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You read a news article about a recent scientific study titles, "New Drug Reduced OCD Symptoms in Mice." To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following? a) ask yourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense b) research the frequency of OCD in mice c) check whether the authors established the three criteria for causal claim d) ensure that the authors operationally define OCD

c) check whether the authors established the three criteria for causal claim

What must a researcher do when using deception in an experiment? a) have the participants sign a waiver of liability b) give a formal apology c) debrief the participants afterward d) explain how the data collected will be analyzed

c) debrief the participants afterward

Sara suspects that she has a ceiling effect that prevented her from finding group differences in her study. To prevent such an effect from happening again when she conducts a study a second time, Sara should a) use a placebo group next time b) make the task easier for participants to complete c) use a greater number of participants d) make the task harder for participants to complete

I think b) make the task easier for participants to comoplete

RESEARCH STUDY 13.2: Dr. LaGuardia is cognitive neuroscientist who is interested in the effect of brain concussions on the ability to recognize faces. They conduct a quasi experimental study in which they example football players before and after the regular season using the Benton Facial Recognition Test (a published, widely used measure of one's ability yo recognize faces) to compare those who received concussions to those who did no. Dr. LaGuardia finds that players who had concussions during the regular season performed worse on the Benton Facial Recognition Test than did players who did not experience concussions. Which of the following is true regarding external validity in Dr. LaGuardia's study? a) because Dr. LaGuardia selected participants who actually experienced concussions, the study has strong external validity b) because Dr. LaGuardia's study is a quasi experiment, it is impossible to obtain external

a) because Dr. LaGuardia selected participants who actually experienced concussions, the study has strong external validity

Which of the following threats to internal validity can apply even when a control group is used? a) history threats b) instrumentation threats c) demand characteristics d) attrition

c) demand characteristics

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to musics. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her phone. She typically remembers to charter her phone on the nights where she is able to finish her studying earlier. What problem do you you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music? a) Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying and goes to bed sooner b) Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night c) Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable d) There is nor problem with Vanessa's reasoning

a) Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying and goes to bed sooner

An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT a) an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed b) an anonymous study looking at a gang behavior in recent parolees c) a confidential surgery examining sexual behavior in people with mental disabilities d) a confidential study examine eating patters in newborns

a) an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed

Which of the following is an example of applied research? a) an educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in with eight year olds b) a personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts c) a social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept d) a cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem solving abilities of men and woman

a) an educations psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills with eight year olds

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? a) an ordinal scale of measurement b) a self report measurement c) an internal scale of measurement d) a categorical measurement

a) an ordinal scale of measurement

Which of the following statements is an operation definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question? a) asking, "on a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?" b) asking the question "when was the last time you saw a snake?" c) measuring heart rate following exposure to snakes d) assigning the participant to keep a "daily dear diary" in which they track their fear level

a) asking, "on a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

RESEACRH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says. " Dr. Lassalle makes the claims: " Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time with your spouse." a) association claim b) causal claim c) frequency claim d) statistical claim

a) association claim

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leafs people to spend less tome communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows the making more money correlates with spending less time taking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's And Dr. LaSalle's claims? a) Dr. LaSalle's claim is the same as Dr. Ramon's claim b) Dr. LaSalle's claim makes a stronger statement that Dr. Ramon's claim c) Dr. Ramon's claim makes a stronger statement that Dr. LaSalle's claim d) Dr. Ramon's claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle's claim

c) Dr. Ramon's claim makes a stronger statement that Dr. LaSalle's claim

RESEARCH STUDY 13.2: Dr. LaGuardia is cognitive neuroscientist who is interested in the effect of brain concussions on the ability to recognize faces. They conduct a quasi experimental study in which they example football players before and after the regular season using the Benton Facial Recognition Test (a published, widely used measure of one's ability yo recognize faces) to compare those who received concussions to those who did no. Dr. LaGuardia finds that players who had concussions during the regular season performed worse on the Benton Facial Recognition Test than did players who did not experience concussions. In interrogating the construct validity of Dr. LaGuardia's study. which of the following statements is accurate? a) because Dr. Laguardia's participants actually expressiveness concussions, the independent variable appear to have construct validity b) because Dr. Laguardia did not use a true experimen

a) because Dr. Laguardia's participants actually expressiveness concussions, the independent variable appear to have construct validity

Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims? a) both strong positive associations and strong negative associations b) neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations c) strong negative associations d) strong positive associations

a) both strong positive associations and strong negative associations

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1: Dr. Ba is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). In addition to measuring the group of participants who going a fraternity/sorority, Dr. Ba decided to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority. Doing this would help Dr. Ba address all of the following threats to internal validity EXCEPT a) experimenter bias b) maturation c) selection d) history

a) experimenter bias

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriguez is considering conducting a study examine whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decided to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal Scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Questions 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Questions 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriguez is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at, and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? a) face validity b) discriminant validity c) c

a) face validity

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Darian, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? a) his recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation b) his recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school c) his recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students d) his recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk

a) his recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation

Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She plans to collect a random sample of 50 overweight students on campus and measure the calories they eat during lunch, using a calorimeter. She plans to give this additive to the same participants to use at lunch a few days later and measure how many calories they eat (again, using the calorimeter). Which of the following threats to internal validity will Dr. Bloedorn NOT be worried about? a) instrumentation b) attrition c) history d) placebo effects

a) instrumentation

Dr. Yang studies the ability to perceive things through telepathy or clairvoyance (ESP). She believes ESP exits but only in people who are not skeptical of ESP. She surveys a large number of adults about their beliefs in ESP and, as expected, only adults who believe in ESP report having those abilities. What can you say about Dr. Yang's theory? a) it is not falsifiable b) it does note have a hypothesis c) it is provable d) it is not translational research

a) it is not falsifiable

Spontaneous remission in clinical studies is an example of which of the following threats to internal validity? a) maturation b) attrition c) regression d) placebo effects

a) maturation

Dr. Rodriguez is interested in studying the impact of exercise on synaptic connections in the hippocampus of rats, However, before the study begins, construction work to renovate another lab on the floor above Dr. Rodriguez's lab begins. Dr. Rodriguez notices that his rats appear distressed by the construction noises, so he negotiates to have his laborite temporarily moved to another building. What guideline for animal care research is Dr. Rodriguez following? a) refinement b) relevance c) reduction d) replacement

a) refinement

Which of the following is an advantage of small-N designs over large-N designs? a) small-N designs take advantage of unique cases b) small-N designs have better experimental control c) small-N designs generalize to larger groups of individuals d) small-N designs have fewer threats to internal validity

a) small-N designs take advantage of unique cases

Nadia submits her article to scientific journal for publication. Who make the final decision on whether her article is published in that scientific journal? a) the editor of the journal b) a panel of experts c) the publisher of the journal d) Nadia, the author of the article

a) the editor of journal

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following? a) overconfidence b) a present/present bias c) a confirmation bias d) fourth cell reasoning

c) a confirmation bias

Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with W. J., a male client who is planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help W. J. reduce the number of calories he eats. A food journal is used to record everything a person eats. Dr. Anderson decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only recording what is eaten at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. If Dr. Anderson wanted to change the study to a stable baseline design, which of the following would she change? a) the time she introduces the i

a) the time she introduces the intervention

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriguez is considering conducting a study examine whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decided to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal Scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Questions 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Questions 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriguez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Questions 1 and 2 and between Question 1 and 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = -0.73 between Question 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Question 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings a) there appears to be good inte

a) there appears to be good internal ability in the scale

In which of the following ways are correlational designs similar to quasi experimental designs? a) they both use nonrandom samples b) they both suffer from possible threats to internal validity c) they both use random assignment d) they both use small numbers or participants

a) they both use nonrandom samples

How does a researcher who conducts a small-N design address external validity concerns about their study? a) triangulates their findings with other findings b) runs more small-N studies with similar participants c) runs more small-N with the same participants d) runs a large-N study before running a small-N study

a) triangulates their findings with other findings

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to where sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this thought the entire eight hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask which of the

a) what can I do to decrease the potential harm experiences by my participants?

