DMI 403- Chapter 4- Spine

Thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae with typical vertebral configurations except for their characteristic costal facets

The Spinal cord is enlarged in ____ regions by the cell bodies of nerves that extend to the extremities

2

Vertebral arch formed by 2 pedicles projecting from the body to meet with the ____, which continue posteriorly and medially to form a spinous process, the transverse processes project laterally from the approximate junction of the pedicle and laminae

2 laminaes

Typical vertebra parts

2 main: Body (anterior element) in the vertebral arch (posterior element)

Vertebral arch formed by ____ projecting from the body to meet with the 2 laminaes, which continue posteriorly and medially to form a spinous process, the transverse processes project laterally from the approximate junction of the pedicle and laminae

2 pedicles

Anterior spinal artery runs the entire length of the spinal cord in the anterior median fissure and supplies the anterior ____ of the spinal cord

2/3

The erector spinae muscle group is the chief extensor of the vertebral column and is arranged in ___

3 vertical columns

How many vertebrae is in the vertebral column?

33; separated into cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), and coccygeal (3-5)sections

The entire weight of the upper body is transferred from the ____ to the base of the sacrum across the L5 - S1 intravertebral disc

5th lumbar vertebrae

Spinal nerve pairs

8(nerve pairs)-cervical region, 12 (nerve pairs)-thoracic section, 5 (nerve pairs)-lumbar region, 5 (nerve pairs)-sacrum, and 1 (nerve pairs)-coccyx.

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A broad fibrous band that extends downward from C1 along the anterior surface of the vertebral body to the sacrum.

Tectorial membrane

A broad ligament that extends from the clivus of the occipital bone to the posterior body of the axis, covering the dens, transverse , apical, and a alar ligaments

Sacral hiatus

An opening formed by the absence of the Spinous process of the 5th sacral segment

Dorsal root ganglion

And oval enlargement of the dorsal root that contains the nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons, is located in the intravertebral foramen

Veins of the spinal cord

Anterior and posterior central vein, radial veins, anterior and posterior medial (spinal) veins, anterior and posterior radicular veins, intervertebral veins

The anterior and posterior median veins drains into what?

Anterior and posterior radicular veins

This ligament is a superior extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament

Anterior atlantooccipital membrane

Division of External venous plexus

Anterior external plexus and posterior external plexus

This ligament connects the anterior aspect of the vertebral body and intravertebral disk to maintain stability of the joints and to help prevent hyperextension of the vertebral column.

Anterior longitudinal ligament

The anterior median veins parallels which artery?

Anterior spinal artery

___________ runs the entire length of the spinal cord in the anterior median fissure and supplies the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord

Anterior spinal artery

Posterior spinal arteries

Arise as small branches of either the vertebral or the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and descend along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord

Semispinalis muscle origin

Arise from the transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical spine

Sacral plexus

Arises from L4-L5 and S1-S4, these nerves converged towards the inferior sacral foramina to unite into a large flattened band

Cervical plexus

Arises from the upper four ventral Rami of C1-C4 to innervate the neck, lower part of the face and ear, the side of the scalp, and upper thoracic area

Lumbar plexus

Arises from the ventral Rami T12 and L1-L4

Filum terminale

At the distal end of the spinal cord, at proximately L1, the Pia mater continues as this long slender strand

Lateral to the odontoid process on the upper surface of the body are the superior articular processes, on which the atlas articulates at the ____

Atlantoaxial joint

Besides the ligaments, what else supports and stabilizes the suboccipital region of the spine?

Atlantooccipital (anterior and posterior) and tectorial membranes

Drains the vertebral bodies

Basivertebral veins

Posterior longitudinal ligament is attached only at the intravertebral disk and adjacent margins. It is separated from the middle of each vertebra by epidural fat, which provides passage of the ____

Basivertebral veins

The anterior sections of the internal and external plexuses communicate via a network of veins called?

