Driver's Ed-Vehicle Requirements

Government tire ratings are listed on the side of all tires:

"AA" rating==top traction, speed, and load rating; "C" is the lowest tire rating

Tire Blowout:

"The rapid deflation of air from a tire." Could occur by a hitting a sharp object that punctures the tire, having a defective tire, or having an under-inflated tire that loses the seal to the rim while the tires are rotating. ----Whatever the reason, blowouts are EXTREMELY dangerous If a front tire blows: vehicle will pull sharply in the direction of the blowout If a rear tire blows: vehicle will wobble and shake and pull slightly in the direction of the blown out tire

If the fire is SMALL enough to control and you are carrying an A-B-C type fire extinguisher, you can attempt to put it out before it gets worse by following these steps:

"Use Caution"---cover your hands with gloves or gags and turn your face away from the heat and flames as you carefully open the hood; be ALERT, the flames and heat may expand as the hood opens and begin burning more freely .Once the hood is up, direct the extinguisher a the fire (NEVER USE WATER ON AN ENGINE FUEL!!!!--water will NOT put out an oil or fuel fire, inf act it may even aid the fire spreading!!!)

Most vehicles are equipped with....

"a jack and tire" While changing a flat tire may seems simple, you should follow these safety tips: .Always park away from traffic and on LEVEL ground .Always place the vehicle's gear shift lever on "Park", or in the first case of a manual transmission. "First' gear .Always set the emergency brake and remove the keys from the ignition

The Suspension System:

"engineered to keep the vehicle's wheels in firm contact with the road and pointed in the DIRECTION THE DRIVER IS STEERING; helps provide a COMFORTABLE RIDE for all vehicle occupants -System includes a series of rods, bars, springs, and other components Components include: .support the weight of the vehicle .absorb the shocks caused by road irregularities .provide flexibility while ensuring vehicle stability and drivability .support the weight of the vehicle and flex to absorb road shocks

Shock Absorbers:

"installed at each wheel to: control the oscillating action of the springs to minimize MOVEMENT and STABILIZE the wheel in contact with the road;" stabilizer bars (sway bars) are added to the FRONT and SOMETIMES the rear suspension to minimize body roll (lean or sway) on turns and bumps

Power Brake Failure:

"loss of power when the booster unit that helps you brake no longer functions because the vehicle's engine has stopped running; however this does NOT mean YOU DO NOT HAVE BRAKES!; you brakes will STILL FUNCTION NORMALLY FOR ONE MORE APPLICATION OF THE PEDAL: --apply the brake --modulate pressure without releasing the brake --if the brake pedal is released, you will have to press harder on the brake pedal to stop the vehicle ---the vehicle will EVENTUALLY STOP

Power Steering Failure:

"occurs when the engine stops, if the power steering fluid level is too low in the pump, and/or if the drive belt slips or breaks *****The vehicle CAN BE STEERED, because the STEERING MECHANISM WORKS!! However, it will require MUCH EFFORT on the drive's part to steer

Braking Distance:

"the distance a vehicle travels once the brakes are applied" A driver's experience and skill in braking, the kinetic energy of the vehicle,the mechanical condition of the vehicle, and road conditions ALL EFFECT..............BRAKING DISTANCE!! .A vehicle going 20mph==== can stop within 20 ft .A vehicle going 40mph======can stop within 80 ft .A vehicle going 60 mph========can stop within 180 feet Notice the vehicles in the last two examples increased speed by 20mph, which resulted in a MUCH GREATER BRAKING DISTANCE!

Braking Distance

"the distance the vehicle travels once the brakes are applied" Brakes==ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES --Step on brakes==convert kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat) --Thousands of pounds of pressure==applied on each of the 4 brakes; permits the driver to slow or stop the rotation of the driver. ==Friction of tires against the road surface will then slow and/or stop the vehicle

Accelerator Failure:

"will not return to idle when you release it, and the engine is RACING;" could be caused by either a BROKEN SPRING or the PEDAL getting STUCK in the DOWN POSITION; in either case, you no longer have CONTROL OVER THE VEHICLE'S SPEED: --Follow these steps___ --shift to NEUTRAL (the engine may RACE but NO HARM DOWN) --search for an escape path --steer smoothly and brake gently ----pull of the roadway and park --turn off the vehicle. CAUTION as this may LOCK THE STEERING WHEEl; DO NOT turn the ignition off while the vehicle is moving --have the pedal repaired at a service center before driving again

Alternator warning light or gauge (can also be referred to as "Generator" instead of alternator)

****Your electrical system is in TROUBLE if this light comes on or the gauge shows "discharge" while the engine is running ---Discharge occurs when the "alternator is NOT generating enough electricity to charge the battery" ----Be aware that if this happens the engine MUST use electricity stored in the battery ----TURN off as MANY electrical devices as possible (i.e, the radio, heater/AC, etc) ***Caution: Have this checked WITHOUT DELAY! If the battery is drained, the car may shut off WITHOUT additional warning

Tire Failure (which will introduce to the next segment):

--ALL tires will wear out (a)gradually or (b) rapidly through hard braking and/or acceleration. How to know when a tire needs replacing?: Wear-bars should appear on the tire .To minimize wear and help the tires perform the recommended manufacturer's specification, your tires will need period BALANCING and ALIGNMENT. Unfortunately, not all tires wear out naturally: running over an object that punctures and flattens the tire or results in a slow leak until eventually the tires go flat

Anti-lock breaking system (ABS)