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT that a) IRBs are mandated by federal law b) IRBs must have a psychologist as a member c) IRBs must have at least five members d)IRBs can be found in settings other than colleges and universities

b) IRBs must have a psychologist as a member

You submit a story for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document? a) a list of procedures b) a descriptions of the studies hypothesis c) a statement of benefits d) a statement of risks

b) a descriptions of the studies hypothesis

Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the following professions? a) an intervention b) an advertising executive c) a political pollster d) a designer of clinical trials

b) ad advertising executive

Research that is done specifically to solve a practically problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as a) translational research b) applied research c) empirical research d) basic research

b) applied research

Which of the following is NOT possible? a) a measure is reliable but not valid b) a measure is neither reliable nor valid c) a measure is valid but not reliable d) a measure is both valid and reliable

c) a measure is valid but not reliable

Which of the following topics would be especially well whited to a quasi experimental design? a) does therapy improve coping skills following exposure to a natural disaster? b) does watching violent movies cause increases in acceptability of aggression c) does parent training therapy lead to better parenting skills? d) do people diagnosed with a mental illness have poorer social abilities?

d) do people diagnosed with a mental illness have poorer social abilities?

Dr. Kebede wants to determine whether energy drinks improve the performance of the school's soccer team. He gives half the team the energy drinks and half the team water. He has trained observers watch the soccer players and rate them on a scale of 1-10 (where 1 is extremely poor and 10 is extremely well) for overall soccer performance before and after they consume the drinks. Which of the following is an example of observer bias in his study? a) the platers Knoll they are being observed and improve their performance in response b) because they expect the energy drink group to perform better, observers notice better plays from that group c) the platers know whether they for the energy drink or placebo and it changes their behavior d) the observer get more generous in their scoring over time as they learn more about soccer

b) because they expect the energy drink group to perform better, observers notice better plays from that group

Articles that could be considered journalism a) are hard to access b) do not require specialized education to read c) are typically written for scientists d) are typically written by scientists

b) do not require specialized education to read

Dr. Persuad is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, she has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four year olds. Which of the following would you recommend to her to decrease the threat of instrumentation. a) asking the same research assistant to code the same children at pretest and posttest b) establishing different coding manuals for pretest and posttest c) using only one research assistant to code all the videos d) using clear coding manuals

b) establishing different coding manuals for pretest and posttest

Which of the following is true of a quasi experiment? a) in a quasi experiment, the researcher randomly assigns participants to groups b) in a quasi experiment, the researcher assigns participant to condition based on the participants preexisting level of the undefended variable c) we can balance participant variables between groups in quasi experiment d) a quasi experiment allows us to infer causality more accurately

b) in a quasi experiment, the researcher assigns participant to condition based on the participants preexisting level of the undefended variable

Instrumentation threats involve _____, whereas testing threats involve _____. a) researchers; participants b) measurements; participants c) participants; measurements d) independent variables; dependent variables

b) measurements; participants

Scientists often say that more data are needed to draw conclusions about the accuracy of new theories and are reluctant to accept new claims without empirical support. What scientific norm foes this illustrate? a) disinterestedness b) organized skepticism c) communality d) universality

b) organized skepticism

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? a) principle of integrity b) principle beneficence c) principle of justice d) principle of respect for persons

b) principle beneficence

Advice that is based on ________ is most likely to be correct? a) intuition b) research c) authority's conclusions d) personal experience

b) research

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? a) archival measurement b) self report measurement c) physiological measurement d) observational measurement

b) self report measurement

Which of the following is true of variables? a) variables only need conceptual b) some variables can be either manipulated or measured c) variables are the same as constants d) all variables can be manipulated

b) some variables can be either manipulated or measured

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1: Dr. Ba is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). Which of the following would Dr. Ba need to do to his current study design to make it an interrupted time series design? a) recruit a group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority at a different school b) take measurements of body concerns before and after joining a fraternity/sorority c) measure body concerns using a different measure Thant the body concern scale d) add an additional variable such as self esteem

b) take measurements of body concerns before and after joining a fraternity/sorority

