B. a gray soil color C. the gain of protons D. a red, orange, or brown soil color E. a mottled appearance
d
77. The two common products of hydrolysis weathering of a primary mineral are: A. quartz sand and silica B. primary minerals and water C. alumina, silica, and hydrogen in solution D. nutrients in solution and secondary minerals E. soluble salts and carbonic acid
d
78. A soil is developing on a floodplain area of Brizzolara Creek on the Cal Poly campus that is still occasionally flooded. Although the climate is warm here, there is not much rainfall. The vegetative cover is sparse grasses and small forbs. Which of the following is the most likely horizon scenario? A. O, A, C B. A, Bt, C C. A, E, Bh, C D. A, C E. O, C
d
8. In a typical mineral soil in optimal condition for plant growth, approximately what percentage of the pore space would be filled with water and what percentage filled with air? A. 10% water and 90% air B. 90% water and 10% air C. 25% water and 25% air D. 50% water and 50% air E. 25% water and 75% air
d
83. The oxygen found in minerals is: A. used by plant roots B. easily lost to the atmosphere C. available to plants D. chemically bound to other elements E. derived from organic matter
d
85. Which of the following gases tends to be about ten times more concentrated in the soil atmosphere than in the aboveground atmosphere? A. Ar B. O2 C. N2 D. CO2
d
88. A soil is developing on the steep south-facing slope of Bishop Peak. The native vegetation of this semi-arid location is annual grasses. The parent material is residuum weathered from the underlying igneous rock. Which of the following is the most likely horizon scenario? A. O, A, C B. A, Btg, C C. A, E, C1, C2 D. A, C E. O, C
d
93. Which of the following is a list of common sedimentary rock types? A. basalt, shale, schist B. limestone, augite, basalt C. marble, obsidian, gabbro D. sandstone, shale, limestone E. sandstone, basalt, gneiss
d
96. Transported soil parent materials moved by water and ice, respectively, are called: A. eolian and alluvium B. eolian and glacial C. loess and residuum D. alluvium and glacial E. eolian and colluvium
d
99. Flat soil rich in organic matter with potential for a high water table
d
1. Functions of soil include A. Filtering rain and other water that passes through it B. Recycling of organic wastes C. Supporting bridges and other manmade structures D. Providing habitat for microorganisms that help provide plant nutrients E. All of the above
e
10. Soil organic matter A. Makes up approximately 5% of the volume and 1-6% of the weight of a surface soil B Has no influence on soil physical and chemical characteristics C. Is a major source of N, P and S for plants D. All of the above E. A and C only
e
11. In a given soil, the horizon with the highest organic matter content is generally the _____ horizon. A. E B. C C. D D. B E. A
e
112. Among the following weathering processes which one is most likely to produce iron oxide minerals? A. carbonation and solution D. hydration of gypsum B. hydrolysis of orthoclase E. reduction and oxidation of augite C. carbonation of water
e
119. prolonged wetness
e
122. Because of their greater surface area per unit of soil mass, silt loams soils generally have a greater capacity than loamy sand soils to A. adsorb water B. adsorb gases C. release nutrients by mineral weathering D. support bacterial growth E. all of the above
e
124. A soil with a bulk density equal to 0.55 g/cm3 is most likely what type of soil? A. an Ultisol B. a Vertisol C. a compacted urban soil D. a well-structured garden soil E. an organic soil
e
126. Structure that resembles cookie crumbs and is commonly found in surface horizons is A. angular blocky B. subangular blocky C. single grained D. massive E. granular
e
18. Glacial till is a term used to describe parent materials that: A. were transported by water gushing from glacial fronts. B. were laid down in the bottom of former glacial lakes. C. were transported by high winds during glacial periods. D. are sorted by rapidly flowing melt waters. E. are a heterogenous mixture of mineral debris dropped by receding glaciers.
e
21. The element most often involved in oxidation reactions as minerals weather is _____. A. copper B. silicon C. aluminum D. magnesium E. iron
e
22. In which of the following horizons has the process of illuviation most likely occurred? A. O horizon B. C horizon C. A horizon D. E horizon E. B horizon
e
41. Soils formed on landslide deposits have parent materials which are: A. alluvial D. residual B. aeolian E. colluvial C. loess
e
47. An eolian deposit of silt-sized materials is called: A. alluvium D. lacustrine B. colluvium E. loess C. glacial
e
65. The most common mineral in limestone is: A. quartz B. orthoclase C. limonite D. biotite E. calcite
e
75. Which of the following plant essential elements is made available to plants in significant quantities by the weathering of quartz? A. Si D. Ca B. O E. none of the above is correct C. Mg
e
82. The loss of calcium carbonate in soils is accomplished by: A. hydration and hydrolysis B. decomposition and disintegration C. carbonation and oxidation D. reduction and oxidation E. carbonation and solution
e
89. The unconsolidated and chemically weathered mineral or organic matter from which the solum of soils is developed by natural processes of soil development is called: A. soil horizon B. soil profile C. solum D. regolith E. parent material
e
97. An example of chemical weathering of minerals is: A. decreased biotic activity due to microbial necrosis B. particle size aggregation and increased mineral surface areas C. disintegration of minerals due to fire D. soil formation due to a reduction in leaching E. hydrolysis of orthoclase and olivine
e