--Light comes on when you START THE VEHICLE and may stay on for several minutes before turning off. This is a NORMAL FUNCTION for this warning system. ---If the light STAYS ON, or comes on when you are driving, it is warning you that there is a problem in the ABS system and should be checked by a mechanic. ---Remember, this DOES NOT MEAN YOU HAVE NO BRAKES!!!! The regular braking system should be working fine, but you may NOT HAVE ANTI-LOCK BRAKES ***IF both the 'brake system warning light' and the 'ABS light' comes on and stay on this is a very DANGEROUS situation. It indicates that there is a total brake failure

Air Bag Warning Light:

--Light should flash for a few seconds and then go out, which means the system is NOW ACTIVATED. If the airbag readiness light stays on or comes on when you are driving, it is warning you there is a problem ---How an airbag system not functioning properly can be dangerous: .May NOT inflate in the event of a crash .May inflate while you are driving without being involved in a crash Don't take any chances----to help avoid injury to yourself and others have vehicle air bag system checked and serviced right away

Learning to Read a Map:

--using a map in advance to determine the best way get there can make driving less stressful. --The sudden braking and/or change of lanes when a driver realizes that he/she is about to miss their turn or exist has caused many crashes. Unfortunately, some people either do not take the time to plan their trip correctly or do not know how to use a map ---Different Variety of Maps--- National Maps---display routes across the entire country Regional Maps--display several states within geographical areas that are joined to one another such as southeast, northeast, central, northwest, southwest region State Maps--show more detail, displaying all roadways (primary and secondary) in that state City Maps--provide with an even more detailed look at the city or town you are driving through, enabling you to locate street addresses

Types of Braking Systems:

.Dual Master Cylinder==the brake pedal applies pressure on two pistons that pressurize the brake fluid. The fluid transmits this pressure to each wheel where it activates the disc or drum brake mechanism. A reservoir (sometimes) supplies extra fluid when needed. The dual systems operate INDEPENDENTLY in case one system should fail .Brake Lines-- double--walled steel tubes full of brake fluid that conduct the hydraulic pressure .Power Brake--an engine-activated booster unit that reduces the effort required to apply the hydraulic brakes. If the engine stopped functioning, the power brake booster would continue to operate one more time .Disc Brakes--- disc brakes are usually on the vehicle's front wheels and do 70 percent of the braking. Often considered a superior brake, they utilize a pinching action on a metal disc to slow or stop the rotation of the tire.

We will examine some of the KEY WARNING systems and what a driver should do if they become activated:

.Engine temperature warning .Oil pressure system warning .Alternator system warning .Brake system warnings .Air bag system warning .Service engine soon warning .Door ajar warning .Low fuel warning

Basic Components of the Fuel System:

.Fuel tank---stores the excess fuel until it is needed for the operation of vehicle; has an inlet pipe and outlet pipe; outlet pipe===has a fitting for fuel line connection and may be located in the TOP or the in the SIDE of the tank; lower end is about one-half inch above the bottom of the tank so that collected sediment will not be flushed out into the carburetor/injection system; bottom of the tank contains a drain plug so that tank may be drained or cleaned. ---Inlet Pipe===allows more fuel to be added to the fuel tank when reserves become low .Fuel lines---connect fuel tank to the carber. or injection system; usually made of rolled steel (rust proofed by being copper or zinc-plated) or sometimes drawn copper and are placed as FAR AWAY from exhaust pipes, mufflers, and manifolds to protect from excessive heat; fuel lines are attached to the frame, engine, and other units in such a way that the effect of vibration is minimal, and they are free of contact with sharp edges which might cause wear; in areas where there is a lot of movement==such as between the car's frame and rubber-mounted engine, short lengths of gasoline resistant flexible tubing are used .Fuel Filter--removes dirt and other contaminants from the fuel; clean fuel is IMPORTANT; filters prevent contam. from clogging and restricting the fuel to flow to many small jets and passages in the carb. and opening in a fuel injector; to ensure full cleanliness, fuel filters are installed in the fuel line and can be located at any point between the fuel tank and the carb/injection system .Fuel Pump: electr. or mechan. device that forces fuel from the tank to the carb./injection system; has several functions: to deliver enough fuel to supply the requirements of an engine under all operating conditions, to maintain enough pressure in the line between the carb./injection system and the pump, to keep the fuel from boiling, and to prevent vapor lock .Air Filter--designed to separate dust and other particles from incoming air before it enters the carb./injection system; when driving, thousands of cubic feet of air are drawn from within the car hood and passed through the engine cylinders; it is important for this air to cleaned of all dust and other foreign materials before it enters your vehicle's engine or it could cause excessive wear and operating problems (**replace at each tune-up) .Carburetor/Fuel Injection System: mixes the fuel and air and supplies it to the cylinders; gas pedal controls the carb., or in most new vehicles, the fuel injection system (replacing the carb. ); fuel injection systems will deliver an exact amount of fuel to each of the engine cylinders at the proper time, to give them maximum power and fuel efficiency. .Choke--designed to restrict air flow and increases idle speed when the engine is cold .Turbo--turbine will increase the air entering the cylinders when the engine runs at higher speeds ****If your vehicle hesitates or sputters when you press the gas pedal or if the service engine light stays on, you may need to have your fuel system inspected

If a BLOWOUT occurs:

.Grip the steering wheel firmly .Take your foot off the accelerator .DO NOT BRAKE. Braking may cause the vehicle to swerve. .Allow the vehicle to SLOW DOWN on its OWN, or brake gently IF necessary .Check traffic around you .Turn on emergency flashers .Drive to a protected location and pull off the roadway .Have the tire replaced

