DMS OB2 Test 3
pentalogy of Cantrell
a group of anomalies that includes an (1) omphalocele, along with (2) ectopic cordis, (3) cleft sternum, (4) anterior diaphragmatic defect, and (5) pericardial defects
oligohydramnios
a lower-than-normal amount of amniotic fluid for the gestational age
cystic adenomatoid malformation
a mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest
biophysical profile
a method of fetal monitoring with sonography to produce a numeric scoring system that predicts fetal well-being
thoracentesis
a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for either diagnostic or therapeutic reasons
pulmonary sequestration
a separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply
tuberous sclerosis
a systemic disorder that leads to the development of tumors within various organs
lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio
a test of the amniotic fluid that predicts fetal lung maturity
atrioventricular defect
abnormal development of the central portion of the heart; also referred to as endocardial cushion defect
aortic stenosis
abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve
pulmonary hypoplasia
underdevelopment of the lungs
endocardial cushion
(also known as atrioventricular defect) abnormal development of the central portion of the heart
Fetal circulation
1. Placenta 2. Umbilical vein 3. Ductus venosus 4. Inferior vena cava 5. Right atrium 6. Foramen ovale 7. Left atrium 8. Left ventricle 9. Aorta 10. Systemic circulation 11. Umbilical arteries
Blood begins to circulate in the embryo at _____ weeks' postconception, which is ______ weeks' gestational age.
3; 5
A defect of the inlet, outlet, trabecular, or apical portion of the fetal septum involves the: a) ventricular septum b) atrial septum c) moderator septum d) endocardial cushion
A
A normal heart orientation is: a) levocardia b) dextrocardia c) mesocardia d) dextroposition
A
An abnormally large right atrium and abnormally small right ventricle is an indication of: a) Ebstein's anomaly b) TGA c) overriding aorta d) DORV
A
Eventration of the diaphragm is best described as: a) a lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm b) a defect in the anterior lateral wall of the diaphragm c) a defect in the posterolateral wall of the diaphragm d) congenital absence of the diaphragm
A
Fetal oxygenated blood circulation from the placenta enters the fetus through the: a) umbilical vein to the hepatic circulation and left portal vein b) umbilical vein to the ductus arteriosus and right atrium c) umbilical artery to the ductus venosus and left portal vein d) umbilical artery to the left portal vein and IVC
A
Fetal tachyarrhythmias are heart rates: a) of more than 180 beats per minute b) of less than 100 beats per minute c) best assessed using Doppler d) usually clinically insignificant
A
In the normal fetal heart, which chamber is located closest to the fetal spine? a) left atrium b) right atrium c) left ventricle d) right ventricle
A
The embryonic heart begins as: a) two tubes b) four tubes c) eight folds d) one tube
A
The most common cause of cardiac malposition is: a) diaphragmatic hernia b) omphalocele c) gastroschisis d) pulmonary hypoplasia
A
The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the: a) rhabdomyoma b) chordae tendineae c) cardiomyoma d) CAM
A
Ultrasound resolution limits of _______ mm still prevent the identification of small VSDs. a) 1 to 2 b) 2 to 3 c) 3 to 4 d) 4 to 5
A
What is described as the absence of the pulmonary valve, which in turn prohibits blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and essentially to the lungs? a) pulmonary atresia b) pulmonary stenosis c) pulmonary sequestration d) pulmonary effusion
A
What structure shunts blood into the IVC from the umbilical vein? a) ductus venosus b) ductus arteriosus c) Foramen ovale d) Foramen of Luschka
A
Fetal lung maturity can be assessed using the: a) LS ratio b) systolic to diastolic ratio c) estriol to alpha-fetroprotein ratio d) lung size formula
A LS ratio: lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio
Endocardial cushion defect is also known as ________ or _______. This heart defect can involve the ______, ______, and ______.
AVSD; AV canal; interatrial septum (osmium primum ASD); interventricular septum (VSD); atrioventricular (tricuspid and mitral) valves
atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs)
Also known as endocardial cushion defect. Partial: ASD in the lower portion of the atrial septal defect without a ventricular defect Complete: heart with both an ASD and VSD and a common valve
Ebstein's anomaly (32)
Aorta
Heart with persistent truncus arteriosus (47)
Aorta
The brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian artery arise from the _____ arch, which has a ______ shape or appearance.