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? a) the statistical validity of the study b) the external validity of the study c) the construct validity of the study d) the internal validity of the study

b) the external validity of the study

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a) the principle of integrity b) the principle of respect for persons c) the principle of justice d) the principle of beneficence

b) the principle of respect for persons

In which of the following ways are correlational designs similar to quasi experimental designs? a) they both use nonrandom samples b) they both suffer from possible threats to internal validity c) they both use random assignment d) they both use small number participants

b) they both suffer from possible threats to internal validity

The ethical principles that govern psychology research and the code of conduct for how to protect human and nonhuman participants in research are published by the a) Nuremberg Code b) Institutional Review Board c) American Psychological Association d) Belmont Report

c) American Psychological Association

Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for five minutes and the other half to play for seven minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect? a) an inventive measure b) a reverse confound c) a weak manipulation d) ceiling effect

c) a weak manipulation

Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with W. J., a male client who is planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help W. J. reduce the number of calories he eats. A food journal is used to record everything a person eats. Dr. Anderson decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only recording what is eaten at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Which of the following is evidence that would allow Dr. Anderson to conclude that keeping a food journal caused weight loss in W.J.? a) lunch cal

c) dinner calories decreased on day 10

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose? a) popular magazines b) an experts dissertation c) edited books d) scientific journals

c) edited books

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating a pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a goof measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants completely his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? a) he finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered b) he finds that measure of gambling is not correlated

c) he finds that GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non GA attendees

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article; "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White woman can feel threatened by racism, men of color feeling threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Which of the following questions assesses the construct validity of this study? a) did the researchers establish temporal precedence? b) how big was the effect of perceived discrimination? c) how did the researchers measure expectation of unfair treatment? d) would this research generalize to children?

c) how did the researchers measure expectation of unfair treatment?

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1: Dr. Ba is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). In addition to measuring the Body Concern of the participants who joined a fraternity/sorority both immediately before and immediately after they going, Dr. Ba measures them for the three weeks before and the three weeks after. This type of designs is known as a(n) a) nonequivalent control group design b) nonequivalent groups interrupted time series design c) interrupted time series design d) multiple baseline design

c) interrupted time series design

Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with W. J., a male client who is planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help W. J. reduce the number of calories he eats. A food journal is used to record everything a person eats. Dr. Anderson decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only recording what is eaten at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Which of the following is NOT a trade off of Dr. Anderson's use of a small-N design? a) she will have limited ability to generalize to other pati

c) it will be harder to interpret the size of the effect

Which of the following is a difference between small-N and large-N designs? a) large-N designs have the power to detect large effect sizes, while small-N designs can only detect small effects b) statistical validity is stronger in large-N designs, while generalizability is more important in small-N designs c) large-N studied typically gather less information about participants than small-N designs d) it is not possible to maintain experimental control in small-N studies whereas it is in large-N studies

c) large-N studied typically gather less information about participants than small-N designs

