Disciplines and Practices in Psychology (PSY 2010) Final

1. Empirical Research Reports 2. Literature Review Articles and Theoretical Articles 3. Books and book chapters

What are the 3 types of primary literature sources in psychology?

1. Primary Sources: >original reports of research studies >very detailed >academic (professional) journals and books >peer-reviewed >Academic journals and books like Health Psychology, American Psychologist, Consulting Psychology Journal, Counseling Psychology, etc. 2. Secondary Sources: >second-hand summaries of original reports >less detailed; very condensed highlights >popular media >not peer-reviewed >ex: Newsweek, USA Today, Readers Digest, Psychology Today, Wikipedia, Monitor on Psychology

What are the distinguishing differences between primary psychological literature and secondary psychological literature?

1. Eyes are watching 2. Ears are listening 3. Lips are closed 4. Hands are still 5. Feet are quiet

Effective interviewing and active listening: *Effective interviewers are good listeners*- What are the 5 rules on the school poster for good listening?

>Physical aggression had a weak negative correlation with people-oriented listening style >Physical aggression had a weak positive correlation with time-oriented listening style >Verbal aggression had a weak positive correlation to action-oriented listening style >Verbal aggression had a weak positive correlation to content-oriented listening style >Anger had a weak negative correlation to people-oriented listening style >Anger had a weak negative correlation to action-oriented listening style >Hostility had a weak negative correlation to people-oriented listening style >Hostility had a weak positive correlation to action-oriented listening style >Hostility had a weak positive correlation to time-oriented listening style *Negative correlation = inverse correlation* *All had weak correlations = under .3 in magnitude* >3 of 4 negatively related to people-oriented (physical, anger, hostility) >3 of 4 positively related to activity-oriented/action (verbal, anger, hostility) >1 of 4 positively related to content-oriented (verbal) >2 of 4 positively related to time-oriented (physical and hostility) *Partial support for hypotheses but in need of replication b/c of weak correlations*

Effective interviewing and active listening: Research on Listening Styles (Weaver & Weaver, 2008)- What were the results of the study?

1. Empathic listening 2. Reflection or mirroring 3. Unconditional acceptance

Effective interviewing and active listening: What are the 3 Rogerian Techniques?

Confounds

rival explanations for results; unsuspected variables in studies that were not initially controlled

Fundamental Attribution Error

when a person describes other's failing, they make an external attribution (dispositional) and underestimate situational factors

1. Reading 2. Writing 3. [A]rithmetic 4. Reasoning 5. Responsibility 6. Resilience

Active reading and writing in psychology: Becoming a psychologist means mastering your R's- What are the 6 R's for becoming a psychologist?

Service Learning

"an educational experience involving an organized service activity *with structured reflection* to guide students' learning" (Bringle & Hatcher, 1995)

Literature Review Articles and Theoretical Articles

1 of the 3 types of primary literature sources in psychology; contain detailed summary and critical review of prior first-hand empirical research reports pertaining to a particular topic PLUS original critical analysis PLUS original creative synthesis published in academic journals

Empirical Research Reports

1 of the 3 types of primary literature sources in psychology; the term means by systematic observation and/or experimentation; contain first-hand, detailed reports of an empirical investigation; written by the researchers who conducted the study; best if published in peer-reviewed academic journals

Time-oriented listening style

1 of the 4 listening styles; efficiency = while listening, tend to keep an eye on the clock; pay attention to messages that are short and concise as a result of limited attention spans or limited time commitments; manage their time >when time is up, time is up for the client to speak prefer short answers and efficient communication; Risk: impatient with others

Content-oriented listening style

1 of the 4 listening styles; informational = people who focus on credibility of what someone is saying; evidence-oriented; pay attention to the meaning and credibility of a speaker's message; ex: Is what they are telling me true? ex: Is there evidence to support what they are telling me? like complex and challenging information; Risk: may stop listening and reject listening to people who may not give facts

Activity-oriented/action-oriented listening style

1 of the 4 listening styles; instrumental = interested in action; ex: you've told me this, so what are the next actions from what you told? ex: what happens first, second, third? ex: women like talking about troubles/emotions so when have male spouses, the males tend to be __________-oriented >men tended to say "I heard you. Let's solve your problems." Risk: impatience with other people - cutting them off if no solution