Aortic; candy-cane
Normal heart (23)
Arch of aorta
Normal heart (42)
Arch of aorta
Fetal circulation (4)
Ascending aorta
Heart with tricuspid atresia (27)
Atrial septal defect
Ebstein's anomaly (30)
Atrialized right ventricle
A group of anomalies characterized by a small or absent right ventricle is: a) Turner syndrome b) Hypoplastic right heart syndrome c) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome d) Coarctation of the aorta
B
A separate mass of nonfunctioning fetal lung tissue is referred to as: a) pulmonary adenomatoid malformation b) pulmonary sequestration c) CAM d) Bat wing sign
B
All of the following are sonographic features of pentalogy of Cantrell except: a) omphalocele b) gastroschisis c) cleft sternum d) diaphragmatic defect
B
Digoxin, sotalol, and flecainide are most often selected for fetal treatment of: a) complete heart block b) SVT c) PAC d) VSD
B
Ostium primum and ostium secundum defects involve the: a) ventricular septum b) atrial septum c) moderator septum d) IVC
B
Tetralogy of Fallot includes all except: a) VSD b) right atrial hypertrophy c) overriding aorta d) pulmonary atresia or stenosis
B
The embryonic heart is completely formed at the: a) beginning of the seventh week b) beginning of the eighth week c) end of the seventh week d) end of the eighth week
B
The narrowing of the aortic arch is indicative of: a) Tetralogy of Fallot b) Coarctation of the aorta c) Ebstein anomaly d) Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
B
The tricuspid valve is located: a) between the right atrium and the left atrium b) between the right ventricle and the right atrium c) between the left ventricle and the left atrium d) between the left atrium and the aorta
B
The visualization of the fetal stomach within the fetal chest is most indicative of: a) pulmonary sequestration b) diaphragmatic hernia c) Turner syndrome d) CAM
B
What is the fetal shunt that connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch? a) Foramen ovale b) ductus arteriosus c) ductus venosus d) Foramen of Bochdalek
B
What is the opening located right anteromedially within the diaphragm? a) Foramen of Bochdalek b) Foramen of Morgagni c) Foramen of Monro d) Foramen ovale
B
Which statement is true concerning fetal outflow tracts? a) the normal pulmonary artery should be positioned posterior to the aorta and should be visualized passing under it b) the normal pulmonary artery should be positioned anterior to the aorta and should be visualized crossing over it c) the right ventricular outflow tract leads to the aorta d) the left ventricular outflow tract leads to the pulmonary artery
B
double outlet right ventricle (DORV)
Both great arteries arise from the right ventricle with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonary stenosis. The same process can occur with the left ventricle with associated atrioventricular valve (AV) and semilunar valve stenosis
A fetal sustained heart rate of 100 bpm or less is _____.