Basivertebral veins

Spinal cord

Begins as a continuation of the Medulla at the inferior margin of the brainstem and extends to approximately the first lumbar vertebra

____________ emerges between the anterior and middle scalene muscles, where they continue laterally and inferiorly to divide into three chords just posterior to the clavicle

Brachial plexus roots

cauda equina (horse's tail)

Bundle of nerves that continue inferiorly from the termination of the spinal cord, this grouping of nerves has the appearance of a horses tail and exits through the lumbosacral foramina

Bifid spinous processes

C3-C6 have this unique configuration.

The transverse ligament is sometimes called ________ due to its cross like appearance when viewed in the coronal plane

Cruciform ligament

body of vertebra

Cylindrical in shape and is anteriorly located and functions to support bodyweight

Dermatome map

Demonstrates the specific cutaneous distribution that each spinal nerve provides

The cross-sectional images of the spinal cord at various levels have considerable _________ in size and shape because of the ___________ proportion of gray and white matter

Difference, changing

Division of the sciatic nerve

Divides into tibial and peroneal nerves

Shortly after emerging from the intravertebral foramen, each nerve divide into these two rami, which contain both motor and sensory fibers

Dorsal and ventral Rami

Anterior and posterior central veins

Drains the central gray matter of the spinal cord and it is located in the anterior median fissure and posterior sulcus respectively.

Radial veins

Drains the outer white matter that encircles the spinal cord within the Pia mater

Dural nerve root sleeve

Dura mater that surrounds each spinal nerve and extends through the intravertebral foramen

Basivertebral veins

Emerges from the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies

Intermediate layer muscle group name

Erector spinae muscle group

Efferent (motor) nerve roots

Exit the spinal cord via at the ventral route to be distributed throughout the body.

Segmental arteries

Extend toward the intravertebral foramen, where they divide into spinal branches

Transverse ligament

Extends across the vertebral foramen of C1 to form a sling over the posterior surface of the odontoid process. It has a small band of longitudinal fibers that ascend to attach to the posteroinferior aspect of the Clivus and inferiorly to attach to the body of the axis

Interspinous ligament

Extends between adjacent spinous process throughout the spinal column

Posterior atlantooccipital membrane

Extends from the posterior arch of C1 to the occipital bone, closing the posterior portion of the vertebral canal between the cranium and C1

Spinalis muscle group insertion

Extends from the spinous processes of the upper lumbar and lower thoracic region to inserts superiorly to skull and the spinous processes of the superior thoracic region and C2

Cervical enlargement

Extends from the vertebral bodies of approximately C3-C7

Cords of the brachial plexus

Extends through the axilla to form five terminal branches: the musculocutaneous, axillary, median, radial, and ulnar nerve

Internal and external venous plexuses

Extensive network of veins formed from the veins of the vertebral column (named according to their corresponding location in the vertebral column)

multifidus muscle insertion

Fibers expand 4-6 vertebral segments, running superior medially to spinous processes

Rotatores Insertion

Fibers run superomedially and attach to the junction of lamina and transverse processes on same vertebrae or spinous processes of vertebrae above their origin

After leaving the thecal sac, the _________ eventually exits the sacral canal through the sacral hiatus and attaches to the coccyx, providing an anchor between the spinal cord and the coccyx

Filum terminale

Annulus fibrosis

Firm outer portion of the intervertebral disk

Intravertebral foramina

Formed by the articulation of the superior and inferior notches of adjacent vertebrae, allows for the transmission of spinal nerves and blood vessels.

Lateral masses (ala)

Formed by the combined transverse processes

Anterior spinal artery

Formed by the union of two small branches of the vertebral arteries, just caudal to the basilar artery

Spinal meninges

Forms the thecal sac that surrounds and protects the delicate spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid

Zygapophyseal joint (facet joints)

Four articular process, two superior and two inferior, arise from the junction of the pedicle and laminae to articulate with the adjacent vertebra and form this joint

___________ has the appearance of a butterfly and cross-section and has posterior and anterior projections.

Gray matter

Pia mater

Highly vascular layer that closely adheres to the spinal cord

Spinal nerves

Just outside the intravertebral foramina, the ventral and dorsal roots unite to form the 31 pairs of these nerves