Weekly Self Checks: --Tire Pressure, Tire Wear, and Damage:

.Maximum pressure is listed on the tire side-wall (do not use this as your guide for proper pressure) .Inflate tires ti vehicle manufacturer's pressure recommended in your owner's manual .Look for tire tread wear, damage, or wear bars showing .Check for cuffing (uneven wear on inside or outside tread areas) .Look for bald spots, bald center, or worn side treads .Examine tires for cuts, stones, metal fragments, or other damages

Definitions

.Ply--refers to the layers of material (cords impregnated with rubber) under the tread; each ply strengthens the tie and gives it shape TWO BASIC TIRE TYPES: ---Bias ply---plies are crisscrossed; makes casting strong in all directions, however, these tires WEAR MORE RAPIDLY and provide LESS TRACTION --Radial Ply--- plies are PARALLEL and perpendicular to the tread; belts (usually steel) are then attached in the same position as the tread, which is then applied to the sidewall and results in more flexibility .Traction---the actual GRIPPING POWER between the tires and the roadway surface; traction provides improved tread mileage and improved fuel economy **Sidewall of the tire===shows information about the tire's construction, size, recommended inflation levels, and carrying capacity ----New tires have a paper label attached with additional information

The Basic Components Include (suspension system):

.Springs .leaf in the rear .coil in front and sometimes in the rear .torsion bars .McPherson Strut--a suspension unit that combines the shock and spring in one component ---A lot of the suspension system's work is done by: SPRINGS!!!; under normal conditions, the springs support the body of the car evenly by compressing and rebounding with every up-and-down-movement --Up-and-down movement, however, causes BOUNCING and SWAYING after each bump and is very uncomfortable to the passenger. --These undesirable effects are reduced by the shock absorbers.

"Follow these steps if you feel it is safe and you are ready to change the flat tire":

.To prevent the chance of personal injury, remove spare tire, car jack, and lug wrench before attempting to raise the vehicle. Put a block firmly in front and behind the wheel that is diagonally opposite the flat tire to help prevent the vehicle from rolling when being raised up by the jack .remove the wheel cover, prying it away from the rim using the flat end of the lug wrench. if your vehicle is equipped with custom wheel covers or locking lug nuts, consult the owner's manual for proper instructors .following the instructions in the owner's manual, place the jack at the location under the vehicle as recommended by the manufacturer, and jack the vehicle up partway. (the flat tire should still touch the ground to prevent the wheel from turning). loosen each lug nut two full turns but do NOT remove lug nuts completely during this step .continue jacking up the vehicle until the flat tie is raised approximately two inches from the ground. This will provide enough room to remove the flat and replace it with the spare .complete the removal of all the lug nuts. place the removed lug nuts inside the wheel cover so they are easy to find when you need them .now, remove the flat tire from the vehicle. the best location to temporarily replace the removed flat tire==on the ground BEHIND the vehicle. this will help prevent it from rolling into traffic, and will keep it out of your while you are mounting the spare tire .place the spare tire onto the hub of the wheel by holding the outer sides of the tire. NEVER place your hands in the enter of the rim or under the tire. put each of the lug nuts back with the rim tapered end of the nut facing the rim. make sure they a re snug, but not completely tight. this will help align the tire rim to the hub and hold the tire in place until the vehicle is lowered. .next lower the tire until it partially touches the ground, this will keep some pressure on the jack and will help assure the the rim is properly aligned to the hub when the lug nuts are tightened. tighten all the lug nuts, using a criss-cross pattern .next, finish lowering the vehicle to the ground, and tighten all lug nuts once again following the same criss-cross pattern. place the wheel cover back on.

Tires are RATED by:

.Traction=="measured by the ability to stop a cat in a straight-head motion on a wet surface;" tires which are graded "A" have the best traction performance, "B" grading is an above average rating, and "C" grading indicates the tire meets government standards .Temperature===indicates the tire's ability to withstand HEAT; graded "A" are the most heat-resistant, "B" grading is above average, and "C" grading indicates that it meets government standards .Treadwear Rating---the HIGHER the treadwear rating the GREATER the mileage; a tire with a treadwear rating of "150" is expected to last 50 percent LONGER than one graded at 100. ***Keep safety in mind when you need to buy new tires; compare and decide on which type of tire offers the best value for the kind of driving you do; also check the owner's manual for the recommendations by the manufacturer for your vehicle

Self-Check (Twice Per year) :

.air pressure in spare tire .power steering fluid level .parking brake for proper operation .hinges, latches, door weather strips, and outside locks )(check and lubricate) .body and door drain holes (check and clean) .cooling system coolant strength .battery connections (clean if necessary) .transmission fluid level

Map Features:

.different colors and widths of lines to identify classes of roads (interstates, toll roads, two-lane, and four -lane divided and undivided, unpaved, scenic and roads under construction .symbols for federal, state, secondary, and county roads .black and red numerals to indicate mileage between major points .identification of rest areas .toll roads and service areas .airports .camp ground facilities .symbols for cities and towns of a given population .scale of miles .maps of large cities

Regular (1-2 Months) Self-Checks

.function of all interior and exterior lights .engine oil level, brake fluid level, and engine coolant level .lap/shoulder belts and seat latches for wear and function

Vehicle Safety, Communication Devices, and Accessories:

.headlights, tail lights, and turn signals .emergency lights and turn signals .emergency kit .windshield wiper blades, operation, and washer fluid .heating, ventilation. and air conditioner systems (HVAC) .safety warning lamps (brake, ABS, air bag, safety belt)

Total Steering Failure:

