Dynamics of Personality Engler Ch. 9
B
According to Bandura's theory of triadic reciprocal causation, ________ factors account for human behavior. a) behavioral, unconscious, and cognitive b) behavioral, cognitive, and environmental c) cognitive, birth order, and unconscious d) behavioral, birth order, and environmental
D
According to Bandura, intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness are components of a) modeling. b) triadic reciprocal causation. c) reinforcement. d) human agency.
A
According to Bandura, the fact that tobacco executives have knowingly justified the perpetuation of harm to consumers is due to their a) moral disengagement. b) self-regulation. c) conditional positive regard. d) vicarious reinforcement.
C
According to Mischel, to understand the personality, we need to focus on individuals' a) trait differences. b) predisposing behaviors. c) trait levels and patterns of behavioral variation. d) distinctive organization of cognitions and feelings.
C
Bandura believes that frequent exposure to aggression and violence on television a) has no significant impact on a child's behavior. b) has a cathartic effect on young children. c) encourages children to behave aggressively. d) encourages children to develop respect for the police.
D
Bandura believes that most human behavior is learned through the process of a) operant conditioning. b) classical conditioning. c) reinforcement. d) observational learning.
D
Bandura has added the systematic use of ________ to the techniques of behavior modification as an aid to changing behaviors. a) punishment b) hypnosis c) reinforcement d) modeling
A
Bandura's theory reflects a paradigm shift from a purely mechanical model of behavior to a perspective in which people are a) agents of change. b) biologically driven. c) reactive organisms. d) seekers of connections.
B
Bandura's therapeutic strategies are designed to help patients improve their sense of a) consciousness. b) self-efficacy. c) aggression. d) commitment.
B
Behavioral specificity is a key concept that has been emphasized in the theories of a) B. F. Skinner. b) Walter Mischel. c) Julian Rotter. d) Albert Bandura.
A
Compared with European Americans, on whom most of the research on social learning theories has been conducted, members of many minority groups are more likely to a) engage in thinking that is more circular and interpersonal. b) alternate between an internal and external locus of control. c) shun observational learning. d) be influenced by models.
D
Rotter believes that a) extreme belief in an external locus of control maximizes psychological health. b) extreme belief in an internal locus of control maximizes psychological health. c) extreme belief in either an external or internal locus of control is preferable to a more balanced belief. d) a more balanced belief is preferable to extreme belief in either an external or internal locus of control.
A
Rotter's I-E scale seeks to measure a) the degree to which an individual's perception of his or her locus of control is internal or external. b) innate versus environmental influences on behavior. c) an individual's degree of introversion versus extraversion. d) an individual's propensity for inhibition or exhibition.
C
Unlike intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation a) involves learning from the failures and successes of others. b) is always effective. c) is bestowed by others. d) is naturally related to the behavior that is being reinforced.
C
Watching professional basketball players slam-dunk the ball inspired Fred to imitate their moves on his driveway. However, he is too short, as is his vertical leap, to reach the rim. According to Bandura, Fred is lacking the means for which process of observational learning? a) Attentional b) Motivational c) Motor production d) Retentional
C
What is CAPS? a) A personality theory proposed by Bandura b) A personality assessment tool developed by Mischel c) A personality theory that considers both the stability of personality and the variability of behaviors across situations d) A personality assessment tool that includes both objective (for example, multiple choice) and projective items
B
What is the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem? a) Self-efficacy entails judgments of self-worth; self-esteem entails judgments of ability. b) Self-esteem entails judgments of self-worth; self-efficacy entails judgments of ability. c) Self-esteem is a flexible concept; self-efficacy is a stable concept. d) Self-efficacy is a flexible concept; self-esteem is a stable concept.
D
When Alana sees a woman using sign language on television, she is able to learn many of the signs. The next day, when her mother introduces her to a deaf boy, she does not use the signs, even though she remembers them. Which of the four processes that govern observational learning is Alana missing? a) Attentional processes b) Retention processes c) Motor reproduction processes d) Motivational processes
B
Which of the following does Bandura believe to be the most effective way to reduce violence in current television programming? a) A government committee that will enforce acceptable standards on the networks b) A privately funded monitoring system and the rewarding of appropriate shows c) A public protest that will include organized boycotts of violent shows d) Self-regulation by the industry in the form of voluntary changes
D
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? a) Ben is praised by his teacher for getting a perfect score on a test. b) Jamal feels good about getting an A on a test. c) Sheila allows herself an extra half-hour of watching television as a treat for doing well on a test. d) Maria is motivated to study harder because she wants to get the same praise from her parents that her sister got when she studied hard.