The entire weight of the upper body is transferred from the fifth lumbar vertebrae to the base of the sacrum across the ____

L5-S1 intravertebral disc

Spinal cord function

Large nerve cable that connects to brain with the body

Brachial plexus

Large, complex network of nerves arriving from the five ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1

Femoral nerve

Largest branch of the lumbar plexus, descending beneath the inguinal ligament

Sciatic nerve is the ___

Largest nerve in the body

Denticulate ligaments

Lateral extensions of the Pia mater, leaving the spinal cord to form pairs of ligament, which attaches to the dura (preventing lateral movement of the spinal cord within the thecal sac)

Sacral plexus location

Lies against the posterolateral wall of the pelvis between the piriformis muscle and internal iliac vessels, just anterior to the SI joints

Internal venous plexus

Lies within the vertebral canal in the epidural space and are divided into anterior and posterior internal plexus

Coccyx

Located inferior to the fifth sacral segment, consist of 3 to 5 small fused bony segments

Costal facets (Demi facets)

Located on the body and transverse process that articulates with the ribs

Vertebral foramen

Located posteriorly, is the ringlike arch that attaches to the side of the body, creating a space

Sacral foramina

Located within the lateral masses, allow for the passage of nerves

Phrenic nerve is a ____

Major motor branch of cervical plexus

The spinalis layer makes up the ___ column

Medial

Apical ligament

Midline structure that connects the apex of the odontoid process to the inferior margin of the clivus

Coccyx

Most inferior portion of the vertebral column

Muscle group regions

Muscle groups that run the length of spine can be divided into regions according to their location: capitis , cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

Splenius muscles

Muscles that are located on the lateral and posterior aspect of the cervical and upper thoracic spine

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Narrower and slightly weaker than the anterior longitudinal ligament

Ventral Rami

Nerves of T2 - T 12 passes anteriorly as the intercoastal nerve to supply the skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral trunk

Parts of the vertebral disks

Nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosis

Lumbosacral enlargement

Occurs within the lower thoracic region

Anterior atlantooccipital membrane

Passes from the anterior arch of the atlas and connects to the base of the occipital bone at its anterior margin

Vertebral arch parts

Pedicles (2), lamina, spinous process (1), transverse process(2), and superior (2) and inferior (2) articular processes(2).

Vertebral arch formation

Pedicles project from the body to meet with the two laminaes, which continue posteriorly and medially to form a spinous process, the transverse processes project and laterally from the approximate junction of the pedicle and laminae

This ligament helps to prevent posterior protrusion of the nucleus purposes and hyperflexion of the vertebral column

Posterior longitudinal ligament

____ lies inside of the vertebral canal and runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies

Posterior longitudinal ligament

_____ is attached only at the intravertebral disk and adjacent margins. It is separated from the middle of each vertebra by epidural fat, which provides passage of the Basivertebral veins

Posterior longitudinal ligament

dorsal horns

Posterior projection of the gray matter. Contains neurons and sensory fibers that enter the cord from the body periphery via the dorsal roots

Subdural space

Potential space runs between the arachnoid and dura mater

Odontoid process (dens)

Projects into the anterior ring of the atlas to act as a pivot for rotational of movement of the atlas

Lateral masses of the atlas

Provide the only weight bearing articulation between the cranium and vertebral body

Spine curvature

Provides spinal flexibility and distribute compressive forces over the spine

Posterior external venous plexus

Runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral arches

denticulate ligament path

Runs between the ventral and dorsal nerve roots within the spinal column

Anterior external venous plexus

Runs directly in front of the vertebral bodies

Iliocostalis muscles insertion

Runs superiorly to attach to the angles of the ribs and transverse processes of C7 to C4

Longissimus muscles insertion

Runs superiorly to insert into the tips of the transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical regions, the angles of the ribs, and the mastoid process

Used to separate the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity

Sacral promontory

Multifidus muscle origin

Sacrum, ilium, transverse processes of T1 - L5 and articular processes a C4 - C7

Axis

Second cervical vertebra, has a large odontoid process (dens) that project upward from the superior surface of the body.

