Double tests of Hell
What is Patroleum?
Crude oil and natural gas Flammable liquid/gaseous form of organic matter Easier to transport than coal
What mineral can be mined?
Crushed stone Sand and gravel Iron and steel Salt Clay Phosphate rock Gypsum Aluminum Copper Lead Gold
What are examples of actual resources?
Current oil fields Current mining operations
How does petroleum formate?
Deep burial Increased temperatures
What is artificial recharge?
Deliberate or water spread onto recharge basins
What is Avogadro's Hypothesis?
Equal volumes of all gases, measured at the same T and P, contain the same number of molecules
What is CAMEO designed to do?
Estimate local impact for purpose of planning and response
What is HYSPLIT designed to do?
Estimate long-range transport and dispersion
What are the different type of fluxes?
Evaporation Transpiration Precipitation Infiltration Groundwater flow
What percentage of Iowans get their water from groundwater?
80%
How do we get turbulence?
A critical point in the relationship between wind shear and buoyancy results in it
Chromium III is?
An essential nutrient
What are the mafic layer complexes?
Mafic and ultramafic rocks with occasional felsic rocks Most of the worlds Nickel, Platinum Group Elements, Cr, and minor copper
What is important about the India Food Bowl?
Major ag. area of India Uses 166% groundwater for irrigation Deeper wells are needed, but are not economically sustainable
What is an unconfined aquifer?
Non-confining layer restricting the upper boundary of the phreatic zone the water table rises and falls
What is Abiotic resources?
Non-living Air, water, land, minerals, sand
What does adiabatic mean?
Not adding or removing heat
What are secondary pollutants?
Not emitted, formed in atmosphere from primary pollutants
What are subsidence inversions?
Not surface based Generally top is no higher than about 500mb and base is no lower than 850 mb
What does bioremediation do?
Nutrients and oxygen Encourage growth of microbes to degrade contaminants
What are the types of water pollutants?
Nutrients in rivers of the world Heavy metal in water systems Global production of other chemical affecting water quality
What is Biotic resources?
Obtained from the biosphere Forests, animals, fish, oil/natural gas, coal
What are the major reservoirs for water?
Oceans Atmosphere Rivers and Streams Groundwater Lakes Icecaps and Glaciers
What is important about the Ogallala Aquifer?
Oceans of water Supports agriculture and communities Some areas use is 20X greater than recharge
What increased oil production in the USA?
Oil shale and hydraulic fracking
What is important about the Thornton Quarry?
One of the largest aggregate quarries in the world Large urban areas need a large amount of aggregate for roads, buildings, etc Cost is closely associated with distance aggregate needs to travel
What are localized resources?
Only found in certain parts of the world Mineral, ore deposits
What does HYSPLIT use?
Operational numerical weather prediction models as input
What kind of motion is common in the nocturnal boundary layer?
Oscillatory
What does ambient mean?
Outdoor air that the general public has free access to
Where is the boundary layer more variable and why?
Over land than water
What are the types of chemical transformations?
Oxidation processes Photodissociation
What does automobile emissions eventually turn into?
Ozone
What are examples of secondary polluntants?
Ozone and PM
What is growth rate?
Percent by which something is changing Measured as percentage
What is an example of a potential resource?
Petroleum reserves
What is the source of petroleum?
Phytoplankton
What is coal?
Plant material deposited in anoxic setting Areas where continued plant material can be deposited Compaction increases carbon concentration
What are splates?
Platy minerals reorient perpendicular to pressure to form foliated rock
What are the sources of groundwater pollution?
Point source contaminants Nonpoint source contaminants
What is the Gaussian plume model used for?
Point sources
What are nonpoint source contaminants?
Pollution introduced over wide areas Diffused throughout the groundwater over a broad region
What does characterizing the geology characterize?
Porosity Permeability Fractures Folds Faults
Why is the Vadose zone significant?
Potential groundwater pollutants move through this zone before reaching the phreatic zone
What is the major source of water for groundwater?
Precipitation that infiltrates the surface of the land into rocks and soil
What is the National Priorities list?
Prioritizes the clean up of release or threatened releases of hazardous materials throughout the U.S.A
What is groundwater recharge?
Processes that add water to the aquifer
What is groundwater discharge?
Processes that remove groundwater
What is ALOHA designed to do?
Produce results quickly for first responders
What are pressing problems of land use planning?
Protecting wilderness Protecting prime farmland Protecting water sources Growing population Maintaining access to mineral resources Protecting against natural hazards Providing adequate infrastructure
What does extraction wells do?
