Drugs and Human Behavior Final EC

_________, in the 1840s, described his experiences at the Hashish Club. His experiences were mainly _____ A. William O'Shaughnessy; a mixture of altered sensory and motor experiences B. Theophile Gautier; a combination of loss of body sensations, deep relaxation and reduced movement, dream-like states C. Theophile Gautier; a suppression of motor movement, as well as fear D. Jacques Moreau; a combination of loss of body sensations, deep relaxation and reduced movement, dream-like states

B. Theophile Gautier; a combination of loss of body sensations, deep relaxation and reduced movement, dream-like states

The peak heart rate following smoking marijuana is reached _____. A. almost immediately B. about 20 minutes after smoking C. none of these, marijuana does not impact heart rate D. about one hour after smoking

B. about 20 minutes after smoking

An early use for heroin was as a treatment for: A. dengue fever B. coughs C. cancer D. addiction to marijuana

B. coughs

Which of the following is a natural substance that will directly compete with naloxone for receptors in the brain? A. all of these B. endorphin C. fentanyl D. oxycodone

B. endorphin

A national survey of drug use in the USA revealed that about ______ of the population have used marijuana at least once. A. 44% B. 50% C. 8.3% D. 75%

A. 44%

__________ is marijuana that is soaked in formaldehyde and dried before being smoked. A. AMP B. Hashish C. PCP D. DMT

A. AMP

Which of the following correctly provides the relative potency for the indicated drug, when compared to morphine? A. All of these are correct B. Heroin, about twice as potent C. Codeine, less potent D. Oxycodone, 1.5 times more potent E. Fentanyl, 100 times more potent

A. All of these are correct

The earliest known users of hashish were the _________ in the 10th Century. A. Arabs B. Chinese C. Peruvians D. Indians

A. Arabs

The earliest known use of marijuana for its pharmacological properties occurred in 2800 B.C. in ______. A. China B. India C. Peru D. Egypt

A. China

Ayahuasca tea contains ____. A. DMT B. PCP C. MDA D. ketamine

A. DMT

Which of the following is a short-acting hallucinogen generally administered in the form of a snuff or a tea? A. DMT B. mescaline (peyote) C. ibogaine D. harmaline (yage´)

A. DMT

The book The Hasheesh Eater, published in 1857, was written by __________ and describes his cannabis-eating experiences over a four-year period. A. Fitz Hugh Ludlow B. Theophile Gautier C. William O'Shaughnessy D. Harry J. Anslinger

A. Fitz Hugh Ludlow

What is the main difference between morphine and heroin? A. Heroin more readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier. B. Heroin takes much longer to metabolize. C. Morphine is more potent than heroin. D. Morphine is more lipid-soluble E. all of the options listed

A. Heroin more readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier.

Which of the following is NOT a methylated amphetamine? A. LSD B. MDE C. MDA D. STP

A. LSD

Which of the following is a methylated amphetamine? A. MDMA B. psilocybin C. PCP D. LSD

A. MDMA

The ceremonial use of peyote is practiced by ____. A. Native Americans B. New Guinea Papuans C. Siberian Inuits D. Shiite Moslems

A. Native Americans

The center of marijuana use and distribution in 1920s America was ______. A. New Orleans B. Los Angeles C. San Francisco D. New York

A. New Orleans

Which of the following effects on the reproductive system has research shown to be associated with chronic marijuana use. A. all of these B. decreases in sperm motility in men C. decreases in the number of sperm in men D. nonovulatory menstrual cycles in women

A. all of these

Which of the following is a common opiate effect? A. all of these are opiate effects B. lowered body temperature C. pupil constriction D. respiratory depression

A. all of these are opiate effects

Heroin withdrawal produces A. all of these are true B. cold-like symptoms (runny nose, teary eyes) C. piloerection (goose bumps) D. diarrhea

A. all of these are true

A difference between LSD and ecstasy is that A. ecstasy does not produce visual hallucinations B. subjects report no memory for LSD experiences C. ecstasy does not cause brain damage D. none of these; these drugs produce nearly identical effects

A. ecstasy does not produce visual hallucinations

Which of the following will bind in the brain the same receptor as morphine ? A. endorphins B. dopamine C. noradrenalin D. acetylcholine E. serotonin

A. endorphins

Opiate withdrawal symptoms are best characterized as A. flu-like in nature B. nearly always fatal C. convulsions and seizures D. mild and unimportant

A. flu-like in nature

Negative emotional effects of marijuana use are most often reported by A. almost everyone who uses marijuana B. inexperienced users C. those who have never used alcohol D. experienced users who have developed a tolerance to marijuana

B. inexperienced users

Which of the following has marijuana not been used to treat? A. depression B. mania C. insomnia D. nausea

