drugs and behavior nervous system Ch 4, Categories, Delivery Mechanisms and effect, Stimulants, Depressants, Psychotherapeutic Drugs, Introduction, Alcohol

Which of the following statements is true of chloral hydrate?

All of the above.

Cocaine's effects in the brain

All of the answers are correct.

The time course of a drug's action depends on

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true about the current use of amphetamines to treat depression?

Amphetamines are used mostly as an adjunctive therapy.

_________ are defined as drugs, such as Valium, that are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders and to reduce anxiety.

Anxiolytics

_________ are a group of analgesic (painkilling) drugs that produce a relaxed, dreamlike state; and moderately high doses given to people who are nontolerant often induce sleep.

Opioids

_________ are defined as the drugs that are inactive until acted on by enzymes in the body.

Prodrugs

Prozac was one of the early

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Illicit cocaine comes to the U.S. primarily from

South America.

Identify the route of administration of sublingual medications.

They are placed under the tongue.

Identify a true statement about amphetamines during World War II

They were used by Germany to increase its soldiers' efficiency.

Drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems in two main ways: either by altering the availability of the neurotransmitter in the synapse, or by

acting directly on the receptors.

Gated ion channels for sodium and potassium open and close in rapid succession, causing the neuron to depolarize and then return to its normal resting level, during each

action potential

The MAO inhibitors are considered to be

antidepressants

Withdrawal from long-term use of sedative-hypnotic drugs is characterized by

anxiety, impaired concentration, insomnia, convulsions.

The four most widely sold benzodiazepines are all longer-acting drugs sold primarily as

anxiolytics.

Inattention and impulsivity are characteristics of

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Parasympathetic and sympathetic refer to the two branches of the

autonomic nervous system.

When the use of a drug interferes with normal behavior, experienced users may learn to compensate and show less impairment than new users. This is an example of

behavioral tolerance.

Librium (chlordiazepoxide) and Valium (diazepam) were the first widely sold

benzodiazepines.

Alcohol has a low tendency, but tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has a high tendency to

bind to blood proteins.

What is the mechanism of action for typical antipsychotics?

blocking D2 dopamine receptors

Regardless of the route of administration, psychoactive drugs reach the brain tissue by way of the_________.

bloodstream

Which of the following is the function of the blood-brain barrier created by glia in the brain?

brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood.

The_________ of a drug specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer, and the trademark belongs to that manufacturer.

brand name

Which of the following is a crude extract which is mixed with tobacco and smoked in South America?

coca paste

The group of psychoactive drugs called stimulants includes

cocaine.

One of the more disturbing side effects of treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with amphetamines or methylphenidate (Ritalin) is

decreased height and weight gains in children.

The ability of stimulants to improve mental performance

depends on the complexity of the task and the dose

Among the psychoactive drugs, alcohol can be classified as a(n)_________.

depressant

When neither the person taking the drug nor the person evaluating the effects of the drug knows which people are getting the experimental drug and which people are getting the placebo, this procedure is referred to as a(n)_________.

double-blind procedure

The use of cocaine by members of the general public in Europe was initially in the form of

drinks, such as coca wine.

Which of the following criteria is used to classify barbiturates?

duration of action

When benzodiazepines bind to their receptor site, they

enhance the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Amphetamine was developed initially as a substitute for a closely related chemical derived from the Chinese herb ma huang. That chemical is

ephedrine.

A drug's generic name can only be used by one company.

false

Action potential refers to the chemical reaction that occurs when neurotransmitters that allow neurons to communicate with each other are released.

false

Amphetamines decrease the activity of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) in the human body.

false

Because the effects of stimulants and depressants counteract each other, taking these drugs in combination does not produce intoxication.

false

In the neuron, neurotransmitters are stored in the myelin sheaths.

false

Most psychoactive drugs are taken orally go directly from the stomach to the brain.

false

Newer local anesthetics are simple modifications of the cocaine molecule, and they do not pass the blood-brain barrier and thus do not produce cocaine-like feelings of euphoria.

false

One of the main ways that drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems is by cutting off blood flow to a specific brain structure.

false

Paraldehyde is a CNS depressant that is currently available in several over-the-counter medications.

false

Sigmund Freud was always opposed to the use of cocaine for treating psychiatric conditions

false

Studies show that blacks are just as likely as whites to be arrested for violating crack cocaine laws.

false

Unlike neurons, glial cells in the brain are purely for support and are incapable of communicating with each other.

false

Use of cocaine during pregnancy has been clearly linked to many kinds of birth defects and mental retardation.

false

When barbiturates were the most popular sedative-hypnotics, low doses of the long-acting types were used as sleeping pills.

false

Sedative-hypnotic agents bind to which receptors in the brain?

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

In addition to neurons, the brain contains an even larger number of another cell type known as_

glia

The major advantage of the benzodiazepines over the barbiturates seems to be the

greater safety margin.