People-oriented listening style

1 of the 4 listening styles; relational; pay attention to the personal details of a speaker and not to the speaker's actual message; listen to the message in order to learn how the speaker thinks and how they feel about their message (start with concern for speaker and their feelings); listen with empathy - sound like therapist/Rogerian; view listening as a way to connect with others; Risk: people with other preferred listening styles feel that these people are intrusive (ex: TMI)

Story Completion Study

1 of the 4 types of projective techniques (type of interview question); is a step further to the sentence completion test: under this, a story is created by the researcher which defines the topic of research, and the respondents are asked to complete the story

Sentence Completion Test

1 of the 4 types of projective techniques (type of interview question); it is similar to a word association test where instead a word, a sentence is left incomplete and the respondent is asked to fill it with the first thought that comes to mind; Ex: People who enter politics are... (respondent has to fill in the sentence)

Word Association Test

1 of the 4 types of projective techniques (type of interview question); respondents are presented with a list of words one at a time and they are asked to respond immediately with the first things that come to their mind; Ex: in a study on book reading habits, the respondents can be presented with words like 2 states, etc.

Cloud Picture Test

1 of the 4 types of projective techniques (type of interview question); this shows two or more characters conversing with each other and cloud of one character is left empty as a response to be filled by the respondents according to his interpretation of what the other characters are saying

Values

1 of the 6 types of motivation that the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) assesses in Clary et al.'s study; to express or act on prosocial and humanitarian value

Enhancement

1 of the 6 types of motivation that the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) assesses in Clary et al.'s study; to feel needed and good about self

Career

1 of the 6 types of motivation that the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) assesses in Clary et al.'s study; to help obtain future paid and employment opportunities or benefits

Understanding

1 of the 6 types of motivation that the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) assesses in Clary et al.'s study; to learn more about the world, other people, and their own skills

Protective

1 of the 6 types of motivation that the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) assesses in Clary et al.'s study; to reduce negative feelings (e.g., guilt) or as distraction from personal problems

Social

1 of the 6 types of motivation that the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) assesses in Clary et al.'s study; to reinforce bonds with friends and family who volunteer

Steering questions

1 of the 8 types of interview questions: >Ex: Are you ready for a new question? >Ex: Do you want to switch topics?

Probing questions

1 of the 8 types of interview questions: >are feeling questions >>Ex: How did you feel when...? >>Ex: What do you like best/least about X? >are interpreting or checking questions >>Ex: Do you mean that X? >>Ex: Is it fair to say that you think X? >>Ex: Are you saying that...?

Narrative interview strategy

1 of the 8 types of interview questions: >ask people to tell a story about themselves >"think about a time when..." >retrospective self-report strategy; storytelling; personal narratives >a qualitative interview technique = looking at themes, emotions to analyze it with stats (to use it quantitatively) >critical incident = turning point, fork in the road >>ask someone about important moment in their life, and it is something significant in person's life (affectively charged) >>Ex: "Tell about when you were sure you wanted to be a psychologist" >>Originates with Flannigan (1954) -->Studied problem-solving, successes, and failures of pilots >Reflections on professional practice >Involves: >>High point ________ = "peak experiences" - moments or episodes in a person's life in which they feel a sense of great uplifting, joy, excitement, contentment, or some other highly positive emotional experience; particular experience that stands out in your memory as something that is extremely positive >>Low point ________ = "nadir experience" - a specific experience in which you felt extremely negative emotions, such as despair, disillusionment, terror, profound guilt, shame >invite interviewees to tell a personal _________, a personal story including: >>setting (when, where, who?) >>triggering circumstances or events (why critical?) -->high/low point >>behavior (what actions, skills, knowledge, attitudes, emotions?) >>outcomes (then what?, so what?, lessons learned) >Ex: "Tell me about a time when..."

Hypothetical questions

1 of the 8 types of interview questions: >describes a future or ideal situation >imagine...suppose...what if? >>what would you do if...? >>what would happen if...? >>if you were in charge...? >>if you could change one thing...? >to reveal respondents' values, beliefs, desires, etc. >also called "Magic Wand" questions

Projective Techniques

1 of the 8 types of interview questions: >involve the presentation of an ambiguous, unstructured object, activity or person that a respondent is asked to interpret and explain >Ex: Rorschach _______ inkblots >the respondents are asked to interpret the behavior of others and this way they indirectly reveal their own behavior in the same situation

Prompts

1 of the 8 types of interview questions: >used to encourage interviewees to elaborate and give richer, more thoughtful and more in-depth responses to questions >are open-ended; do not pull for a specific kind of answer >are not "leading questions" >Ex: "Anything else?", "What else?", "Tell me more", "And then what?"