Lumbar arteries

Segmental arteries in the lumbar region

Intercostal arteries

Segmental arteries in the thoracic region

Forms the largest muscle mass in the posterior portion of the neck

Semispinalis muscle

Deep layer (transversospinal muscles) names

Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

Muscles groups of the back

Separated into three groupings or layers: the superficial layer (splenius muscles), the intermediate layer (erector spinae group), and the deep layer (transversospinal group)

Plexus function

Serve the motor and sensory needs of the muscle and skin of the extremities

ligamentum nuchae

Serves as an attachment point for muscles, extends from the external occipital Protuberance of the cranium to the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae.

Cervical vertebrae

Seven vertebraes varying in size and shape. Within the transverse process of this vertebra, is the transverse foramen

Intravertebral disc

Shock absorbing cartilage that separates the vertebral bodies

lumbar plexus location

Situated on the posterior abdominal wall, between the psoas major muscle and the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae

Ligaments

Specific ligament of the spine serve to connect the cervical vertebrae and the cranium to provide mobility and protection for the head and neck

Splenius cervicis origin

Spinous process of T3-T7

Superficial layer splenius muscles name

Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis

Ligamentum flava location

Strong ligament (consisting of yellow elastic tissue) present at it either side of the spinous process

Vertebral canal

Succession of the vertebral foramina forms a canal that contains and protects the spinal cord

Cornu

Superior projections of the first coccygeal segment

Spinal cord supply

Supplied by a single anterior spinal artery, paired posterior spinal arteries,and by a series of spinal branches

Posterior spinal arteries supply

Supplies the posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord

Vertebral column

Supports the weight of the body, helps to maintain posture, and protects the delicate spinal cord and nerves.

conus medullaris Is the most inferior portion of the spinal cord and is located at approximately the level of ____

T12- L1

The _____ extends from the clivus of the occipital bone to the posterior body of the axis, covering the dens, transverse , apical, and alar ligaments

Tectorial membrane

Ventral horns

The anterior projection of the gray matter, Contains the nerve cell bodies of the efferent (motor) neurons

Sacroiliac joint

The articulation of the pelvic bone with the lateral masses (ala)

Atlantoaxial joint

The articulation with the atlas and the superior articular process on the upper surface of the body, lateral to the dens

Subarachnoid space

The space between the arachnoid mater and Pia mater, which is filled with cerebral spinal fluid and the blood vessels that supply the spinal cord

Anterior and posterior medial (spinal) veins

The venous blood collected by the tiny radial veins drains into these veins

The anterior and posterior radicular veins parallels what?

The ventral and dorsal nerve roots

Splenius muscles origin

These bandage like muscles originate on the spinous process of C7 - T6 and the inferior half of the ligamentum Nuchae

Ligamentum flava

They joined the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches, helping to preserve the normal curvature of the spine

Arachnoid mater

Thin transparent membrane that is attached to the inner surface of the Dura mater

Posterior longitudinal ligament location

This ligament runs the entire length of the vertebral column beginning at C2

Great anterior radicular artery (artery of Adamkiewicz) supply

This vessel makes a major contribution to the anterior spinal artery and provides the main blood supply to the inferior 2/3 of the spinal cord

Dura mater

Tough outer layer that extends to S2, creating the thecal sac

Rotatores Origin

Transverse processes of vertebrae, well developed in thoracic spine

True or false. The internal and external venous plexuses, along with the radicular veins, drain into the intervertebral veins, ending in the vertebral, intercostal, lumbar, and sacral veins

True

True or false. The veins that drain the spinal cord follow the same segmental organization as their arterial counterapart.

True

Quadratus lumborum and psoas muscle

Two additional muscle that are commonly visualize the lumbar region of the spine and are considered abdominal muscles

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament

Two of the larger ligaments that enclose the vertebral column to help protect the spinal cord and maintain stability of the vertebral column

Alar ligaments

Two strong bands that extend obliquely from the sides of the odontoid process, upward to the lateral margins of the occipital condyles to limit rotation and flexion of the head

Lumbar vertebrae

Typically consist of five vertebrae; their massive body increase in size from superior to inferior.

Spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae

Typically long and slender, projecting inferiorly over the vertebral arches of the vertebrae below

External Venous plexus

Valveless and communicates freely with the vertebral veins and intracranial venous sinuses and are located at the outer surfaces of the vertebral column

_____ formed by 2 pedicles projecting from the body to meet with the 2 laminaes, which continue posteriorly and medially to form a spinous process, the transverse processes project laterally from the approximate junction of the pedicle and laminae

Vertebral arch

The size of the _____ progressively increase from superior to inferior portion of the spine

Vertebral bodies

What allows movement and additional support for the vertebral column?

Zygapophyseal joint

Supraspinous ligament

a narrow band of fibers that runs over and connects the tip of the spinous process from the seventh cervical vertebra to the lower lumbar vertebrae

Dorsal roots are called ____

afferent (sensory) nerve roots

There exists frequent _____ joining the two posterior spinal arteries with each other and with the anterior spinal artery

anastomoses

After giving off an ____ to the walls of the vertebral column the spinal branches divide into anterior and posterior radicular arteries that pass along the ventral and dorsal root into the spinal cord

anterior and posterior branch

After giving off an anterior and posterior branch to the walls of the vertebral column the spinal branches divide into ____ that pass along the ventral and dorsal root into the spinal cord

anterior and posterior radicular arteries

The transverse ligament holds the odontoid process of C2 against the ____ of C1

anterior arch

The tectorial membrane forms the ____ of the vertebral canal and is continuous with the posterior longitudinal ligament

anterior boundary

Saphenous nerve innervation

anterior lower leg, some of the ankle, and part of the foot

Anterior spinal artery runs the entire length of the spinal cord in the _____ and supplies the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord

anterior median fissure

Although the _____ is quite small in diameter, it is at its widest in the cervical and lumbar enlargement and is much reduced in the thoracic region

anterior spinal artery

The spinous process of the ____ is the first projection to be felt in the posterior groove of the neck

axis

The erector spinae muscle group is the ____ of the vertebral column and is arranged in three vertical columns

chief extensor

After leaving the thecal sac, the Filum terminale eventually exits the sacral canal through the sacral hiatus and attaches to the ____, providing an anchor between the spinal cord and the coccyx

coccyx

Plexus

complex network of nerves formed by the ventral Rami of all other spinal nerves

Vertebral notch

concave surface on the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicles

Sciatic nerve

continuation of the sacral plexus into the thigh, exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and continues to descend vertically along the posterior thigh

Each spinal nerve provides a specific cutaneous distribution that can be demonstrated on a ____

dermatome map

Shortly after emerging from the intravertebral foramen, each nerve divide into ____, which contain both motor and sensory fibers

dorsal and ventral rami

The filum terminale descends through the subarachnoid space to the inferior border of the thecal sac, where it is reinforced by the ____.

dura mater

Anterior spinal artery runs the ____ of the spinal cord in the anterior median fissure and supplies the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord

entire length

Posterior longitudinal ligament is attached only at the intravertebral disk and adjacent margins. It is separated from the middle of each vertebra by _____, which provides passage of the Basivertebral veins

epidural fat

The ______ is the chief extensor of the vertebral column and is arranged in three vertical columns

erector spinae muscle group

epidural space contains _____

fat and vessels

At the level of the lesser trochanter the divides into several branches

femoral nerve

___________ descends through the subarachnoid space to the inferior border of the thecal sac, where it is reinforced by the dura mater.

filum terminale

Phrenic nerve

formed by the branches of C3, C4, and upper division at C5, this nerve descends vertically down the neck and passes into the superior thoracic aperture, where it continues inferiorly to the diaphragm.