From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD? a) researchers fo not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants b) both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants c) neither group of participants con provide informed consent d) researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants

c) neither group of participants con provide informed consent

Mrs. Abbot, a fifth grade teacher, tests her children's understanding of fractions at the beginning of the year and again at the end of the year. She also tests a group of gift graders at another school who use a different math curriculum. This type of design is known as a(n) a) interrupted time series design b) nonequivalent control group design c) nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design d) nonequivalent control group interrupted time series design

c) nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design

Which of the following could be an undefended variable in a causal claim? a) one that has one level b) one that is kept constant c) one that is manipulated d) one that is measured

c) one that is manipulated

An education psychologist is testing the discriminately validity of a new measure of a numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of serval learning difficulties. which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologists hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? a) r = -1.0 b) r = 0.83 c) r = -0.18 d) r = 1.0

c) r = -0.18

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? a) importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study b) time investment of the study versus complexity of the study c) risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained d) inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher

c) risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

RESEARCH STUDY 2.1 Sarah is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss ("don't eat that food." "you want to be thin," etc.) in the music compared to the people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results CELL A - 15 who lost weight, exposed to subliminal messages CELL B - 10 who lost weight, NOT exposed to subliminal messages CELL C - 5 who did not lose weight, exposed to subliminal messages CELL D - 10 who did not lose weight, NOT exposed to subliminal messages To understand whether the subliminal messages have an effect, Sariyah needs to consider who of the following cells in her chart? a) she must consider cells A and B b) she must consider cells A and C c) she must consider all of the cells d) she must consider only cell A

c) she mist consider all of the cells

a researchers attempt to control sounds, smells and even temperature in testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following? a) between group variance b) demand characteristics c) situation noise d) weak manipulation

c) situation noise

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to where sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this thought the entire eight hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study that are high scho

c) students from a community college

Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with W. J., a male client who is planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help W. J. reduce the number of calories he eats. A food journal is used to record everything a person eats. Dr. Anderson decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only recording what is eaten at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Dr. Natchez, a colleague of Dr. Anderson, questions whether W.J. simply wrote down less in his journal as the study went on because he grew tired

c) testing threat

Dr. Grey reads a new theory about the causes of anxiety. Dr. Grey should be most likely to accept that theory if a) an evidence based treatment confirms the theory b) one study has data that are consistent with the theory c) the findings of replicated studies are consistent with the theory d) the theory is not falsifiable

c) the findings of replicated studies are consistent with the theory

What was the primary ethical concern in the Milgrim Study a) the researchers did not debrief the participants b) the financial costs of conducting the study outweighed the benefits gained by the research c) the potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain d) the number or people negatively affected was larger than the number of people positively affected

c) the potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? a) the principle of beneficence b) the principle of integrity c) the principle of justice d) the principle of respect for persons

c) the principle of justice

A correlation coefficient and scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information? a) the outliers present in the two measurements b) the path significance of the relationship between two measurements c) the strengths and direction of the relationship between two measurements d) the validity and reliability of two measurements

c) the strengths and direction of the relationship between two measurements

Why are empirical and journal review articles considered prestigious publications? a) they use quantitative techniques b) they are written by scientists c) they are both peer reviewed d) they use statistical analyses to test hypothesis

c) they are both peer reviewed

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic? a) they are impossible discover b) they are federal crimes c) they are impede scientific progress d) data are easy to acquire

c) they are impede scientific progress

Why might a researcher decide to use a double blind placebo control group design? a) to prevent attrition b) to control for regressions to the mean c) to control for observer bias d) to eliminate testing effects

c) to control for observer bias

When obtaining informed consent from a participant, what must the researcher do? a) tell the participants about any deception in the study b) tell the participants the hypothesis of the study c) explain how scientific fraud will be avoided d) explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study

d) explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Boardgames." (this headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and woman played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC Thant when listening to Mozart, best females participants' performance did not differ based on music. How many measured variables are included in this study? a) one b) five c) two d) four

c) two

Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations? a) when the experimental and comparison groups are equal at pretest b) when the experimental and comparison groups are equal posttest c) when one group has an extremely high score at pretest d) when one group has an extremely low score at posttest

c) when one group has an extremely high score at pretest

A scatterplot is a graph a) that shoes the size of a difference on a variable between two groups b) used to show causal associations c) with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data d) that sos changes over time on a variable