Top of hourglass = introduction Middle narrow part = method and results Bottom of hourglass = discussion

Active reading and writing in psychology: Structure of an Empirical Research Article- Ex: Hourglass = rendering of structure of an empirical research article >Top of hourglass? >Middle narrow part? >Bottom of hourglass?

1. Learning to use technical APA style writing conventions 2. Learning to use the strategy of "writing to think" 3. Using writing therapeutically (e.g., expressive writing) >used as an intervention for serious trauma, life's ups and downs

Active reading and writing in psychology: What are the 3 aspects of writing as a psychological construct?

1. Orienting paragraph(s) 2. Literature Review (contains annotated article summaries) 3. Problem Statement

Active reading and writing in psychology: What are the 3 basic parts of a research report introduction?

1. Title and Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Method 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. References

Active reading and writing in psychology: What is the structure of an empirical research article? (6 parts)

a. What they measured 1. Conversational sensitivity = a form of social attentiveness in which individuals enjoy listening during social interactions and are not verbally aggressive with others 2. Conversational inattentiveness = reasoned that conversational insensitivity might be an expression of Trait Aggression b. Method >Participants: n = 171 college students >Used: >>the Learning Styles Profile = self-report measure >>the Aggression Questionnaire = measured verbal aggression, physical aggression, anger, and hostility

Effective interviewing and active listening: Research on Listening Styles (Weaver & Weaver, 2008)- a. What 2 things did Weaver & Weaver (2008) measure regarding listening styles? b. What was the method?

1. Prepare their questions in advance and use an interview guide or protocol 2. Realize that the questions they ask and how they ask them shape what tellers tell 3. Take notes; may rely upon recording skills or devices 4. Interpret the answers they receive

Effective interviewing and active listening: What are 4 things that good interviewers do?

1. Establish rapport first 2. Make questions short 3. Speak clearly 4. Start with easier questions 5. Ask questions that allow interviewee to do most of the talking 6. Don't rush; don't interrupt; use silence 7. Avoid yes/no questions >If use them, probe with "why?" OR prompt with "tell me more" 8. Use probes to draw out specifics 9. Elicit genuine feelings

Effective interviewing and active listening: What are 9 interviewing tips?

Helping professions: 1. Clinical psychologists 2. School psychologists 3. School counselors 4. Marriage and family counseling 5. Social work 6. Ministry 7. Employment counselors Other professions: 1. Sales 2. Real estate 3. Human resources 4. Law enforcement 5. Mediation/law 6. Medicine, nursing, PT, OT 7. Parenting educators 8. Politicians

Effective interviewing and active listening: What are career fields that involve active listening?

1. People-oriented 2. Content-oriented 3. Activity-oriented/action-oriented 4. Time-oriented

Effective interviewing and active listening: What are the 4 listening styles? (Watson, 1995)

1. Word Association Test 2. Cloud Picture Test 3. Sentence Completion Test 4. Story Completion Study

Effective interviewing and active listening: What are the 4 types of projective techniques (type of interview question)?

1. Are clear 2. Are knowledgeable 3. Provide structure 4. Steer the conversation (to keep on track) 5. Are sensitive 6. Are open 7. Remember remarks, comments earlier in interview; return to them to further probe and check

Effective interviewing and active listening: What are the 7 characteristics of effective interviewers?

1. Narrative interview strategy 2. Hypothetical questions ("Magic Wand" Questions) 3. Projective techniques 4. Prompts (Follow-up question) 5. Probing Questions (Follow-up question) 6. Introducing or opening questions 7. Steering questions 8. Factual questions >use sparingly or prompt/probe

Effective interviewing and active listening: What are the 8 types of interview questions?

a. 3 aspects: 1. Sub-processes 2. Complexity 3, Sequence b. 7 sub-processes: 1. Hearing 2. Selecting 3. Attending 4. Understanding 5. Evaluating 6. Remembering 7. Responding

Effective interviewing and active listening: What is the Active Listening Model by Doyle (2005)? a. What are the 3 aspects? b. What are the 7 sub-processes in order?

a) .4 to .7 b) .3 c) less than .3

Effective interviewing and active listening: What is the range for a: a) significant/strong correlation? b) moderate correlation? c) weak correlation?

Carl Rogers

Effective interviewing and active listening: Who created the client-centered approach to therapy?