B. mania

The active chemical in the Peyote cactus is ____. A. Psilocybin B. mescaline C. LSD D. phencyclidine

B. mescaline

Marijuana cigarettes contain ____. A. the same amount of tar as tobacco cigarettes B. more tar than tobacco cigarettes C. no tar D. less tar than tobacco cigarettes

B. more tar than tobacco cigarettes

The major active chemical in opium is ____________, and has an effect that is ______ more potent than crude opium. A. morphine; two times B. morphine; ten times C. heroin; two times D. thebaine; ten times

B. morphine; ten times

The "cannabis buyer's club" was formed to ______ A. prevent people from using synthetic forms of THC B. provide inexpensive or free cannabis to seriously ill people C. solely provide cannabis to people suffering from AIDS D. decriminalize cannabis

B. provide inexpensive or free cannabis to seriously ill people

Which of the following drugs comes from a mushroom? A. ibogaine B. psilocybin C. harmaline D. Mescaline

B. psilocybin

Purdue Pharma was sued for A. selling designer heroin B. stating that Oxycontin had low abuse potential C. marketing a low-dose formulation of Oxycontin, when a high-dose formulation should have been available to patients with chronic pain D. misrepresenting the abuse potential of Percodan

B. stating that Oxycontin had low abuse potential

Sensing a sound as if it were a visual experience would be an example of ______. A. flashback B. synesthesia C. dyskinesia D. none of these

B. synesthesia

The medical application of cannabis has been most successful for _______ A. spacticity symptoms in multiple sclerosis B. treating nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy C. All of these D. pain management

C. All of these

This drug is becoming popular as an alternative to methadone in the treatment of opiate addiction. A. Sublimaze B. Naloxone C. Buprenorphine D. Vicodin

C. Buprenorphine

The "Opium Wars" of the 19th century were between Great Britain and: A. Hong Kong B. Afghanistan C. China D. India

C. China

Which two states approved referendums to regulate, tax, and control marijuana in 2012? A. Oregon and Colorado B. California and Vermont C. Colorado and Washington D. California and Alaska

C. Colorado and Washington

___________ is the leafy top portion of the cannabis sativa plant, while __________ is made from the resin produced by the plant to protect it from the sun. A. AMP; hashish B. Marijuana; AMP C. Marijuana; hashish D. Hashish; marijuana

C. Marijuana; hashish

The origins of the current opioid epidemic are generally attributed to the abuse of ________, which contained ________. A. Oxycodone; oxycontin B. Percodan; oxycodone C. Oxycontin; oxycodone D. Oxycontin; percodan

C. Oxycontin; oxycodone

____________ is a drug that was designed for treatment of severe pain and involves time-release of high doses of ________ that could reduce pain for 12 hours. A. Vicodin; oxycodone B. Dilaudid; Oxycontin C. Oxycontin; oxycodone D. Demerol; percodan

C. Oxycontin; oxycodone

Opium is derived from the plant ______ and is typically used A. psilocybin mushrooms; by oral consumption B. Papaver somniferum; by injection C. Papaver somniferum; orally or by smoking D. Cannabis sativa; by smoking

C. Papaver somniferum; orally or by smoking

The most commonly reported physiological effect of marijuana is ____. A. "the munchies" B. a decrease in REM sleep C. Vasodilation in the eyes D. dry mouth

C. Vasodilation in the eyes

Marijuana affects which of the following neurotransmitters? A. L-glutamate B. dopamine C. all of the above D. GABA E. acetylcholine

C. all of the above

Endorphin release is produced by _____. A. stress B. pain C. all of the options listed D. acupuncture

C. all of the options listed

Following cannabis ingestion, marked concentrations of THC can be found in the __________ even when blood levels of THC are zero. A. liver B. brain C. all of these D. lungs E. kidneys

C. all of these

Which of the following is true of PCP? A. it has been associated with psychotic reactions B. it produces hallucinations and tactile distortions C. all of these D. it was developed as an anesthetic

C. all of these

Pain relief produced without a loss of consciousness is called A. anesthesia B. akinesia C. analgesia D. anorexia Answer Key:C

C. analgesia

Increasingly dramatic changes in motor activity and performance due to marijuana are likely to be explained more by _____. A. expectations B. genetic predisposition C. dosage D. route of administration

C. dosage

Which of the following drugs is the most potent pain reliever and an increasing threat in the current opiate drug epidemic? A. Oxycontin B. morphine C. fentanyl D. heroin

C. fentanyl

Endorphins are thought to be involved with which of the following functions? A. sleep B. fear C. pain relief D. none of the options listed

C. pain relief

Which of the following is an anticholinergic hallucinogen? A. DMT B. PCP C. scopolamine D. LSD E. MDMA