A VERY SERIOUS EMERGENCY!!! --communicate to others by using the horn and emergency flashers --stop as quickly as possible using the PARKING brake --DO NOT LOCK the parking brake as the vehicle could swerve sharply --shift to a lower gear --call for assistance

General Shock Information:

.if the vehicle bounces more than usual, have shocks checked where there vehicle is serviced .if the vehicle does not appear to be level (when unloaded), have the springs checked for sag, wear and/or breakage where the vehicle is served .if the wear is uneven, there may be a problem with the suspension system; have this checked where the vehicle is surfaced .check the owner's manual for the recommended intervals for servicing or replacing the vehicle's shocks, struts, and joitns .the steering and suspension will not break down without warning .following the recommended service intervals in the owner's manual will permit early diagnosis and repair

Maintenance:

.maintain the vehicle manufacturer's recommended air pressure in the tires at ALL times .keep a reliable tire gauge in the vehicle and use it regularly; maintaining proper air pressure in the tire will yield maximum fuel efficiency and tire mileage; too little air pressure can make handling the vehicle more difficult; Under-inflated tires will NOT get as much mileage either, and will need to be replaced sooner ****Caution: The risk of blowout with under-inflated tires is GREATER .ALWAYS check tires for wear whenever the vehicle is serviced; if abnormal wear is noticed, have a service technician correct the problem

Plan Ahead (bulleted list):

.prepare your vehicle for the trip .decide what you need to take with you and balance the load (Loading Considerations) .Pack emergency equipment in case of bad weather conditions .make personal preparations .plan for trip precautions .learn to read a map .calculate trip costs

A System Built for Safety:

.was developed to assist driver braking actions when impending wheel lock-up could occur. .Maintaining control of your vehicle===is the key to safe driving .The traction between a vehicle's and the road surface will impact the amount of control a driver has in a given situation .Barking, whether slowing for a turn or braking for a stop, can cause a vehicle to lose rolling traction, and as a result affect vehicle stopping distance and steering control. .Anti-lock brake system technology was designed to correct these types of problems by helping the driver skid-free stopping and steering control --ABS--introduced in 1930s; used on aircraft; development of anti-lock systems for automo. waned until the 1980s, when many vehicle safet tech. began to be devel. for use in passenger vehicles. --When adv. of ABS use became more evident>>introduced to trucking industry; tech advance. resulted in fewer jacknifing situations due to brake traction losses --a more recently developed safety feature of computer controlled ant-lock brak. systems has allowed ABS tech. to aid automo. manufactures in producing an even safer passenger vehicle. when this anti-lock brake system is engaged it allows the driver to steer his/her vehicle out of potentially damaging situations while braking

Labeling Electrical Systems:

1. Battery 2.Ignition Switch 3. Starter Solenoid 4.Voltage Regulator 5.Starter 6.Alternator

Basic Components of Brake System:

1. Master Cylinder 2.Brake Lines and Hoses 3.Wheel cylinders and calipers 4.Disc Brake Pads and Drum Brake Shoes --Drum Brakes---consist of a brake drum attached to the wheel, a wheel cylinder, brake shoes, and brake return springs. Hydraulic pressure from the master cyl. causes the wheel cyl. to press the break shoes against the brake drum. This creates FRICTION between the shoes and drum to slow or stop the vehicle ---Parking Brakes-----a lever or foot pedal the mechanically (cables and levers) activates the REAR BRAKES ONLY (most vehicles); can be used for parking and if the HYDRAULIC BRAKES FAIL. The P.B (or the "emergency brake") is a "cable-activated system used to hold the brakes continuously in the applied position." The parking brake activates the brakes on the rear wheels. Instead of hydraulic, a cable (mechanical) linkage is used to engage the brake shoes or discs. When the parking-brake pedal is pressed (or, in many cars, a hand lever is pulled), a steel cable draws the brake shoes or pads firmly against the drum or rotors. The release level or button slackens the cables and disengages the brake shoes.

"Tires installed on motor vehicle perform two basic functions:

1. Tires=air-filled CUSHIONS; designed to absorb most of the SHOCKS caused by ROAD HAZARDS; to reduce the effect of road hazards and irregularities on the vehicle, tires are made to: FLEX and GIVE as they meet the road surface 2. Tires= GRIP the road; designed to PROVIDE TRACTION; TRACTION =enables drivers to: accelerate, brake, and steer their vehicles ****To help ensure the safety of automo. drivers and passengers, all tires sold in the U.S are rated on the Uniform Tire Quality Grading System. ---Tire ratings are indicated on the sidewall of the tire

Parts the driver should monitor:

1.Engine Coolant reservoir level 2.Windshield Washer Fluid Reservoir Level 3.Engine Oil Filler Cap is secure 4.Transmission Fluid Dipstick Level (Automatic Transmission) 5.Engine Oil Dipstick level 6.Brake Fluid Reservoir level 7.Clutch fluid reservoir level (Manual Transmission) 8.Battery Fluid level and cable connections 9.Power Steering Fluid Reservoir level 10.Drive Belts for proper tension and condition 11.Air Filter condition **BE SURE all appropriate maintenance checks are performed regularly. Check your vehicle owner's manual for recommended maintenance schedules

TRIP PLANNING

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Vehicle Functions

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Brake Failure

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TRIP PLANNING

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VEHICLE FUNCTIONS/MALFUNCTIONS:

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Vehicle Functions

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Door ajar light

<<<illuminates prior to OR after starting the engine and then it should go out. If this light remains on, it is telling you that one or more vehicle doors is not completely latched. <<<<<If the door light comes on while you are driving, someone has attempted to open a door or the door latch has been properly fastened. In EITHER case, it is EXTREMELY dangerous. So pull of the road as soon as possible to secure the door "Opening a door on a moving vehicle should NEVER be attempted" --- Child proof locks are installed in most of the vehicles today to prevent young children from accidentally opening a door while the vehicle is moving

CHANGING FLAT TIRE

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BASIC TIRE INFORMATION

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CHANGING FLAT TIRE

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Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)

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Remember, ALWAYS wear your safety belts!