Carl Rogers

Effective interviewing and active listening: Who was the first to turn active listening into a therapy?

1. Structured interviews >Quantitative >Researcher's POV 2. Semi-/Unstructured interviews >Qualitative >Interviewee's POV *All interviews are interactions. A special form of communication.*

Effective interviewing and active listening: a. What are the 2 major types of interviews? b. What are the differences between the 2?

a. Outcomes: 1. Enhanced career development 2. Stronger interpersonal skills 3. Stronger leadership skills 4. Better critical thinking and problem-solving skills 5. Higher self-efficacy b. Yes, evidence is mixed

Getting field experience: Research on Service-Learning- There is evidence for positive learning outcomes= a. Service-learning experiences are associated with what 5 outcomes? b. Is evidence mixed?

1. Found that the relationship between service-learning and academic and social outcomes was stronger than for personal outcomes, which was greater than citizenship outcomes 2. The correlation between service-learning and each of the 4 outcomes were correlated to different degrees 3. 3 moderators of service-learning: intensity (number of hours that student spends in service learning), duration (number of weeks of experience), and reflection 4. For social, personal, and citizenship outcomes, there was a greater effect with reflection than without reflection 5. For social, personal, and citizenship outcomes, more intensity and duration did not yield better outcomes

Getting field experience: Research on Service-Learning- What was the meta-analysis of results for the research on service-learning?

1. Confounds = rival explanations for results; unsuspected variables in studies that were not initially controlled >ex: self-selection by students 2. Moderating factors = variables that interact with other variables ("it depends") >ex: types of structured activities that accompany service-learning

Getting field experience: Research on Service-Learning- Why is evidence mixed regarding positive outcomes found for service learning?

1. PSY 4967 Capstone Research Project >3 credits >Class or individual options sometimes offered 2. PSY 4800 Research Experience >Research assistant in a faculty lab >Research assistant for graduate students doing thesis or dissertation >NEW! CUBBS (class) >Variable credit

Getting field experience: What are the 2 outside of class courses?

1. PSY 2050 (required for B.A. & B.S.) >Foundations of Research Methods and Statistics 2. PSY 3060 (required for B.S.; elective for B.A.) >Applications of Research Methods & Statistics (required for B.S.; elective for B.A.) 3. PSY 4960 Advanced Research Methods & Statistics (also a capstone course)

Getting field experience: What are the 3 traditional coursework classes?

1. Exploring different work environments 2. Linking classroom to real world 3. Networking for jobs 4. Enhancing graduate school applications (e.g., clinical/counseling psychology)

Getting field experience: What are the 4 benefits of practica field experiences?

PSY 4790 "Regular" Practicum: >Students make own site arrangements >Students recruit faculty member to supervise >Permission of instructor >Variable hours on site- >>45 hours = 1 credit >>90 hours = 2 credits >>135 hours = 3 credits PSY 4965 "Capstone" Practicum: >Students make own site arrangements >Students enroll in class section or recruit faculty member to supervise >Permission of instructor >90 hours on site >Class themes >>Aging (Willoughby) >>Social Justice (Warner) >>I/O (Harvey) >Participate at Psychology Capstone Symposium

Getting field experience: What is the difference between the PSY 4790 "Regular" Practicum and the PSY 4965 "Capstone" Practicum?

1. Research starts with a topic (construct). 2. Refine and focus the construct to formulate a research question(s) about it. 3. Re-formulate research question(s) into testable hypotheses. 4. Transform constructs into operational variables. >operationally define 1 or more DVs >operationally define 1 or more IVs 5. Design a study (plan and conduct study that addresses research question(s) and test hypotheses). 6. Analyze the data; produce results. 7. Interpret the results. 8. Write up the results in an APA-style empirical report; manuscript. 9. Submit to journal for peer review. 10. Get published.

Research methods in psychology: What are the steps of research methodology?

Research Methodology >means that it is a substantial or sturdy part >kind and amount of training in psychology research that defines a psychologist >majors will understand how the knowledge base in psychology is/was formed and evolves via Research Methodology (aka "Psychology's Backbone")

Research methods in psychology: What is Psychology's "backbone"?