Pump out contaminants Treat at surface
What is articifical discharge?
Pumping from a well Overpumping
What are perpetual resources?
Quantity not impacted by human consumption Wind/Sunlight
What does the atmospheric boundary layer vary in direct response with?
Surface forcings
What water is more frequently contaminated?
Surface water (easier to clean)
What are Actual resources?
Surveyed Quality and quantity assessed Currently being used
What is shallow groundwater?
Susceptible to contaminants More likely to be connected with other hydrologic cycle reservoirs
What does unstable air look like?
When you displace a parcel and it continues in that direction
What does stable air look like?
When you displace a parcel and it returns to you
What does neutral air look like?
When you displace a parcel and nothing happens
What does characterizing the contaminants characterize?
Where are they from How are they transported
What is Transport?
Winds are regularly and accurately observed Does not necessarily reduce the pollutant concentration Can vary dramatically in short distances, especially vertically
When is peak oil now estimated?
Within 5 years
What is the Iowa Rural Water Association?
Works with small communities to identify water contamination issues Creates a source water protection plant Funding linked Farm Bill
What are secondary standards?
Environmental criteria
What is sustainable yeild?
Highest rate at which a resource can be used sustainably
What are vesicles?
Holes in rocks (pumice)
What is u if W → E?
+
What is v if S → N?
+
What is w if it is upward?
+
What is u if E → W?
-
What is v if N → S?
-
What is w if it is downward?
-
What percentage of water are humans competing over?
1%
What is the variation for wind speeds in the day?
1-3
What is the variation for wind speed at night?
2-6
What are some barriers to addressing environmental conamination?
23% of the U.S. private wells are contaminated at a level of potential health concern, but people may not be able to afford to fix it.
When will a population with growth of 2% double?
35 years
What does AERMOD use?
5 years of weather observation
How many people are in the world today?
7 billion
What is the M. King Hubbert-Peak Oil?
A dramatic increase in rate of oil/gas field discovery Boom in production lagged behind discoveries Finding new oil field became increasingly difficult Showed that exploration and production trends would follow bell curve and predicted that peak oil would be reached around 2000
What does the box model examine?
A fixed volume of air
What is a parcel?
A portion of the environment that we are going to move away from its current location
What was the July heat wave in Iowa with really high dew points caused by?
A really shallow mixed layer
What did the London event result in?
A regulatory system to be put in place
What are the main parts of the boundary layer?
A very turbulent mixed layer Residual layer containing less turbulence Nocturnal boundary layer of sporadic turbulence
What is a Brownfield?
Abandoned, idled, or under industrial and commercial facilities/sites where expansions or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination
What is hydraulic conductivity?
Ability of a particular material to allow water to move through it The size of open spaces between grains
What does Virtual Temperature (Tv) account for?
Accounts for the effect of water vapor on density by adjusting the air temperature to a warmer value
In oxidation processes, what does the rate of chemical reactions depend on?
Activation energy and temperature
Why is water one of the most basic resources?
Adequate supply Safe Sustainable
What are the properties of standard deviations of concentrations of the Gaussian plume model?
Are related to turbulence Increase with distance from the source (max near source, min away from source)
What is multiple use-sequential land planning?
Assessment of resource potential Acquisition of resource Reclamation of land
What are the weaknesses of the box model?
Assumes pollutant mixes uniformly through volume Result is an average concentration
What is ALOHA?
Atmospheric dispersion model for surface releases
What did we get from the monthly average temperature for Waterloo activity?
Average temperature of those 110 values is 17.3 Min: -0.1 Max: 31
How is the virtual potential temperature do with height?
Becomes nearly constant
How are eddies affected by roughness?
Better eddie mixing if surface is rough
What is the water table?
Boundary between the vadose and phreatic zones
What is residual weathering products?
Breakdown of aluminosilicates by chemical weathering results in clays enriched in Al
What is ALOHA a subset of?
CAMEO
What is emitted from the exhaust of automobiles?
CO, HC's, NO, NO2
What are the strengths of the box model?
Can accommodate many sources Ideal for urban air quality analysis (ozone)
What are renewable resources?
Can be replenished or reproduced relatively quickly
How long does it take for groundwater to replenish
Can take decades to thousands of years to be replaced by natural processes
What are criteria pollutants?
Carbon Monoxide Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone PM 10 PM 2.5 Lead
What is arsenic and what does it do?