Saphenous nerve descends along the medial aspect of the leg to the ankle accompanied by the ____

great saphenous vein

The ____ runs superiorly to attach to the angles of the ribs and transverse processes of C7-C4

iliocostalis muscle

conus medullaris Is the most ____ portion of the spinal cord and is located at approximately the level of T12- L1

inferior

Sacral cornu

inferior articular process of the 5th sacral segment, located at the sides of the sacral hiatus, which project downward

Semispinalis muscle inertion

insert on the occipital bone and spinous processes in the thoracic and cervical regions.

Posterior longitudinal ligament lies ____ of the vertebral canal and runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies

inside

The longissimus layer makes up the ___ column

intermediate

Posterior longitudinal ligament is attached only at the ____. It is separated from the middle of each vertebra by epidural fat, which provides passage of the Basivertebral veins

intravertebral disk and adjacent margins

Shortly after emerging from the _____, each nerve divide into dorsal and ventral rami, which contain both motor and sensory fibers

intravertebral foramen

Arachnoid Mater

it is connected to the Pia mater by numerous delicate strands creating the spider like appearance

The iliocostalis layer makes up the ____ column

lateral

After leaving the thecal sac, the Filum terminale eventually exits the sacral canal through the sacral hiatus and attaches to the coccyx, providing an anchor between the ____ and the coccyx

spinal cord

The ____________ are continuous with the cranial meninges and can be broken into the same three layers: Dura, aeachnoid, and pia.

spinal meninges

Vertebral arch formed by 2 pedicles projecting from the body to meet with the 2 laminaes, which continue posteriorly and medially to form a ____, the transverse processes project laterally from the approximate junction of the pedicle and laminae

spinous process

The splenius muscles are bandage-like muscles originating on the ____ and the inferior half of the ligamentum Nuchae

spinous processes of C7-T6

The ____ are bandage-like muscles originating on the spinous processes of C7 - T6 and the inferior half of the ligamentum Nuchae

splenius muscles

The Cornu has ligamentous attachments to the sacral cornu that provide additional ____ to the articulation between the sacrum and the coccyx.

stability

The filum terminale descends through the ____ to the inferior border of the thecal sac, where it is reinforced by the dura mater.

subarachnoid space

Lateral to the odontoid process on the upper surface of the body are the _____, on which the atlas articulates at the Atlantoaxial joint

superior articular processes

The size of the Vertebral bodies progressively increase from ____ portion of the spine

superior to inferior

The ligamentum nuchae continues inferiorly as the ____

supraspinous ligament

The ____ forms the anterior boundary of the vertebral canal and is continuous with the posterior longitudinal ligament

tectorial membrane

The five terminal branches of the brachial plexus (the musculocutaneous, axillary, median, radial, and ulnar nerve) innervation

the muscles of the upper extremity and shoulder

The filum terminale descends through the subarachnoid space to the inferior border of the _____, where it is reinforced by the dura mater.

thecal sac

Anterior longitudinal ligament is ____ in the thoracic region than the cervical and lumbar regions, providing additional support to the thoracic spine

thicker

Deep layer (transversospinal muscles) function

to flex and rotate the vertebral column

Splenius muscle (capitis, cervicis) action

together they act to extend the head and neck

The ____ holds the odontoid process of C2 against the anterior arch of C1

transverse ligament

Vertebral arch formed by 2 pedicles projecting from the body to meet with the 2 laminaes, which continue posteriorly and medially to form a spinous process, the ____ project laterally from the approximate junction of the pedicle and laminae

transverse processes

Posterior median vein

typically presents as the largest vascular structure on the posterior surface of the spinal cord

After giving off an anterior and posterior branch to the walls of the vertebral column the spinal branches divide into anterior and posterior radicular arteries that pass along the ____ into the spinal cord

ventral and dorsal root

The tectorial membrane forms the anterior boundary of the _____ and is continuous with the posterior longitudinal ligament

vertebral canal

Segmental arteries supplies the ____

vertebral column and spinal cord

Sacral promontory

The first sacral segment that has a prominent ridge located at the anterior surface of the body

Atlantooccipital joint

The large superior articular process of the atlas articulates with the occipital condyles of the cranium deformed this joint