c) with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data

In small-N designs, each participant is treated: a) with multiple interventions b) by a clinical psychologist c) as a data point d) as a separate experiment

d) as a separate experiment

After reading the chapter, Cyril cays to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing? a) motivated thinking b) confirmation bias c) faulty intuition d) bias blind spot

d) bias blind spot

Kalilah just read a story in the most recent issue of Psychology Today that has grabbed her interest. As a thoughtful consumer of information, what should Kalilah do? a) start with the assumption that the media coverage of the story is an inaccurate representation of the original research study b) contact the science journal to ask addition questions about that topic c) read the Psychology Today story cynically d) consider comparing the media coverage of the story to the original research report

d) consider comparing the media coverage of the story to the original research report

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to where sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this thought the entire eight hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon recieving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts that his gradua

d) data fabrication

The absence of random assignment in any study a) strengthens your ability to make a frequency claim b) strengthens your ability to make a causal claim c) increases internal validity d) decreases internal validity

d) decreases internal validity

Which of the following threats to internal validity is related to human subjectivity? a) regression to the mean b) instrumentation c) attrition d) demand characteristics

d) demand characteristics

Which of the following is most likely to be part of a debriefing? a) having participants review and sign an informed consent form b) asking participants to summarize the data they provided as one strategy for checking their understanding of the study hypothesis c) an explicit warning about any potential risks d) fully informing participants about all aspects of the study

d) fully informing participants about all aspects of the study

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study participants only from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women? a) if the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American woman) b) if the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation) c) it is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studies d) if the specific group being studies is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

d) if the specific group being studies is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

Which of the following is a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? a) it allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow up studies b) it gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any liability c) it prevents research from being sued d) it informs participants about the presence and purpose of deceptions in a study

d) it informs participants about the presence and purpose of deceptions in a study

Which of the following is a dependent variable? a) one that is manipulated b) one that has one level c) one that is kept constant d) one that is measured

d) one that is measured

Which of the following is NOT a section os subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article? a) procedure b) abstract c) participants d) outcomes

d) outcomes

Which of the following ethical violations did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? a) researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not b) participants were not told they had been infected with the disease c) researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment d) participants in the study were given/infected with the disease

d) participants in the study were given/infected with the disease

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? a) principle of integrity b) principle of respect for persons c) principle of justice d) principle of beneficence

d) principle of beneficence

You read research that found that first born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades that your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying that a) you intuition is better than research b) you have fallen prey to you blind spot bias c) you have cherry picked information to support your conclusions d) research is probabilistic

d) probabilistic

What is the primary difference between researchers and non-researchers? a) researchers are sternly influenced by authority figures b) researchers reply exclusively on logic c) researchers reply on personal experience and intuition d) researchers test their intuition with systematic, empirical observations

d) researches test their intuition with systematic, empirical observations

A confound that keeps a researcher from finding a relationship between two variables is known as a(n) _____ confound. a) incentive b) null c) weak d) reverse

d) reverse

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emption on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words that Group. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? a) the external validity of the study b) the covariance c) the temporal precedence of the study d) th

d) the internal validity of the study

Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do no use similar methodologies or measurements. How is that possible? a) the researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions b) the researchers have the same operational definitions c) the researchers so not have the same conceptual definitions or the same operations definitions d) the researchers have the same conceptual definitions

d) the researchers have the same conceptual definitions

Which of the following is a primary reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data? a) they are curious to see if other scientists would be able to detect the data fabrication of falsification b) a journal might require it for higher impact c) they believe that the data they create is equally as valid as data that would be collected from participants d) they feel pressure to publish findings

d) they feel pressure to publish findings

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees that the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? a) positive associations b) causal association c) negative association d) zero association

d) zero association

Which of the following threats typically leads to group difference before the task of the study? a) maturation effect b) selection effect c) order effect d) design confound

not c) order effect