Which of the following can produce paranoid psychosis?

high doses of amphetamines

Among the barbiturates, when prescribing a sleeping pill (hypnotic), physicians would usually choose a

higher dose of a short-acting drug.

Which of the following terms is defined as the maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range (e.g., temperature, blood pressure)?

homeostasis

When depressants are used as medications to induce sleep, they are called_________.

hypnotics

Of the following routes of administration, which will produce fastest onset of effects?

inhalation

If you want to get very high concentrations of cocaine into the bloodstream very rapidly, which route of administration would you probably use?

intravenous injection

The effect of amphetamines on weight control

is real, but small and limited in duration.

Which of the following statements is true of lithium as a mood stabilizer?

it prevents both manic and depressed mood swings

The tendency of a chemical to dissolve in fat, as opposed to in water, is known as_________.

lipid solubility

the acceptance of the mood stabilizer ____________ was slowed by a series of overdose poisonings and by the fact that the drug is one of the basic elements and could not be patented

lithium

Which of the following organs produces enzymes responsible for metabolizing cocaine molecules?

liver

In 1935, the wake-promoting effect of amphetamine led to testing it for the treatment of_________, which is defined as a condition in which the individual spontaneously falls asleep as many as 50 times a day.

narcolepsy

Richard is a researcher in a pharmaceutical company. His company develops a new drug to treat chronic joint pain in humans. He wants to check the effect of this drug on a group of elderly people. He divides the group into an experimental group and a control group. He gives the new drug to the experimental group, while he gives a noneffective look-alike drug to the control group. Both groups give the same result. Identify the effect felt by the control group, despite not taking the drug.

placebo effect

Specialized structures that recognize neurotransmitter molecules and, when activated, may cause a change in the electrical activity of the neuron are called_________.

receptors

Studies of the mechanism of action of the amphetamines have focused mainly on

release of norepinephrine and dopamine.

Which of the following terms is defined as the dosage difference between an acceptable level of effectiveness and the lowest toxic dose?

safety margin

A person suffering from a chronic (long-lasting) psychotic condition for which there is no known cause will probably receive the diagnosis of ____________

schizophrenia

Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was first used to treat schizophrenia, it is now used primarily to treat

severe depression

With increasing doses of any useful drug, there is usually an increase in the number and severity of

side effects.

After oral administration, most absorption of the drug molecules takes place in the

small intestine.

Which of the following categories of drugs produce wakefulness at low to moderate doses and a manic state of excitement at high doses?

stimulant drugs

Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the small space between two neurons called the_________.

synapse

The process in which enzymes within neurons convert precursors into neurotransmitter molecules is called_________.

synthesis

The potency of a drug is defined in terms of

the amount required to produce an effect.

Concussions and cerebral infections can decrease the effectiveness of

the blood-brain barrier.

Which of the following systems in the human brain tends to act more as a unit and is responsible for opening the bronchi, reducing blood supply to the skin, increasing the heart rate, and reducing stomach motility?

the sympathetic system

Most illicit cocaine in the U.S. is powder cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride), which is

too stable to be smoked.

Among the sedative-hypnotic drugs, short-acting barbiturates seem to be the most likely to lead to drug dependence.

true

Benzodiazepines replaced barbiturates primarily because they were believed to be safer.

true

Caffeine and cocaine are both considered to be stimulant drugs.

true

Drug effects are more intense following intravenous injection and inhalation compared with oral or intranasal administration

true

Drugs with a shorter duration of action leave the system quickly and are much more likely to produce withdrawal symptoms than are longer-acting drugs.

true

For many psychoactive drugs, such as nicotine and cocaine, the fastest way to get an effect is by inhaling the drug's vapors.

true

For most therapeutic effects, there is a maximum effect, and increasing the dose more just increases the number and severity of side effects.

true

One major similarity of freebase and crack cocaine is that they both can be smoked.

true

T or F: a chronic psychotic condition with no known physical cause is likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenia

true

The complex branching parts of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called dendrites.

true

The earliest medical use for amphetamine was as a substitute for ephedrine in treating asthma.

true

The therapeutic index (TI) should always be greater than 1 because the lethal dose should be larger than the effective dose.

true

What has prevented paraldehyde from being widely used?

Correct answer: both the bad taste and odor and the link between aldehydes and cancer

The most common way cocaine is used recreationally is by

Correct answer: snorting.

When laboratory animals are given unlimited opportunities to self-administer cocaine injection,

Correct answer: they will readily self-administer it

The American Psychiatric Association's classification system for mental disorders is called the

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

_________ is defined as a method of preparing cocaine as a chemical substance so that it can be smoked.

Freebase

_________ is the term used to include several symptoms: trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, or waking up too early.

Insomnia

What is cocaine still used for medically?

It is used as a local anesthetic for nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgeries

_________ results from a loss of myelin wrappings.

Multiple sclerosis

_________ are the primary elements of the nervous system as they are responsible for the analysis and transmission of information.

Neurons