Air bags alone are NOT enough! --The safety belt light will stay on until the driver buckles his/her safety belt. Be safe, make sure all passengers in your vehicle are wearing safety belts

Note (steering wheel):

Any steering problem is SERIOUS and should be repaired IMMEDIATELY!! -Steering problems are RARE but do occur and often develop GRADUALLY rather than SUDDENLY Common indications: -play or excess movement in the steering wheel -steering difficulty, even though the tires are PROPERLY INFLATED --shimmying, wobbling, shaking, or pulling to one side under normal conditions --squealing sounds when making turns

Estimating the Cost of the Trip:

Basic costs include: fuel, lodging, meals, and tolls --Fuel prices vary from place to place, but you can estimate them by using the price of gasoline in your area --prices for lodging typically run HIGHER====peak vacation periods, but family-oriented chains have rooms available for one or two persons the $80 -$100 range. --Estimates for for food varies widely, depending on the section of the country, type of restaurant, and whether the meals are eaten picnic style. However, when traveling, the cost of meals, (NOT including dinner in an upscale restaurant), will tend to range from about $25 to $40 per day --Motel/hotel reserv. in advance==expenses can be predetermined, as can tolls (by checking the information provided on state maps or checking with an automobile club) --Fuel costs can be estimated by determining, as closely as possible, the number of MILES you will be driving to AND from your vacation site, and then by adding 50 TO 100 MILES to cover: local travel and side trips, --The miles to and from our destination can be determined by checking the map's mileage chart, or if that is not provided, adding up the mileage indicated by the miles traveled between points indicated in red and/or black on the map. --Having calculated the number of miles to be traveled, divide the number by==average miles per gallon (mpg) that your vehicle usually gets For instance: If the rip involved==1,500 miles ; and the vehicle averages 22mpg, the calculation would be 1,500/22>>>>that is a little over 68 gallons of fuel at $2.50 per gallon will cost you $170. In addition to these costs, there are other expenses: admission to theme or recreation parks, shows etc While figuring these costs in advance may seem like a lot of trouble, failure to do so===can turn a happy trip into a very STRESSFUL EXPERIENCE

Under-inflated Tires:

FLEX TOO MUCH and BUILD UP HEAT<<<leads to BLOWOUTS or the tread SEPARATING and PEELING off the tire

Other Components:

Fuse Box---protects the electric. equipment. (Keep spare fuses in vehicle at ALL times .Ignition Call--transforms the 12-volt current to a surge of current of many thousands of volts .Spark Plugs--produce spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine combustion chambers .Distributor--controls the production and distrib. of the electrical surges to the spark plugs .Starting System--consists of three comp. that work in tandem: ignition switch (2); starter relay or solenoid (3), and the starter motor (5) --ign. switch controls the solenoid (activates the start motor!); starter motor then turns the engine until your vehicle starts (Note: this syst. consumes MORE ELECTRIC. POWER than ANY OTHER ELECTRIC. SYSTEM IN YOUR VEHICLE . Charging System--HEART of the ELECT. SYSTEM!!; consists of 3 main comp. : belt-driven altern. (6) (converts mechan. energy into altern.-current electricity, which is then channeled through diodes that alter it to direct current for the electrical system and for recharging the battery (1), various elect. circuits, and a voltage regulator (4)); just as it sounds, the voltage regulator===controls the voltage, keeping it within the operating range of the electrical system. .Accessory Circuits----power the lights, safety systems, and accessories. Includes: fuse box, wiring, and any electrically powered equipment

Technology and Trip Planning:

Global Positioning System (GPS): some vehicles (cell phones too) have factory installed gps or a person may add the system (permanent or portable) to his/her vehicle.<<<<<GPS allows drivers to route/trip plan turn by turn directions to his/her destination. Many systems provide audible directions. GPS also may be used to locate stolen vehicles or disabled vehicles Internet Map Search Programs: many internet map programs are also available to help individuals trip plan. The person enters his/her current location address and destination addresses, then, the program provides the route to reach the destination.

Low Fuel Warning Light:

If this warning light remains on after you have started your vehicle, or it comes on while you are driving, it is telling you that the vehicle fuel levels are low and more fuel will soon be needed. Add fuel as SOON as possible "Do NOT ignore this warning or you may run out of fuel and your vehicle will become disabled" When more fuel is added to the tank, than the warning light will turn off. **ALL vehicles are equipped with a fuel gauge, if the gauge is working correctly, it shows the driver how much fuel is in the vehicle's fuel tank

Reminder:

Maintain firm pressure on the brake pedal, even if the pedal begins pulsating

Braking Systems:

Most IMPORTANT system in your vehicle. Brakes failing==results can be DISASTROUS Good brakes==essential for safe operation of vehicle Life expectancy and performance of brakes depend on: How they are USED and MAINTAINED