Bradyarrhythmia
A coexisting pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of: a) Tetralogy of Fallot b) Pentalogy of Cantrell c) fetal hydrops d) Potter syndrome
C
A group of anomalies characterized by a small or an absent left ventricle is: a) Turner syndrome b) hypoplastic right heart syndrome c) hypoplastic left heart syndrome d) coarctation of the aorta
C
A syndrome that involves aortic atresia, a small left ventricle, and mitral valve atresia is: a) pulmonary atresia b) tricuspid atresia c) HLHS d) aortic coarctation
C
All of the following are sonographic signs of Ebstein anomaly except: a) enlarged right atrium b) fetal hydrops c) narrowing of the aortic arch d) malpositioned tricuspid valve
C
DORV involves: a) a severe ASD b) a conotruncal defect with the aorta and pulmonary artery failing to divide c) parallel aorta and pulmonary artery and VSD d) premature closure of the Foramen ovale
C
Fetal blood circulates within the embryo at: a) 2 weeks' postconception b) 6 weeks' gestational age c) 3 weeks' postconception d) 4 weeks' gestational age
C
The greatest concentration of oxygenated fetal blood is to the fetal: a) abdominal organs b) retroperitoneal organs c) cranium d) distal extremities
C
The mitral valve is located: a) between the right atrium and the left atrium b) between the right ventricle and the right atrium c) between the left ventricle and the left atrium d) between the left atrium and the aorta
C
The moderator band is located within the: a) right atrium b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) left ventricle
C
The pulmonary valve receives blood from the: a) right atrium b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) left ventricle
C
The sonographic "bat-wing" sign is indicative of: a) pericardial effusion b) pulmonary atresia c) pleural effusion d) endocardial cushion defects
C
What anomaly describes a single vessel overriding a VSD and regurgitant flow? a) TAPVR b) valvular atresia c) truncus arteriosus d) DORV
C
What is an opening within the septum that separates the right and the left ventricles? a) endocardial cushion b) tricuspid regeneration c) VSD d) ASD
C
Fetal blood from the IVC enters the heart: a) left ventricle b) right ventricle c) left atrium d) right atrium
D
In the fetus, left atrial blood passes through the ______ into the left ventricle. a) triscuspid valve b) pulmonary valve c) semilunar valve d) mitral valve
D
Tetralogy of Fallot consists of all of the following except: a) overriding aortic root b) VSD c) pulmonary stenosis d) left ventricular hypertrophy
D
The accumulation of fluid around the lungs is termed: a) ascites b) extracorporeal effusion c) peripleural fluid d) pleural effusion
D
The condition in which the heart is located outside the chest wall is termed: a) CAM b) coarctation of the heart c) cardiac sequestration d) ectopic cordis
D
The fetal heart is fully formed by: a) 2 weeks b) 4 weeks c) 8 weeks d) 10 weeks
D
The most common cardiac tumor is: a) right ventricular teratoma b) tuberous sclerosis c) DiGeorge syndrome d) rhabdomyoma
D
The most common form of diaphragmatic hernia is the: a) Foramen of Morgagni b) Foramen of Magendie c) Foramen of Luschka d) Foramen of Bockdalek
D
The normal heart will fill approximately ____ of the fetal chest. a) one half b) one-fourth c) one-fifth d) one-third
D
What is the term for underdevelopment of the lungs? a) pulmonary atresia b) pulmonary stenosis c) pulmonary agenesis d) pulmonary hypoplasia
D
Which of the following is considered to be the most common cardiac defect? a) Hypoplastic right heart syndrome b) transposition of the great vessels c) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome d) VSD
D
An EIF is most often seen within the: a) right atrium b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) left ventricle
D EIF: echogenic intracardiac focus
Fetal circulation (11)
Descending aorta
A right-sided heart with the apex positioning left is called _____. A heart positioned in the right chest with the apex pointing right is labeled ____. A midline heart is termed _____.
Dextroposition; dextrocardia; mesocardia
This 28-year-old G3 P2 patient complained of not feeling fetal activity for 6 hours. She had followed her obstetrician's suggestion for drinking a sweetened beverage and lying in a quiet room for 1 hour. Since the movement test failed to provide results, she presented to the doctor's office where abdominal Doppler testing suggested an elevated heart rate. She then moved to the ultrasound suite for fetal imaging. View the image and make a diagnosis.
Doppler M-mode recording shows evidence of supraventricular tachycardia. The M-line is traversing the left ventricle and the right atrium.
Fetal circulation (5)
Ductus arteriosus
Normal heart (24)
Ductus arteriosus
Normal heart (43)
Ductus arteriosus
The three bypasses of the fetal heart that close at parturition are ______, ______, and ______.
Ductus arteriosus; Foramen ovale; ductus venosus
supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
Fast irregular heartbeat that is not ventricular in origin. This may originate from the atria, AV node, sinoatrial node, or may be due to a congenital syndrome such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Normal heart (21)
Foramen ovale
Normal heart (40)
Foramen ovale
Diagnose the single image.