Saphenous nerve

The largest branch of the femoral nerve

L5

The largest of the lumbar vertebrae with massive transverse process

Great anterior radicular artery (artery of Adamkiewicz)

The largest of the radicular arteries

Lateral to the ____ on the upper surface of the body are the superior articular processes, on which the atlas articulates at the Atlantoaxial joint

odontoid process

The transverse ligament holds the ____ of C2 against the anterior arch of C1

odontoid process

Posterior longitudinal ligament is attached ___ at the intravertebral disk and adjacent margins. It is separated from the middle of each vertebra by epidural fat, which provides passage of the Basivertebral veins

only

Vertebral arch formed by 2 pedicles projecting from the body to meet with the 2 laminaes, which continue posteriorly and medially to form a spinous process, the transverse processes project laterally from the approximate junction of the ____

pedicle and laminae

The ventral rami of all other spinal nerves form complex networks of nerves called ____

plexuses

Posterior longitudinal ligament lies inside of the vertebral canal and runs along the ____ aspect of the vertebral bodies

posterior

Segmental arteries arises from the _____

posterior aspect of the descending aorta

The Tectorial membrane extends from the clivus of the occipital bone to the ____

posterior body of the axis, covering the dens, transverse , apical, and alar ligaments

The tectorial membrane forms the anterior boundary of the vertebral canal and is continuous with the ____

posterior longitudinal ligament

This muscle group, erector spinae muscle group, arises from a common broad tendon from the ____

posterior part of the iliac crest, spinous process of sacrum and inferior lumbar spine and supraspinous ligament

Brachial plexus location

posterior to the subclavian artery as it course toward the axillary region of the shoulder

Vertebral arch formed by 2 pedicles projecting from the body to meet with the 2 laminaes, which continue _____ to form a spinous process, the transverse processes project laterally from the approximate junction of the pedicle and laminae

posteriorly and medially

The posterior longitudinal ligament helps to ____

prevent posterior protrusion of the nucleus pulposus and hyperflexion of the vertebral column

Denticulate ligaments function

prevents lateral movement of the spinal cord within the thecal sac

Additional muscle commonly visualized in the lumbar region of the spine

quadratus lumborum, psoas muscle which are considered abdominal muscles

The iliocostalis muscle runs superiorly to attach to the angles of the ____

ribs and transverse processes of C7-C4

The Cornu has ligamentous attachments to the ____ that provide additional stability to the articulation between the sacrum and the coccyx.

sacral cornu

After leaving the thecal sac, the Filum terminale eventually exits the sacral canal through the ____ and attaches to the coccyx, providing an anchor between the spinal cord and the coccyx

sacral hiatus

The entire weight of the upper body is transferred from the fifth lumbar vertebrae to the base of the ___ across the L5 - S1 intravertebral disc

sacrum

The Cornu has ligamentous attachments to the sacral cornu that provide additional stability to the articulation between the _____.

sacrum and the coccyx

After giving off an anterior and posterior branch to the walls of the vertebral column the ____ divide into anterior and posterior radicular arteries that pass along the ventral and dorsal root into the spinal cord

spinal branches

Segmental arteries extend toward the intravertebral foramen, where they divide into ____

spinal branches

Anterior and posterior median (spinal) veins

Created by the longitudinal Venous channels within the pia mater on the anterior and posterior your surfaces of the spinal cord

Anterior thecal sac

Adheres to the posterior longitudinal ligament and is separated from the vertebral column by the epidural space

Dorsal rami

All spinal nerves extend posteriorly to innervate the skin and muscle of the posterior trunk

Transverse foramen of the C-spine

Allow passage of the vertebral arteries and veins as they ascend to and Descend from the head

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra that supports the head, a ringlike structure that has no body and no spinous process.

nucleus pulposus

Central mass of soft semigelatinous material of the vertebral disk

Splenius cervicis insertion

Cervical portion, inserts on the transverse processes of C1-C3 or C4

Four major nerve plexus

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

The Tectorial membrane extends from the ___ of the occipital bone to the posterior body of the axis, covering the dens, transverse , apical, and alar ligaments