Service Engine Light

Most vehicles today are equipped with a compute which monitors operations of fuel, ignition, and emission control systems. This on-board diagnostic system is intended to assure the driver that emissions are a acceptable levels which helps to maintain a CLEANER ENVIRONMENT. --The light should flash for a few seconds when you start the engine and then go out. --When the SERVICE ENGINE or check ENGINE light comes on and STAYS ON it is indicating there is a problem and service is required --Malfun. are often indicated by the monitoring system before ANY PROBLEM IS APPARENT. ---Having a service technician examine your vehicle may prevent a more serious problem from happening. To aid the service technician, the onboard computer system is also designed to: assist in correctly diagnosing the malfunction

Key to enjoying an extended trip:

PLAN AHEAD!! A well planned trip can be a happy, memorable experience

Professional Services:

Professional service every 3,000-5,000 Miles: --oil change/filter replacement --tire rotation/balance Professional Service Every 15,000 Miles --automatic transmission fluid level --brake pads/shoes/rotors/drums, brake lines, hoses, and parking brake system --engine and cooling system --steering linkage, suspension, and, if equipped, drive shaft and ball points --air filter replacement, if equipped Professional Service Every 30,000 Miles --exhaust system and heat shield --engine air filter and fuel filter replacement --accessory drive belts --automatic transmissions/transaxle service, if equipped

Proper Tire Tread:

REDUCES TRACTION LOSS ON WET SURFACES by CHANNELING WATER THROUGH THE TREAD; tire tread depth can be measured by placing a penny in the tread, and if the tread does not reach the top of Lincoln's head, driving in wet weather is very dangerous

Basic Components of the Steering Wheel System:

Steering Wheel--controls the position of the vehicle's FRONT wheels; in many vehicles the steering wheel is ADJUSTABLE (i.e tilt steering wheel) .Steering Column--connects the steering wheel to the steering gear box; many are designed to collapse on impact to protect the driver in a frontal crash .Steering Gearbox--converts the rotary motion of the wheel into linear motion of the steering linkage .Power Steering UNIT--has a hydraulic pump impelled by a belt connected to the engine that facilitates steering *****MOST VEHICLES TODAY HAVE "POWER STEERING"

The Electrical System:

a vehicle requires an elaborate electrical system of circuits to produce, store, and distribute all the electricity required for everyday operation .first major component of E.S= battery; energy is stored in CHEMICAL FORM and can be later used to supply the electricity to start engine and for running auxil. devices (clocks, radios, alarms when the engine is OFF) .Next major comp.== starter motor; used to start engine .3rd com.= alternator>>>changing device powered by the engine; powers E.S when the car is: running, and restores the electricity stored in the battery With these 3 basic comp.==car maintains its supply of energy ==Voltage Regulator: keeps the power level stabilized, and the fuse box keeps minor problems from becoming MAJOR ONES

To provide cleaner air.....

all gasoline sold in America is now required to contain ADDITIVES that will help prevent deposits from forming in your engine and fuel system. This helps the emissions control system in your vehicle to function properly

Brake System Warning Light

Warning Light serves two purposes: --To show the parking brake is set before moving the vehicle ---To alert you that part or all of the braking system is not working properly or, in some vehicles, the brake fluid is too low. If the brake system is not working properly (steps): (a) pump the brake pedal to regain some brake pressure (b)brake gradually to a stop (c)have the vehicle towed (d) and the problem corrected

"Static Spark" at the Gas Pump:

avoid most "static spark" problems at the gas pumps by staying outside your vehicle for a while. To avoid a "static spark" fire, take the following actions: ---turn engine "OFF" while refueling ---do NOT re-enter your vehicle while refueling ---disable or turn off any auxiliary sources of ignition --do NOT light matches or lighters --use only the refueling latch provided on the gasoline dispenser nozzle, NEVER jam the refueling latch of the nozzle open --Do NOT over-fill or top-off your vehicle tank that can cause gasoline spillage ---when filling a portable container, manually control the nozzle valve throughout the filling process --fill a portable container to slowly decrease the chance of static electricity build-up and minimize spilling or splattering """Note--in the unlikely event a static-caused fire when refueling, leaving the nozzle in the fill pipe and BACK AWAY from the vehicle; notify the station attendant IMMEDIATELY

How the Anti-lock Brake System Works:

When you start your vehicle and begin to drive, the anti-lock brake system in your vehicle will CHECK ITSELF! You may hear a momentary clicking noise (which is normal) while the test is being conducted. If the system check detects NO problems and the anti-lock system is working correctly the warning light will go out. Using ABS: DO. NOT. PUMP. THE. BRAKES!!!!! Just hold the brake pedal down firmly and let the anti-lock braking system do the work for you. In an ABS equipped vehicle, you must use firm brake pressure and maintain this pressure on the brake pedal even if you feel vibrating or hear a grinding noise (this is normal!). =--The ABS system pulses the brakes 15 times a second to avoid LOCKUP and allows your vehicle to KEEP ROLLING. ROLLING WHEELS===ALLOWS YOU TO STEER! You CANNOT CHANGE THE DIRECTION if your wheels are SLIDING!!!

"As an example of how ABS helps you control the vehicle, lets examine the illustration below":

You are driving the RED (1) car, the road is wet because it has just rained, so hopefully you are being more careful . -Suddenly, the BLUE (2) car turns across your path to go into a driveway on your right. You slam one the brakes and continue braking. Here is what happens when the ABS system engages: --the computer senses the wheels are slowing down and are about to start sliding. the computer then separately works for the brake pressure for each front wheel and both rear wheels. The ABS system changes the brake pressure faster than any driver can, preventing your car from skidding. --Unfortunately, there is not enough space to stop, but you can steer to safely.