Four chamber view of Ebstein's anomaly. Notice the dilated right atrium and apical displacement of the triscuspid valve. Ebstein anomaly: right heart abnormality with apical displacement of the tricuspid valve resulting in varying degrees of right atrial enlargement or diminished RV size and function; tricuspid regurgitation, and possible pulmonary stenosis or atresia
The standard first view in an echocardiogram is the ______ view.
Four-chamber
The subcostal fetal heart view is used for the ______ view, ______ view of the ventricles, and Doppler interrogation of the _______.
Four-chamber; M-mode; atrioventricular (AV) valves
Ebstein's anomaly (36)
Functional right ventricle
Fetal circulation (8)
Heart
Fetal circulation (9)
Inferior vena cava
Normal heart (18)
Inferior vena cava
Normal heart (37)
Inferior vena cava
Fetal circulation (12)
Kidney
Ebstein's anomaly (34)
Left atrium
Normal heart (25)
Left atrium
Normal heart (44)
Left atrium
Ebstein's anomaly (35)
Left ventricle
The fetal heart should consume most of the _____ side of the chest and lies at a normal angle of _____ degrees to the ______ of the midline, plus or minus 20 degrees. The normal position of the heart is termed _______.
Left; 45; left; levocardia
Fetal circulation (10)
Liver
Fetal circulation (7)
Lung
A 38-year-old G1 patient elected to have an echocardiogram of her fetus because of soft markers noted on the mid-pregnancy anatomy examination. The soft markers found included a left choroid plexus cyst measuring 0.7 x 0.8 cm and short femurs. Diagnose the health of the fetal heart.
Multiple images obtained with M-mode and render technology determine the fetal heart to be decidedly normal sonographically.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (14)
Opening between atria
Heart with tricuspid atresia (28)
Patent ductus arteriosus
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (16)
Patent ductus arteriosus
Heart with persistent truncus arteriosus (46)
Persistent truncus arteriosus
Ebstein's anomaly (33)
Pulmonary artery
Heart with persistent truncus arteriosus (48)
Pulmonary artery
Normal heart (20)
Pulmonary trunk
Normal heart (39)
Pulmonary trunk
A long axis view of the _____ artery demonstrates the RVOT. A long axis view of the ______ demonstrates the LVOT.
Pulmonary; aorta
Ebstein's anomaly (31)
Right atrium
Normal heart (19)
Right atrium
Normal heart (38)
Right atrium
The 3D imaging mode used specifically for fetal cardiac imaging is _____.
STIC (spatiotemporal image correlation)
Fetal circulation (6)
Superior vena cava
Normal heart (22)
Superior vena cava
Normal heart (41)
Superior vena cava
What view was used to collect the image? State the anatomy depicted by the long arrow, short thick arrow; dashed arrow, open arrow, and curved arrow.
The fetus is in a prone position. The view is longitudinal. Long arrow: aortic arch Short thick arrow: brachiocephalic artery Dashed arrow: left common carotid artery Open arrow: left subclavian artery Curved arrow: descending aorta
Describe the defect (see arrow).
The image demonstrates a typical "candy cane view" of the aortic arch, with a coarctation noted at the arrow. Coarctation of the aorta refers to narrowing of the aorta along the aortic arch, resulting in outflow obstruction, with the degree of obstruction related to the degree of narrowing that occurs.
Describe the view and state the name of the structure exiting the left ventricle. Explain the labels LV, RV, LA, and AoV.
The sonogram demonstrates the left ventricular outflow tract exiting the LV (left ventricle). The small echogenic structure visualized within the LVOT is the aortic valve (AoV). LV: left ventricle LA: left atrium RV: right ventricle AoV: aortic valve
Describe the view. Explain the anatomy and offer a diagnosis.
This image demonstrates a four-chamber heart with asymmetrical chamber sizes. The diagnosis is hypoplastic left heart. Note the heart is positioned correctly in the fetal chest, the right ventricle forms the apex, and the moderator band is seen in the enlarged right ventricle.