Clivus

Vertebral end plate

Compact bone on the superior and inferior surfaces of the body

gray matter of spinal cord

Composed of nerve cells and runs that entire length of the cord, is centrally located and surrounds the central canal, which contains cerebrospinal fluid and is continuous with the ventricles of the brain

Spinal cord composition

Composed of white and gray matter

White matter (myelinated axons) of the spinal cord

Comprises the external borders of the cord and is more abundant

Atlantooccipital membrane

Consist of an anterior and posterior portion, which serves to connect the arches of the Atlas with occipital bone

Parts of the atlas

Consist of anterior part, posterior arch, and two large lateral masses.

Sacrum

Consist of five fused vertebrae.

Multifidus muscles

Consist of many fibers bundles that extend the full length of the spine and are the most prominent in the lumbar region

Deep layer (transversospinal muscles)

Consist of several short muscles that are located in the groove between the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebrae

Erector spinae muscle group

Consists of massive muscles that form a prominent bulge on each side of the vertebral column.

Epidural space

Contains fat and vessels and separates the anterior thecal sac from the vertebral column

Anterior radicular arteries

Contribute blood to the anterior spinal artery

Posterior radicular arteries

Contribute blood to the posterior spinal arteries

The spinal cord tapers into a cone shaped segment called _____

Conus medullaris

Kyphotic curve

Convex backward curve of the thoracic and sacral section

Lordotic curves

Convex forward curve of Cervical and lumbar sections

The ____ has ligamentous attachments to the sacral cornu that provide additional stability to the articulation between the sacrum and the coccyx.

Cornu

The tubercle of the ribs articulate with the transverse process at the ____

Costotransverse joint

The head of the rib articulate with the vertebral body at the _____

Costovertebral joint

Splenius Capitis insertion

Cranial portion, Inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone

Intermediate layer (erector spinae muscle group) each name

Iliocostalis muscles, longissimus muscles, spinalis muscle group

Splenius Capitis origin

Inferior Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T3

Tibial and peroneal nerves

Innervates of the posterior aspect of the lower extremity

Sacral plexus innervation

Innervates the buttocks, posterior thigh, and Feet

This, ______________, muscle group arises from a common broad tendon from the posterior part of the iliac crest, spinous process of sacrum and inferior lumbar spine and supraspinous ligament

Intermediate layer (erector spinae muscle group)

Veins of the vertebral column

Internal (anterior and posterior internal plexuses), external (anterior and posterior external venous plexuses) venous plexuses, Basivertebral vein

The anterior and posterior radicular veins drains into what?

Intervertebral veins

Rotatores

The deepest of the transversospinal muscles, which Connect the lamina of one vertebra to the transverse process of the vertebra below (They are best developed in the thoracic region)

Vertebral arch formed by 2 pedicles projecting from the body to meet with the 2 laminaes, which continue posteriorly and medially to form a spinous process, the transverse processes project ____ from the approximate junction of the pedicle and laminae

laterally

Saphenous nerve descends along the medial aspect of the _____ accompanied by the great saphenous vein

leg to the ankle

At the level of the _____ the femoral nerve divides into several branches

lesser trochanter

The Cornu has ____ to the sacral cornu that provide additional stability to the articulation between the sacrum and the coccyx.

ligamentous attachments

The splenius muscles are bandage-like muscles originating on the spinous processes of C7 - T6 and the inferior half of the ____

ligamentum Nuchae

Vertebral prominence

long spinous process of C7 that is typically not bifid and is easily palpable posteriorly at the base of the neck

lumbar plexus innervation

lower abdominopelvic region and anterior and medial muscles of the thigh

Great anterior radicular artery (artery of Adamkiewicz) arises in the _____

lower thoracic and upper lumbar region typically between T12 and L3

Saphenous nerve descends along the ____ aspect of the leg to the ankle accompanied by the great saphenous vein

medial

Shortly after emerging from the intravertebral foramen, each nerve divide into dorsal and ventral rami, which contain both ____

motor and sensory fibers

The large superior articular process of the atlas articulates with the ____

occipital condyles