Engine Failure:

a driver is usually given a warning that the engine is going to stop running. ---Various reasons: it becomes flooded, or it gets overheated; whatever the reason, when the engine stalls, the steering mechanism will STILL WORK but it will require much more effort --Follow these steps if your engine stalls: --shift to NEUTRAL --look for an escape path --DO NOT BRAKE HARD!!! ---pull off the roadway (brake gently but with more pressure on the pedal) --STOP, try to restart the engine --if unsuccessful, raise the hood and turn on your emergency flashers --wait for help (if you have a cellular phone call for assistance

Total Brake Failure:

a rare occurrence on NEWER VEHICLES; one reason: cross matching brakes on dual master cylinders; another: a warning light will usually warn you if one of the dual cylinders malfunctions ---When these warnings occur: having your brakes serviced or checked for problems as SOON as POSSIBLE will reduce the possibility of TOTAL BRAKE FAILURE --If total brake failure does occur (most often in an OLDER VEHICLE), the driver is usually braking for a stop; pump the brakes QUICKLY; after 3 or 4 pumps you will know if the brakes are going to hold; this action may build up enough brake pressure to permit you to steer the vehicle off the roadway and stop safely ****If it does NOT work: ---downshift to a lower gear; this uses the breaking power of the engine to slow the vehicle; find an escape route---a safe exit from the highway ---activate the hazard lights to warn other drivers of a problem --apply the parking brake GRADUALLY; you can quickly release the parking brake if the vehicle begins to SKID, and reapply as needed; select a safe POT while the vehicle slows down

Whenever you start your vehicle.....

a series of warning symbols and lights will come on and flash for a few seconds, then turn off.

General Steering Wheel System Operation:

avoid turning the steering wheel when the vehicle is NOT moving<<causes wear on the steering system .NEVER force the steering to limit travel; you will hear a "screeching sound" if you have gone TOO FAR; back off slightly and the wheels will still be fully tuned; forcing the system to the "limit travel" causes unnecessary wear and early failure .AVOID: deep potholes, curbs, and any SUDDEN or HARD impacts that may cause damage to the steering components; have the steering aligned at least ONCE A YEAR and after any serious impacts .Periodically inspect the power steering pump belt and check the power steering pump belt and check the power steering fluid (consult the owner's manual for exact locations ****Note: keep hands between the 9-8 o'clock and the 3-4 o'clock steering position, to avoid airbag injuries; injuries from the airbag include: serious hand, arm, head, face, or eye injuries

Steering and Suspension:

basic function: "to keep the vehicle stable, while allowing the wheels to maintain contact with the road and move independently of the car"

Disc Brakes:

consist of a disc brake rotor, which is attached to the wheel, and a caliper, which holds the disc brake pads. --Hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder causes the caliper piston to clamp the disc brake rotor between the disc brake pads. This creates friction between the pads and rotor, causing the vehicle to slow down or stop ****Disc brakes are available as an OPTION for all four wheels on some model vehicles***

Properly Inflated Tires:

critical to: VEHICLE CONTROL and GOOD GAS MILEAGE; tires should be inflated to the vehicle manufacturer's recommended pressure printed on the vehicle's door placed or in the owner's manual, not the maximum limit listed on the tire side wall

Modern Vehicles are equipped with 2 BRAKING SYSTEMS:

dual hydraulic brake system; a mechanical brake system (parking or emergency brake) ---in B.S, master cylinder==POWER-ASSISTED by the engine. --All newer vehicles==have dual hydraulic B.S; two front wheels operating by one subsystem and the rear two wheels the other subsystem. --The design of this type of B.S offers vehicle occupants the greatest protection in the event that one subsyst. fails. --If were to happen==other subsyst. can PROVIDE ADEQUATE BRAKING POWER ALLOWING YOU YOU TO STOP THE VEHICLE SAFELY! --Safety syst. like this have made modern brakes more COMPLEX, and much SAFER than earlier braking systems --Effective Breaking still requires both subsyst. to work well.

The ABS system _______ when it detects impending wheel lock ABS is _______engaged under NORMAL braking conditions, and will not impair NORMAL braking actions

engages NOT

The Instrumental Panel warning systems are there to tell the driver that........

everything in his/her vehicle IS or NOT working properly. --Furthermore, the instrument panel design allows the driver to KNOW AT A GLANCE HOW THE VEHICLE SYSTEMS ARE FUNCTIONING

Remember, gauges and warning lights are there to _____

help! ---Operating a vehicle that NEEDS REPAIRS can be EXTREMELY DANGEROUS. --It is also important to do any repairs as soon as possible, to avoid serious damage to your vehicle.

The actual size of the tire patch in contact with the road....

is about the SIZE OF YOUR HAND; these four hand-size patches of rubber in contact with the road surface allow the vehicle to respond to acceleration, braking and steering; with this narrow margin of safety, it is IMPORTANT to check tire pressure at least ONCE A MONTH

It is ESSENTIAL to recognize instrument panel warning symbols and to...

know what CAUSES them to become ACTIVATED <<<<It is important that you pay attention when these warning occur, because they (a)may save you or others from possible injury and costly vehicle repairs.