C. scopolamine

The most rapid and efficient absorption of marijuana occurs through _________. The drug effects following ____________ last approximately 2-4 hours. A. smoking; oral ingestion B. oral ingestion; smoking C. smoking; smoking D. oral ingestion; oral ingestion

C. smoking; smoking

When smoking a marijuana cigarette, the effects on speech (that is, rapid or slurred speech, circumstantial talk, and loquaciousness) occur in _____. A. all stages of use B. the middle stages of use C. the early stages following use D. the later stages of use

C. the early stages following use

Which statement is true for all hallucinogens? A. they produce sympathetic nervous system arousal B. they are likely to cause dependence C. they alter perception and states of consciousness D. they produce no noticeable physiological effects

C. they alter perception and states of consciousness

Which of the following is best captures the effects of MDMA? A. it has been associated with brain damage in nonhumans and heatstroke and heart attacks have occurred with overdose B. it has been associated with brain damage in nonhumans C. a single use generally produces psychotic symptoms D. heatstroke and heart attacks have occurred with overdose E. all of these

A. it has been associated with brain damage in nonhumans and heatstroke and heart attacks have occurred with overdose

Which of the following effects are associated with the anticholinergic hallucinogens but not the psychedelics? A. loss of memory for the experience B. confusion and altered states of consciousness C. sensory disturbances D. the formication syndrome

A. loss of memory for the experience

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a possible explanation for marijuana's effect on short-term memory? A. marijuana use destroys neurons in the hippocampus B. marijuana causes a decreased ability to concentrate C. the user is not motivated to attend to or retrieve material D. drug action interferes with the neurochemical processes operative in memory

A. marijuana use destroys neurons in the hippocampus

For which of the following conditions is there insufficient evidence to support or refute the effectiveness of treatment with medical cannabis? A. motoric problems associated with Huntington's disease B. sleep problems due to pain C. positive outcomes from traumatic brain injury D. treating appetite problems in HIV/AIDS patients

A. motoric problems associated with Huntington's disease

______ is a synthetic THC product that is used in current medical treatment. It has the advantage of being ______. A. Spice; able to enter the brain more quickly B. Placidyl; more stable C. K2; more active at THC receptors D. Cesamet; more soluble E. All of these, since they are synthetic THC-based medical compounds

D. Cesamet; more soluble

A report issued by the _________ concluded that there was a scientific foundation for studying marijuana as a form of Medical treatment. A. Baroness Wootton B. LaGuardia Commission C. Indian Hemp Drugs Commission D. United States National Academy of Sciences

D. United States National Academy of Sciences

Persisting LSD flashbacks can be treated by ____. A. mescaline B. dopamine C. any cholinergic hallucinogen D. benzodiazepines

D. benzodiazepines

Which of the following is used as a treatment for excessive coughing? A. morphine B. barbiturates C. methadone D. dextromethorphan

D. dextromethorphan

The study by Hser et al (2001) A. all of these are true B. reported that heroin addiction rates declined throughout the 1990s, but increased substantially from 2000 to the present C. found that in the USA, there were 33,000 deaths over the past 33 years that were due to heroin overdose D. followed heroin addicts over several decades, and found that half of them died, a death rate substantially higher than the general population that were of a similar age

D. followed heroin addicts over several decades, and found that half of them died, a death rate substantially higher than the general population that were of a similar age

PCP is thought to act by influencing receptors for A. dopamine B. serotonin C. acetylcholine D. glutamate

D. glutamate

Use of heroin or morphine is known to A. induce impotence B. reduce sexual drive C. impair social interactions D. impair learning and memory E. all of these are correct

D. impair learning and memory

Which of the following is a major risk associated with the sharing of needles used to deliver heroin intravenously? A. bone marrow damage B. respiratory distress C. overdose D. infection with AIDS, hepatitis or other needle-borne diseases

D. infection with AIDS, hepatitis or other needle-borne diseases

The finding that experienced users are more sensitive to the onset of cannabis effects than novice smokers is thought to be due to ____. A. tolerance B. biological sensitivity C. dependence D. learning

D. learning

Chapter 10 of the textbook, often refers to prescription drugs as _________, when strictly speaking they should be referred to as ________, in keeping with current terminology for anything that is not found in _______. A. opiates; opioids; opium B. opioids; opium; opiates C. opiates; opium; papaver somniferum D. opiates; synthetic opiates; opium

A. opiates; opioids; opium

Which of the following is true of opiate withdrawal? A. symptoms peak in about 48 to 72 hrs. B. symptoms can be treated with alcohol C. all of these are true D. appetite increases significantly

A. symptoms peak in about 48 to 72 hrs.

In New York City, during Prohibition, _________ opened to give marijuana users a place to smoke. A. tea-pads B. hashish parlors C. none of these D. opium dens

A. tea-pads

Which of the following likely used opium before the Romans? A. the Sumerians and Assyrians B. the Inca people of South America C. the Egyptians D. The Greeks