Carcinogen Causes liver and kidney damage
What is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act?
Cradle to grave management of hazardous chemical to avoid future contamination
In application how is Virtual Temperature affected?
Changes as a parcel ascends and descends Complicates the stability assessment
What can we do to treat groundwater?
Characterize the geology Characterize the hydrology Characterize the contaminants
What is transformation?
Chemical reactions (such as oxidants) Photodissociation Gas-to-particle conversion Solution (can form acids)
What countries has some of the worst air quality in the world?
China and India
Why didn't the hazardous waste flow downward and deeper into the ground in the love canal?
Clay is less permeable than top soil leachate more laterally towards basement level
How does packing lend to porosity?
Closer packing reduces pore space
What are the conventional fossil fuels?
Coal Petroleum
How is nitrogen produced?
Commercial fertilizer and manure application Atmosphere Population density methemoglobinemia
What did the Brownfield initiative help?
Communities mitigate potential health risks and restore the economic viability of such areas or properties
What does CERCLA stand for?
Comprehensive Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
What are point source contaminants?
Concentration of contaminant highest at the source Concentration decreases away from source
What are the properties of the gaussian plume model?
Concentration proportional to emission rate Concentration diluted by wind Time averaged concentrations have bell-shaped distribution
What is the term resources linked to?
Concepts of competition, sustainability, conservation, stewardship
What is an confined aquifer?
Confining layer present Does not rise
What plume shape is common from the Gaussian plume model?
Conical shape
What kind of plume does the residual layer show?
Coning
Who pays for reclamation of land?
Consumers
What does permeable treatment beds do?
Contaminated water moves through a treatment bed Trench the aquifer and fill it with a reactive medum
What are the assumptions in the gaussian plume model?
Continuous emission no diffusion in the x direction material is stable and remains suspended no removal of material from the plume reflection at the ground weather does not change wind is constant with height no lateral variation of wind standard deviations are constant with height
What are challenges to meeting mineral resource requirments?
Convincing people to conserve Disposable lifestyle Population Economics Mistrust of industry, state/federal regualtions
What is mineral resource availability controlled by?
Cost, not exhaustion or extinction Mining costs can exceed materials worth
What happens when the demand of oil outpaces the supply?
Costs will go up
What does characterizing the hydrology characterize?
Depth of the groundwater Direction of the flow Rate of the flow
What are the different infiltration soils?
Desert soils Forest floor soils Praire soils
What are the uses for the virtual potential temperature?
Determining stability and potential for mixing Identifying the depth of the near-surface layer through which pollutants will be mixed
What is sustainability?
Development that ensures future generations will have equal access to resources our planet offers
What is an example of igneous processes?
Diamonds
What are primary pollutants?
Directly added to the atmosphere
1960 and 1980 are important because?
Discovery of oil peaked in about 1960 Consumption exceeded discovery by 1980
What can natural processes of cleaning groundwater remove?
Disease causing microorganisms
What does vapor extraction wells do?
Dissolved contaminants can move away from contaminant source as vapor Capture vapor and release to atmosphere
Is dry or moist air more dense?
Dry air
What is CERCLA?
EPA management of cleanup of contaminated sites Companies have to pay for cost of clean up Established a revolving fund to clean up the worst abandoned hazardous chemical waste disposal sites
What about the Meuse Valley, Belgium event made them result in 63 deaths?
Early December Fog, anticyclone, inversion In a valley
What about the London event made them result in 4000 deaths?
Early December Fog, anticyclone, nearly calm Incredibly low visibility
What is an aquifer?
Earth material capable of containing or transmitting groundwater
What are mineral resources?
Elements, compound, mineral, or rocks that are concentrated in a form that can now or could potentially be extracted to obtain a useable commodity
What is the process of deep burial for petroleum?
Elevated temperatures and pressure pressure expels H2O from pore space Water pushed out, migrates through remaining pore spaces Organic matter remains behind
What is a population bomb?
Exponential growth results in explosive increase in number of people
How is population growing?
Exponentially
How is hydraulic conductivity expressed?
Expressed as cubic meters per day through a cross section of 1 sq. meter meters/day
What is the mineral resources requirment?
Extend the lifetime Recognize general nonrenewability of almost all mineral resources Decrease demand
What are the different ways to treat groundwater?
Extraction well Vapor extraction well Bioremediation Permeable treatment beds
What kind of smoke plumes do you see in the nocturnal boundary layer?
Fanning
What is groundwater?