Heart with tricuspid atresia (29)
Tricuspid atresia
Fetal circulation (1)
Umbilical arteries
Fetal circulation (2)
Umbilical cord
Fetal circulation (13)
Umbilical cord (cut and ligated)
Fetal circulation (3)
Umbilical vein
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (17)
Underdeveloped left ventricle
Heart with persistent truncus arteriosus (45)
Ventricular septal defect
Heart with tricuspid atresia (26)
Ventricular septal defect
The most frequent cardiac malformation is ______, occurring in about 30% of live births.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (15)
Very small aorta
rhabdomyoma
a fetal heart tumor found within the myocardium
ductus arteriosus
a fetal shunt that connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch
ductus venosus
a fetal shunt that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
DiGeorge syndrome
a genetic disorder characterized by an absent or hypo plastic thymus, which ultimately leads to impairment of the immune system and susceptibility to infection, as well as cognitive disorders, congenital heart defects, palate defects, and hormonal abnormalities
tetralogy of Fallot
a group of abnormalities consisting of an overriding aortic root, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy
atrial septal defect (ASD)
abnormal opening between the right and left atria
hydrops, nonimmune
accumulation of fluid in the chest and abdomen due to heart failure
foramen of Bochdalek
an opening located in the left posterolateral portion of the diaphragm
foramen of Morgagni
an opening located right anteromedially within the diaphragm
dextrocardia
apex of the heart points to the right
heart/thorax ratio (CTR)
calculation of the heart to chest size resulting in a ratio
Tubular structures called _____ are the first development of the fetal heart.
cardiogenic cords
trisomy 18
chromosomal aberration in which there is a third chromosome 18; also referred to as Edward's syndrome
trisomy 21
chromosomal aberration in which there is a third chromosome 21; also referred to as Down syndrome
Narrowing of the aorta along the arch is _______ and results in _______ obstruction.
coarctation; outflow
rhabdomyoma
common benign tumor found in either ventricle
tricuspid atresia
congenital absence of the tricuspid valve
transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
congenital heart malformation where the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle
ductus venosus
connection between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava
tetralogy of Fallot
cyanotic heart malformation with a VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary obstruction due to valvular stenosis
Ebstein's anomaly
displacement of the tricuspid valve toward the apex of the heart resulting in tricuspid stenosis and/or regurgitation, atrialization of the right ventricle
________ is a condition where the aortic root and pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle.
double outlet right ventricle (DORV)
septum primum
first section of the interatrial septum to form in the embryo
pericardial effusion
fluid accumulation around the heart in the pericardial cavity
The _____ view of the fetal heart is often used for diagnosis of VSD.
four chamber
dyskinetic
impaired movement
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
incomplete development of the left ventricle, resulting in a small or absent left ventricle
hypoplastic right heart syndrome
incomplete development of the right ventricle, resulting in a small or absent right ventricle
The structure that separates the right and left ventricular chambers is the _______.
interventricular septum
premature atrial contractions (PACs)
irregular extra contraction of the atria out of sync with the ventricles
eventration of the diaphragm
lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm
The foraminal flap should be seen opening into the ______ atrium.
left
A structure in the right ventricle, the ______, should differentiate the right ventricle from the left ventricle.
moderator band
papillary muscles
muscular projections into the ventricles that anchor the chordae tendinae of the atrioventricular (AV) valves
coarctation of the aorta
narrowing of the aorta
foramen ovale
opening between the atria allowing for blood flow from the right to the left during fetal life
papillary muscle
paired muscles in both sides of heart that hold in place either the mitral or tricuspid valves
Complete TGA demonstrates the great vessels running ______ from the ventricles.
parallel
Tetralogy of Fallot is the result of five defects: a _______, _______, ______, ______, and ______.
perimembranous (conal) ventricular septal defect; overriding aorta; pulmonary stenosis or atresia; right ventricle hypertrophy
The ______ is the most common solid, benign cardiac mass seen in the fetus.
rhabdomyoma
Tricuspid atresia results in _____. It appears as a _____ valve.
right ventricular hypoplasia; hyperechoic thickened
The correct flow direction through the foramen oval is _______ to ______.