>30% of the resumes they receive include volunteer experience >82% would be more likely to choose a candidate with volunteer experience on their resume >85% are willing to overlook other resume flaws when a candidate includes volunteer work on a resume >92% say volunteering improves an employee's broader professional skill set >92% consider volunteering an effective way to improve leadership skills >80% believe active volunteers move more easily into leadership roles

The psychology of volunteering: 2016 Deloitte Impact Survey- *Sample (n = 2,506) of business professionals who directly hired or indirectly influenced hiring decisions What were the results of the *Descriptive Statistics*?

a. Measures of Well-Being 1. Self-esteem 2. Well-being 3. Self-efficacy 4. Social connectedness 5. Social trust b. 2 other factors 1. Satisfaction with volunteering 2. Intention to continue volunteering c. How outcomes were associated with 6 motives to volunteer >"Other-oriented" motives (values, social, and understanding) were *positively* associated with stronger well-being. >"Self-oriented" motives (protective and career) were *negatively* (inversely) associated with weaker well-being. >Self-enhancement motives were unrelated to well-being. d. Women rated all 6 motives as more important/accurate reflections of themselves than men.

The psychology of volunteering: Article - Motivations to Volunteer and Their Associations with Volunteers' Well-Being (Stukas et al., 2016)= a. In Stukas et al.'s study (2016), what were the 5 measures of well-being? b. What were the 2 other factors that Stukas et al. studied? c. In Stukas et al.'s study results (2016), how were the well-being outcomes associated with the 6 motives to volunteer? d. Did Stukas et al. find that men or women rated all 6 motives as more important/accurate reflections of themselves?

a. Since the previous report, the overall volunteer rate increased by more than 6%. b. In 2017 alone, Americans' volunteering had an economic value of nearly $167 billion. c. More than 77 million Americans had volunteered in 2017. d. There was 6.9 billion hours served in America in 2017.

The psychology of volunteering: Demographic Research on Volunteering- What did the Bureau of Labor Statistics US Dept of Labor report about nationwide volunteering in 2017-2018?

Finds that the number of college students volunteering has hit an all-time low in 2018

The psychology of volunteering: More Descriptive Research on Volunteering- What does an article reveal about the number of college students volunteering in 2018?

Antecedents --> Experience --> Consequences Ex: Consequences = health benefits

The psychology of volunteering: More Research on Volunteering- What is Wilson's process model of volunteering (2012)?

Ages 35-44

The psychology of volunteering: Volunteer Rates over the Life Cycle- Which age range has the highest rates of volunteering from 1974 to 2015?

1. Women volunteer more >Possible reasons: perceptions of benefit = if want to increase rates, enhance perception of benefit (not just incentive but conceptualization of why volunteer) 2. Yes, increases chances of getting a job by 27%

The psychology of volunteering: Volunteering in America Demographics- 1. Do men or women volunteer more? 2. Does volunteering increase the chances of getting a job?

1. Spontaneous helping >Darley & Latane's 1960s research on bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility >>Ex: Kitty Genovese = attacked during the morning and despite cries for help, no one called for help and she died >>Bystander effect = people tend to not volunteer/help if there are lots of other people around that can do it (diffusion of responsibility - as the number of bystanders increases, the personal responsibility that an individual bystander feels decreases) >>The more participants present, the less likely people would help others in times of distress 2. Planned helping >Ex: Practica (courses) in psychology >Structures and training

The psychology of volunteering: What are the 2 types of volunteerism that psychologists identify?

Since 2002, people's volunteer rates have been lower for 15-24 compared to adults 25 and older.

The psychology of volunteering: What do annual volunteering rates reveal about age groups 15-24 and ages 25 and older from 2002 to 2015?

a. Clary et al. (1998) b. Types of motivation 1. Values 2. Understanding 3. Enhancement 4. Career 5. Social 6. Protective

The psychology of volunteering: What motivates volunteers?- a. Who created the Theory of Motivation to Volunteer? b. What are the 6 types of motivation that the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) assesses in Clary et al.'s study?

Carl Rogers

a clinical psychologist involved in: >research and practice >humanistic psychology >>involves positive psychology >international conflict resolution >>went to Ireland to resolve conflicts between Catholics and Protestants >>went to South Africa to resolve apartheid between blacks and whites >created the client-centered approach to therapy

Volunteering

a form of prosocial, helping, or altruistic behavior studied by psychologists; "any activity intended to help others...provided without obligation for which the volunteer does not receive pay or other material compensation" (Harootyan, 1996)

Client-centered approach to therapy

approach to therapy that: >is non-directive = therapist acts a sounding board - thinks more deeply about what is troubling client >empowers the client to understand and help him/herself >helps client achieve full potential