Fewer ways for dilution and degradation of pollutants to occur Longer residence time Slow movement Lower oxygen Few aerobic bacteria No sunlight
How does water move between these reservoirs?
Fluxes
What is the inequality of absorption between the different soils?
Forest > Clay > Praire
What are nonrenewable resources?
Form over long, geologic, time periods Rate of formation slow Cannot be replenished once depleted
What is ubiquitous resources?
Found everywhere
Why are igneous and metamorphic rocks best for aquifers?
Fractures Vesicles Joints Faults
What are the different surface forcings that affect the atmospheric boundary layer?
Frictional drag Evapotranspiration Heat transfer Terrain Pollutant emissions
What do we use petroleum for?
Gas, Diesel, aviation, fuels, asphalt, road oil, solvents, waxes, chewing gum, polishes, fertilizers, detergents, plastics, paints, cosmetics, medicine.
What is AERMOD based on?
Gaussian plume model
What are examples of placer deposits?
Gold, diamond, platinum, tin, titanium
What does unstable air promote?
Good mixing
What is HYSPLIT based on?
Gradient Transport Model
What is hydraulic gradient?
Gradient of the water table
What allows porosity in an aquifer?
Grain size Packing Sorting
What is the cone of depression?
Groundwater flows towards this and can change the natural direction of groundwater flow
What is a major source?
Has actual or potential emissions of either a criteria pollutant or HAPs
What is the boundary layer?
Has variability over land and ocean, in highs and lows
What is E-waste?
Hazardous elements found in computer
What are the two different types of sorting?
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
What is residence time?
How long a particular item or resource stays in a particular location
What is roughness length related to?
How rough the surface is
What are primary standards?
Human health criteria
What are placer deposits?
Hydraulically sorting the material form concentrated mineral deposits
What kind of rocks are common for aquifers?
Igneous and metamorphic rocks
What is important about Dry Run Creek?
In 2002 it was declared an impaired stream Found high levels of e.coli
Where does petroleum accumulate?
In areas of elevated anoxia and few scavengers
What influences the rate of infiltation?
Infiltration capacity Topography Soil and/or rock type Amount and intensity of precipitation Vegetation Land use practices
What is Natural Recharge?
Infiltration from precipitation or snowmelt
Where does water that reaches the phreatic zone begin?
Infiltration from the surface
What is canopy storage?
Interception by leaves on trees and shrubs
How does vegetation influence the rate of infiltration?
Intercepts rainfall and can hold moisture until it evaporates Intercepts rainfall and lets it fall more gently onto the ground
What is human-induced recharge?
Irrigation or broken water lines
How is turbulence in the nocturnal boundary layer?
It becomes sporadic
Why do sedimentary rocks have pore space?
It is a collection of sediment
What are potential resources?
Known to exist, may be used in the future May have insufficient knowledge and/or technology
What is single use land planning?
Land set for one purpose only, no interest in what else the land could be used for
How does grain size lend to porosity?
Larger grains have larger pore spaces (not necessarily more) and allow water to flow more easily
What about the Donora, PA event made them result in 20 deaths?
Late October Polar high pressure Very light winds (7 mph for 3 days) River Valley
What do stability classes relate?
Lateral and vertical spreading of plume to wind speed and solar intensity/cloudiness
What is lust?
Leaking under storage tanks
A large Virtual Potential Temperature is more or less dense than a a small Virtual Potential Temperature?
Less dense
What does Chromium IV do?
Liver and kidney damage Internal hemorrhaging respiratory damage skin issues
The smoke plumes in the mixed layer show what behavior?
Looping
What cities have history of smog?
Los Angeles, Houston, Mexico City
What does overpumping do?
Lowers the height of the water table Deeper well needed Water quality may diminish Land subsides
What did the resource conservation and recovery act control?
Manufacturing Distribution Disposal
Why is porosity low in igneous and metamorphic rocks
Materials are intergrown Fractures and faults increase porosity
What are the types of mineral resources/
Materials for metal production and technology Construction materials Agriculture industry Mineral resources for the chemical industry Energy mineral resources
What should land use planning consider?
Maximizing benefits obtained from the land Minimizing damages
What is carrying capacity?
Maximum number of people the Earth can hold without causing environmental degradation that reduces the ability for the planet to support the population
What are the components of the wind
Mean + eddy
How are eddies forced?
Mechanically or thermally
What is the igneous processes
Mineral form at different temps Magma chamber filled with both molten material and solid material
What are the sources of hexavalent chromium?