The Car Catches on Fire:

most vehicle fires start: in the ENGINE COMPARTMENT and can involve fuel, oil, electrical equipment and other combustibles from a combination of sources' Take the following actions: .quickly steer the vehicle out of traffic and way from buildings and people .have everyone get out of the vehicle IMMEDIATELY and move AT LEAST 100 feet away .if the engine is on fire, call the fire department--leave the hood closed and move away from the vehicle and wait for the the fire department to arrive, because the fuel tank can EXPLODE!!! .if the passenger compartment is on fire, use a fire extinguisher, or call the fire department (Carry an A-B-C type fire extinguisher, it is designed to control such fires) ***Note: FIRE is a possibility in ANY collision where engine components are DAMAGED; turn off the ignition and get everyone out and away from the vehicle; if a person is seriously injured, do NOT attempt to move him/her unless a fire is PRESENT

Alert Lights and Warning Symbols: <<<<Warning Lights come on when there is a ________ with one of your vehicle's systems

problem <<<<It is important that you pay attention when these warning occur, because they (a)may save you or others from possible injury and costly vehicle repairs. When a warning light comes on and stays on or if one of the gauges indicate there is a problem: ---check the appropriate section in your vehicle owner's manual that tells you what to do to correct the situation.

Fuel System

purpose is to: provide mixture of fuel and air to the engine of the vehicle; air-fuel mixture must be in PROPORTION to the speed and load placed on the engine. Automotive fuel system==in most new vehicles; designed to use a fuel injection system (replacing carburetor) to deliver the fuel under pressure into the combustion chambers or into the air flow just as it enters each individual cylinder to maximizes power and economy Major parts of systems: fuel tank and cap; emission controls; fuel line; fuel pump; fuel filter; fuel injectors or carburetor; and intake manifold as well as the fuel gauge, which indicates the amount of fuel in the tank

Vehicle Steerability:

refers to the "ability to move the vehicle where the driver wants it to go" --with rolling traction. a driver is able to steer the vehicle to the right or left in a lane change or make a smooth adjustment when entering a curve. In each of these driving situations, sudden steering actions can cause a sudden shift in vehicle balance and traction loss. ---this lack of steerability may take the vehicle off the normal traveled section of the roadway -under driver-panic conditions where limited steering action is required, ABS technology will enhance driver control capabilities. ABS tech. is designed to===maintain ROLLING TRACTION AND STEERING --Rolling action may produce LONGER stopping distances on some surfaces, such as freshly fallen snow or loose gravel. the ABS steering advantage OUTWEIGHS ANY BRAKING DISADVANTAGES ON THESE SURFACES. --Evasive Steering techniques are designed to allow the driver to steer the vehicle clear of danger

Oil Pressure warning light or gauge

signals you when the oil is not circulating through the engine at the proper pressure or there is not enough oil. --This lighting/gauge does NOT tell you the AMOUNT of oil in the engine, for that you need to check the oil DIPSTICK. ---When the oil warning light comes on it is recommended that you stop at the nearest service center and have the oil level checked

The Engine Overheats While Driving:

sometimes even a well-maintained engine can overheat; this happens when: the weather is extremely hot and/ot in stop and go traffic; other causes: blown radiator hose, a broken fan belt, a seized water pump; etc; (just a FEW examples); when the temperature light or gauge warns you the engine is beginning to overheat, try the following: ---if the air conditioner is on, turn it off --turn on the heater to draw heat off the engine --if stopped shift to "neutral" and press the accelerator pedal gently --if these fall, move to a safe location off the roadway --turn off the engine, raise the hood and let the engine cool --DO NOT open the radiator cap, the pressure and hot steam can cause severe upper torso and facial burns --seek help

Plan Ahead:

to go on an extended trip for work or vacation, first step==PLAN WHERE YOU ARE GOING!!!! --Determine your destination and what route you will take (scenic route, or a more direct, quicker route by staying on a FREEWAY or and INTERSECTION) --Whichever route you take, plan it CAREFULLY. You cab obtain maps and travel guides from service stations., bookstores, motor clubs, the local chamber of commerce, state, regional, and city tourism bureaus of the Internet to help planning

Temperature light or gauge

warns you when the coolant in the engine is TOO HOT or TOO LOW --If it comes on, PULL OFF THE ROAD when safe and get PROFESSIONAL HELP ***CAUTION: NEVER attempt to remove the radiator cap when the engine is hot. The pressure and hot steam can cause severe UPPER TORSO and facial burns

By maintaining a speed reduction without __________, ABS increases steerability out of the vehicle

wheel lock-up --the driver should use just enough steering movement to guide the vehicle to a clear space on the roadway. It is important that the driver maintains constant firm pressure on the brake pedal while looking for an open lane steering option

Engine Becomes Flooded:

when TOO MUCH FUEL and NOT ENOUGH AIR reaches the engine, it will become flooded Follow these steps to start a flooded engine: ---push the accelerator pedal to the floor and hold it there --turn the key and try to start for it up to five seconds --if it doesn't start, wait several minutes and try again --once started, release the accelerator pedal

"NOTE"

when you have completed changing a flat tire, put the lug wrench, flat tire, jack, and wheel cover back into the TRUNK. as soon as possible, have a mechanic recheck the lug nuts. never drive a car without a good spare tire or a temporary spare. get the flat replaced as soon as possible WARNING: "NEVER place your hands or feet UNDER THE VEHICLE or the TIRE once it has been raised.

Remember:

with anti-lock, you can steer AND brake at the same time! --ABS as allowed you to steer around as the BLUE (2) car while still braking hard (as you braked, the computer continued receiving updates on speed and controls braking pressure accordingly until you have stopped).

The Steering System:

you know that when you turn the steering wheel in your car, the vehicles turn (cause and effect); but a lot must take place between the steering wheel and the tires to make this happen Steering System: "controls the POSITION of the FRONT WHEELS and allows the driver to CHANGE vehicle direction; most vehicles today have POWER STEERING --Power Steering--a hydraulic pump powered by a belt connected to the engine that makes steering the vehicle much easier