right; left
truncus arteriosus
single artery spanning the ventricles
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
single or multiple defect allowing oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to pass into the right ventricle
bradyarrhythmia
slow heart rate
endocardial cushion
subset of cells found in the developing heart tube that will give rise to the heart's valves and septa critical to the proper formation of a four-chambered heart
Potter syndrome
syndrome characterized by bilateral renal agenesis, abnormal facies, pulmonary hypoplasia, and limb abnormalities
chordae tendineae
tendons within the heart that attach the tricuspid valve in the right ventricle and the mitral valve in the left ventricle to their respective papillary muscle
pleural effusion
the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
pulmonary atresia
the absence of the pulmonary valve, which in turn prohibits blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and essentially to the lungs
Bochdalek hernia
the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity because of an opening in the left posterolateral portion of the diaphragm
tricuspid regurgitation
the leakage of blood back through the tricuspid valve
Ebstein anomaly
the malformation or malpositioning of the tricuspid valve that causes multiple heart defects
coarctation of the aorta
the narrowing of the aortic arch
pulmonary stenosis
the narrowing of the pulmonary valve
bat-wing sign
the sonographic appearance of a fetal unilateral pleural effusion
_____ atresia, similar to _____ atresia, results in right ventricular hypoplasia.
tricuspid; pulmonary
Failure of the embryonic trunks to separate into the aorta and pulmonary artery is known as _____.
truncus arteriosus
hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HPLHS)
underdevelopment of the left ventricle and aorta, stenosis or atresia of the aortic and/or mitral valves
atrioventricular valve (AV)
valves located between the atrium and the ventricles
akinetic
without motion
An EIF would most likely be associated with: a) Trisomy 21 b) Trisomy 13 c) Trisomy 8 d) Turner syndrome
A
right ventricular hypoplasia
Also known as hypoplastic right heart. Underdevelopment of the right ventricle and hypoplasia of the tricuspid valve.
What is the normal opening in the lower middle third of the atrial septum? a) Foramen of Magendie b) Foramen of Monro c) Foramen ovale d) Ductus arteriosus
C
arrhythmia
abnormal heart rate
diaphragmatic hernia
the herniation of the abdominal contents into the chest cavity through a defect in the diaphragm
The blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins enters into the: a) right atrium b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) left ventricle
B
The most common sonographic appearance of pulmonary sequestration is a(n): a) dilated pulmonary artery and hypoechoic chest mass b) pleural effusion and ipsilateral hiatal hernia c) triangular, echogenic mass within the chest d) anechoic mass within the chest
B
Which of the following are fetal rhabdomyomas associated with? a) tracheoesophageal fistulas b) tuberous sclerosis c) eventration of the diaphragm d) tuberculosis
B
Which of the following best describes transposition of the great vessels? a) the aorta arises from the left ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle b) the aorta arises from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle c) the aortic arch is narrowed and positioned anterior to the pulmonary vein d) the presence of an omphalocele and ectopic cordis
B
Which of the following is a true statement about the fetal heart? a) the apex of the heart will be angled to the right of the midline b) the apex of the heart is the portion closest to the spine c) the normal fetal heart will fill approximately two-third of the fetal chest d) the chamber closest to the fetal spine is the left atrium
D
Which of the following is not a true statement about the normal fetal heart? a) the ventricular septum should be uninterrupted and of equal thickness to the left ventricular wall b) there is a normal opening within the atrial septum c) between the right ventricle and the right atrium, one should visualize the tricuspid valve d) the mitral valve is positioned closer to the cardiac apex than the tricuspid valve
D
Turner syndrome
a chromosomal aberration where one sex chromosome is absent; may also be referred to as monosomy X
ectopic cordis
a condition in which the heart is located either partially or completely outside the fetal chest
aneuploidy
a condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes
transposition of the great vessels
abnormality in which the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta arises from the right ventricle
aortic atresia
abnormality in which there is a small or absent opening between the left ventricle and aorta
fetal hydrops
an abnormal accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal body cavities
omphalocele
an anterior abdominal wall defect where there is herniation of the fetal bowel and other abdominal organs into the base of the umbilical cord
foramen ovale
an opening within the fetal heart within the atrial septum that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium
ventricular septal defect
an opening within the septum that separates the right and left ventricles