Mining operations runoff Waste incineration Cement plant emissions Fossil fuel combustions Added to cooling water
What is AERMOD designed to do?
Model short-range dispersion from stationary industrial sources
What is the Gaussian distribution?
Models many natural systems well Bell curve Can be used as a predictive model Input includes the standard deviation Provides a mathematical method of estimating concentrations
What is the process of temperatures increasing for petroleum?
Molecules break into lighter components of hydrocarbons Crude oil and natural gas Temperatures between 60-120 C Temperatures greater than 100 C natural gas begins to form
What are the limits of HAPs on Major sources?
More than 10 ton/year for a single HAPs or More than 25 tons/year for any combo of HAPs
What are the limits of criteria pollutants on Major sources?
More than 100 tons/year
What is the Drunks and Morons example?
Morons move in a completely unpredictable manner analogues to molecular diffusion Drunks move in a manner that has some pattern analogues to turbulence
What is Advection?
Movement horizontal by wind
What are eddies responsible for?
Much of the viscosity at scales larger than the molecular
What is multiple use land planning?
Multiple uses at one time Sequential
What is a Superfund?
Name given to the environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites Long term removal and remediation activities Establishes a national priorities list
What does NAAQs stand for?
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
What are the different types of recharge for groundwater?
Natural Human-induced Artificial
What are the different types of groundwater discharge?
Natural and artificial
When does well interference occur?
When the cone of depression for two or more wells overlap
What is an eddy?
Refers to an infinite variety of turbulent motions Transfers from more concentration to less concentrated
What is Deposition?
Removal from the air Gravitation settling Impaction/interaction with surface features Service as cloud condensation nuclei Scavenging by precipitation
What are Natural Resources?
Resources that exist without actions of human kind; derived from the environment
What is a puff?
Results from an instantaneous (discrete) release
What is a plume?
Results from continuously emitting sources
How does soil and/or rock type influence the rate of infiltration?
Rocks and soils with more pore space have higher infiltration rate Well sorted material has higher infiltration rate
What is v in the box model
S → N wind component
Why is 99% of the water on earth unavailable or unsuitable for human use?
Salinity Form Location
The saturation of the vadose zone is...
Seldom
What does the population contribute to nitrogen?
Septic system Fertilizer Domestic animal waste
What type of groundwater is more susceptible to contaminants?
Shallow groundwater
What is surface water?
Short residence time Rapidly diluted and dispersed Available oxygen Available sunlight Aerobic bacteria Allows for rapid degradation of some pollutants
What are the types of metamorphic rocks?
Slate and marble
What are the factors that contribute to pollution episodes?
Slow winds Presence of many sources High pressure system (anticyclone) Subsidence inversions
Explain the sphere presentation.
Smaller sphere feels heavier but weighs less Larger sphere feels lighter but weighs more Smaller sphere falls Larger sphere rises Both sphere are more dense than air, but the smaller sphere is more dense than water and the larger sphere is less dense than water Density of the object to its environment
How does industrial activity produce arsenic?
Smelting of Cu, Pb, and Zn
What is laminar flow?
Smooth flow
What naturally cleans groundwater?
Soil Sediment Rocks
Where does energy on Earth come from?
Solar energy Radioactivity Gravitation energy
What is used to determine the strength of the turbulence via Stability Classes?
Solar intensity (thermal eddies) Wind speed (mechanical eddies)
What happens when it rains?
Some get absorbed by the canopy Then caught by other vegetation Clay minerals absorb water and expand Canopy storage Throughflow and stem flow Interception by grasses, mosses, etc Infiltration into soils
What is the average plume?
Spreads out like a cone until it hits the ground or a stable layer in the atmosphere Max pollutant concentration in the center and at the source Becomes more dilute both away from the source and towards the edge of the cone
What is natural discharge?
Springs, where the water table intersects the surface
What are the two factors to have turbulent flow in a layer?
Stability (turbulence favored by unstable or neutral conditions) Vertical wind shear (turbulence favored by vertical wind shear
What were the variables from the stimulated smoke plume activity?
Stability and wind speed`
How does the virtual potential temperature profile become in the nocturnal boundary layer?
Stable increasing with height
When can turbulence motion occur?
Stable, unstable, and neutral conditions
How does topography influence the rate of infilration?
Steeper means more runoff
How do we decrease the demand of mineral resources?
Substitute Recycle Reduce population Reduce demand by becoming more conservation minded
What is photodissociation?