A. the Sumerians and Assyrians

Which of the following is NOT a response to opiate administration? A. yawning and pupil dilation B. hypothermia C. constipation D. altered serotonergic neurotransmission E. analgesia

A. yawning and pupil dilation

Which of the following drugs is unlikely to produce analgesia? A. codeine B. meperidine C. fentanyl D. naloxone

D. naloxone

When looking at statistical trends for cannabis use, it is clear that _______ A. people 35 and older represent the group with the greatest level of use B. levels of use among high school seniors are significantly lower in more recent years, when compared to usage levels in 1992 and 1993 C. in spite of increasing acceptance of legalization, cannabis use in the United States has been dropping in the past decade D. none of these are true

D. none of these are true

The active chemical in hallucinogenic mushrooms is ____. A. LSD B. phencyclidine C. MDMA D. psilocybin

D. psilocybin

"Chasing the dragon" refers to ___________ heroin. A. snorting B. eating C. injecting D. smoking

D. smoking

Approximately how much of the THC available in a marijuana cigarette is present in the smoke? A. 10% B. 50% C. 75% D. 25%

B. 50%

With regard to opiates, the Harrison Act went through a number of modifications that A. led to heroin becoming an illicit drug controlled by organized crime and affecting low income groups in urban areas B. All of these are correct C. eventually stopped the prescribing of heroin for medical use D. stimulated the emergence of a black market that catered for addicts who would have been prescribed heroin by physicians

B. All of these are correct

__________ is a chemical that binds to the same receptors on brain cells as do cannabinoids that researchers are using to study how the cannabinoid receptors affect various functions. A. Serotonin B. Anandamide C. CBZ D. Acetylcholine

B. Anandamide

Which of the following drugs has been associated with long term deficits in serotonin activity? A. alcohol B. Ecstasy C. marijuana D. heroin

B. Ecstasy

__________, the head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in 1932, led the fight for the criminalization of marijuana use and trafficking, which resulted in the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. A. Jacques Moreau B. Harry J. Anslinger C. Theophile Gautier D. Fitz Hugh Ludlow

B. Harry J. Anslinger

__________ is NOT a commonly reported consequence of marijuana use. A. Increased sensory stimulation B. Increased sensitivity to pain C. Impaired signal detection D. More intense sexual pleasure

B. Increased sensitivity to pain

Seeds from what plant are used to make the hallucinogenic drug called Ololuiqui by native Americans? A. Peyote cactus B. Morning glory C. Iboga plant D. Poppy

B. Morning glory

Followers of emperor Shen Nung at around 2800 B.C. used marijuana for _____. A. its sedative properties B. its psychoactive effects C. its psychoactive effects and sedative properties D. to counter the influence of evil spirits E. all of these

E. all of these

Research has clearly shown that marijuana use results in irreversible, long-term damage to the _____. A. reproductive system and immune system only B. immune system C. cardiovascular system D. reproductive system E. none of these

E. none of these

Which of the following contains a partial opiate agonist and opiate antagonist? A. all of these drugs contain a combination of agonist and antagonist effects B. tramadol C. buprenorphine D. tapentadol E. suboxone

E. suboxone

The region of _________ was historically the largest supplier of opium, prior to the emergence of _________ as the world's leading supplier late in the 20th century? A. Colombia; Southeast Asia B. Southeast Asia; Afghanistan C. Central and South America; Afghanistan D. Afghanistan; Mexico

B. Southeast Asia; Afghanistan

Because it is produced in a laboratory, synthetic marijuana tends to produce fewer side effects than regular marijuana. TrueFalse

False

Morphine and heroin are equally able to cross the blood-brain barrier. TrueFalse

False

Only about 50% of heroin is excreted from the body after a few days. TrueFalse

False

Physical dependence to marijuana has been reliably and consistently demonstrated in laboratory studies. TrueFalse

False

Recent research suggests that focusing prevention efforts on marijuana use will not have an effect on the prevalence of use of harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin. TrueFalse

False

Research has shown that the damage done to the serotonin system is irreversible. TrueFalse

False

Tolerance to opiates occurs in humans but not in rhesus monkeys. TrueFalse

False

CNS depressants and opiates can synergize in a way that can be lethal. TrueFalse

True

Heroin was marketed by makers of aspirin. TrueFalse

True

In 1972, the LeDain Commission reported that the short-term physiological effects of marijuana use on normal persons are benign and not clinically significant. TrueFalse

True

Recent research suggests that marijuana use increases risk for psychotic behavior. TrueFalse

True

Salvia acts as an agonist of opioid receptors. TrueFalse

True

The hallucinogenic properties of substances that contained LSD were discovered by accident. TrueFalse

True

Violent psychotic reactions have been reported with use of PCP. TrueFalse

True