Commonsense or Folk Psychology

area in cognitive science that studies how everyday people explain and make predictions about the behavior and mental states of other people

Self-serving Bias

attribute one's own failings to situation/circumstances

Office of Research & Evaluation (ORE)

builds, shares, and uses knowledge to identify effective strategies for national service and volunteering, increases the evidence-base for its mission and programs, infuses data into agency decision-making, and strengthens civil society in America

Psychology of Volunteering

form of positive psychology

Community-Based Learning Experiences (CBLE)

includes service-learning courses, practica, and internships; is a form of experiential learning; is a type of high-impact learning; provides exposure to real-world professionals and professionalism

Writing in Psychology

is 1 of the 6 R's to master when becoming a psychologist; a form of technical writing: >different standards and conventions from MLA >a skill; built through repeated practice and feedback >practiced and acquired through writing and reading assignments >like other skills, it is intimidating at first, but with practice, it can become intellectually engaging and satisfying

Reasoning

is 1 of the 6 R's to master when becoming a psychologist; involves becoming an evidence-based thinker

Responsibility

is 1 of the 6 R's to master when becoming a psychologist; involves: >a code of ethics >professionalism >integrity >commitment >values, social justice

Resilience

is 1 of the 6 R's to master when becoming a psychologist; is "the ability to face and meet challenges and turn talents into successful careers and inspirations into realities" - Robert Sternberg

Meta-analysis

is a quantitative statistical analysis of several separate but similar experiments or studies in order to test the pooled data for statistical significance

Active Listening

is a structured form of listening and responding that focuses the attention on the speaker; the listener must take care to attend to the speaker fully, and then repeats, in the listener's own words, what he or she thinks the speaker has said; the listener does not have to agree with the speaker

Empathic listening (Reflective listening)

part of active listening; listening with empathy - under how others are feeling >imagine how you would feel in another person's shoes and the capacity to image how someone else feels in their own shoes therapist chooses: >listener's choice of focus is the other's point of view rather than the listener's own point of view >choice of what to respond to is things the other says about self rather than events and conditions in the other person's life and/or people in the other person's life >choice of how to respond is to accept and clarify what the other has said, at that person's level rather than to lead the other by giving opinions, advice, or interpretations and/or to lead the other by asking questions >choice of level to respond to is feelings that are unexpressed but are implicit in what the other has said AND feelings expressed by others rather than content >choice of type of feelings to respond to is ambivalent feelings (from feelings that unexpressed) AND negative feelings (from feelings that are expressed) rather than JUST positive feelings (can respond to these too but not only these)

Attribution

refers to the psychological process by which individuals infer/explain the causes of behavior and events

Orienting paragraph(s)

the 1st of the 3 basic parts of a research report introduction: >sets the stage >"orients" the average college-educated reader to the general topic >introduces the "umbrella" *construct*, or phenomenon of interest >anchors topic (construct) in the experiential, real-world >invites further reading

(Focused) Literature review

the 2nd of the 3 basic parts of a research report introduction: >summarizes and critiques what is already known, debated, unknown, etc. >summarizes prior theory that frames the study >summarizes prior research results >identifies and discusses trends, gaps and contradictions in the research results and/or methods reported in prior studies >is organized from broad to more and more specific >further sets the stage for the particular research questions/hypotheses investigated

Evaluating

the first of the 7 sub-processes of the Active Listening Model (Doyle, 2005); analyzing and judging

Understanding

the first of the 7 sub-processes of the Active Listening Model (Doyle, 2005); assigning meaning

Selecting

the first of the 7 sub-processes of the Active Listening Model (Doyle, 2005); choosing stimuli

Remembering

the first of the 7 sub-processes of the Active Listening Model (Doyle, 2005); drawing on memory

Responding

the first of the 7 sub-processes of the Active Listening Model (Doyle, 2005); feedback

Attending

the first of the 7 sub-processes of the Active Listening Model (Doyle, 2005); focusing attention

Hearing

the first of the 7 sub-processes of the Active Listening Model (Doyle, 2005); receiving raw data

Problem Statement

the last of the 3 basic parts of a research report introduction: >marks shift from what is known/unknown to the current investigation >formally states the main purpose or central research question(s) to be investigated >>provides preview and general highlights of the study's method (sample, data collection strategy, conditions if relevant) >>ends with formal statement of the hypotheses to be tested

Moderating factors (variables)

variables that interact with other variables ("it depends")