Sunlight can split molecules
What are the nonconvention fossil fuels?
Tar sands Oil shales Gas hydrates
What is the Virtual Potential Temperature based on?
The First Law of Thermodynamics
What is CAMEO based on?
The Gaussian Plume Model
What was the stimulated smoke plume activity based on?
The Gaussian plume model
What is Virtual Potential Temperature?
The Virtual Temperature a parcel of air would have if expanded or compressed adiabatically from its existing pressure to 1000mb
What is infiltration capacity?
The ability of the ground to absorb water
What is the area of influence?
The area above the cone of depression
What does Virtual Potential Temperature provide?
The best measure of density difference between an air parcel and its environment
What is the enrichment factor?
The degree to which a mineral resource sis concentrated above its average concentration in the crust.
What is ALOHA based on?
The gaussian plume model
What is plume rise?
The height above the plume at which dispersion does not occur
2.1 million U.S. citizens have wells with what in them?
arsenic
What are the characteristics of the gradient transport model?
The most sophisticated modeling approach Will show small-scale variations in pollutant concentration Requires detailed weather information at many points
What is roughness length not equal to?
The physical height of the obstacles
What are mineral reserves?
The portion of a resource that is identified and is currently available
At 00 UTC what does this better characterize?
The profiles of the daytime boundary layer
At 12 UTC what does this better characterize?
The profiles of the nighttime boundary layer
In an unconfined aquifer what does the hydraulic gradient approximate?
The slope of the water table
What is diffusion
The spreading out of pollutants in all directions by molecular and turbulent motion Acts to reduce pollutant concentration
How is turbulence generated in the mixed layer?
Thermally generated (convection) and mechanically generated
What are resources?
Those things that are necessary or important to individuals and/or society Source or supply from which a benefit is produced and that has some utility Materials that satisfy human desire
What is methemogobinemia?
Threatens oxygen0carrying capacity of blood Blue baby disease
What is doubling time?
Time it takes for the amount to double
Chromium IV is?
Toxic
What effects did we see in the stimulated smoke plume activity?
Transport and diffusion
What is the fate of pollutants following release?
Transport by wind, many scales of motion in the atmosphere
What does dispersion refer to?
Transport, Diffusion, transformation, and deposition
What is the inequality of roughness of various surfaces?
Trees > corn > grass > snow
How is turbulence affected in the residual layer?
Turbulence decays as thermally-generated eddies dissipate Turbulence becomes isotropic
What is Virtual Potential Temperature conserved for?
Unsaturated parcels rising adiabatically and all that sink adiabatically
How are diamonds formed?
Upper mantle Xenith carry to the surface by magma Highly pressurized magma explodes violently, creating a pipe shaped crater.
What is w in the box model?
Upward component of wind
What are the different types of land use practices?
Urban Agricultural Harvesting Timber Mining
Where are brownfields located?
Urban, suburban, or rural areas
How do I know if the atmosphere is mixed? What about it will be the same?
Virtual potential temperature
Where are diamond found?
Volcanic rocks, filing the center Ejected material Nearby stream gravel
What is u in the box model?
W → E wind component
How is the mixed layer thermally generated?
Warming at the surface (solar radiation) Cool at top of the cloud layer (emitted radiation)
What does well interference reduce?
Water availability to each well
What is Groundwater?
Water found beneath the surface of the Earth within the zone of saturation
What is the mining example of reclamation of land?
Water treatment Revegetation Topographic modification Reclamation is not resotration
What does CAMEO assume?
Weather conditions do not vary
What happens with the next days mixed layer?
When it reaches the based of the residual layer the mixed layer growth speeds up
When does laminar flow become turbulent?
When the Richardson number is less than 0.25
Wind shear generates vertical motion but...
buoyancy often damps it
For eddies, enhance does not equal
cause
For eddies, neutral conditions...
do not offer resistance
For eddies, unstable conditions...
enhances vertical mixing
What must we always compare a parcel to?
its environment
Who is subjected to regulation under the clean air act?
major sources
Where is depth typically greater?
over land lows = mixing oceans high surpresses
What is porosity?
percent void space
As sediments lithify...
porosity decreases
For eddies, resistance does not equal
prevention
For eddies, stable conditions...
resists vertical mixing
What is Urban Air Pollution usually referred to as?
smog
What is Virtual Temperature (Tv)?
the T that dry air must have in order to have the same density as moist air at the same P
What is the atmospheric boundary layer apart of?
the troposphere