A
For inappropriate behaviors that are rewarding in the short run, such as smoking, overeating, or substance abuse, Bandura teaches a) self-regulation. b) behavior desensitization. c) relaxation training. d) exposure therapy.
A
Four-year-old Michael is observing other children at the playground. According to Bandura's research, the likelihood that Michael will act similarly to the other children increases if a) he perceives them as similar to himself. b) he perceives the children as inferior to himself. c) the other children are older than Michael. d) he perceives them as dissimilar from himself.
B
Fourteen-year-old Toby is observing the other teens in the lunchroom at her new school. According to Bandura's research, the likelihood that Toby will act similarly to the other teens increases if a) she possesses a strong sense of self-esteem. b) she believes that acting similarly to them will lead to positive results. c) her parents have advised her to do what the other teens do. d) rules of behavior are posted in the lunchroom.
D
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) shows that subjects with difficulty in delaying gratification have less activity in the ________ and more activity in the ________. a) thalamus; corpus callosum b) ventral striatum; premotor cortex c) hippocampus; amygdala d) right prefrontal cortex; ventral striatum
B
Gregory is a child with low aggressive tendencies, whereas Joseph is a child with high aggressive tendencies. According to Mischel, in a nonstressful situation, a) both children would act aggressively. b) neither child would act aggressively. c) only Joseph would act aggressively. d) only Gregory would act aggressively.
C
Mark is a former group therapy client who has entered a new group not as a client per se, but as a model for other clients to follow. According to research on modeling in psychotherapy (for example, Yalom, 1995), this practice is likely to benefit a) Mark, but not the clients in the group. b) the clients in the group, but not Mark. c) both Mark and the clients in the group. d) neither Mark nor the clients in the group.
D
Of all the types of reinforcement that social learning theory takes into consideration, reinforcements that come from _________ are the most important. a) peers b) teachers c) parents d) the self
D
One of the discoveries made by research with the I-E scale is that a) internals tend to be more vulnerable to stress. b) externality increases with age. c) externals are more resistant to influences from other people. d) females are more likely to be externals.
A
Recent cross-cultural research on locus of control (for example, Banks et al., 1991) indicates that in comparison to majority groups, minority groups a) frequently test higher in external control. b) frequently test higher in internal control. c) do not distinguish between internal and external loci of control. d) interpret locus of control as a purely situational variable.
B
Related to the concept of self-efficacy is the concept of ________, which is the belief that one can succeed by being closely interconnected with others. a) external locus of control b) communal mastery c) social psychology d) social facilitation
A
Rita is observing a model performing a behavior. Rita is especially likely to imitate the model if Rita a) has low self-esteem. b) is highly competent. c) is a nonconforming, dependent person. d) is a strong-willed, independent person.
B
A person with an internal locus of control would agree with which of the following statements? a) Marriage is a gamble. b) I am the master of my fate. c) Success comes down to a roll of the dice. d) People who succeed are just plain lucky.
B
Alex insults Seth. Whether Seth will return the insult depends on many external and internal factors. Rotter calls this likelihood the a) expectancy. b) behavior potential. c) psychological situation. d) reinforcement value.
B
Andre sees a person put money into a soda machine, push the button to select a soda, and receive nothing. Andre decides to put his money into a different soda machine. Bandura would argue that _________ best explains Andre's behavior. a) punishment b) observational learning c) positive reinforcement d) negative reinforcement
B
As his career progressed, Mischel's personality theory changed so that it placed a) greater emphasis on nonlinear thinking. b) less emphasis on behavioral specificity. c) less emphasis on unconscious motivation. d) greater emphasis on classical conditioning.
C
At work, Abby most experiences extrinsic motivation when she a) feels fulfillment for a job well done. b) has a sense of accomplishment after completing a major project. c) is given a monetary bonus by her supervisor. d) knows that she has performed according to her own high standards.
C
Catherine was not interested in working as a server in a restaurant until she learned that she could make much more money than she had previously expected. The amount of money to be earned, according to Rotter, represents the _________ of the job for Catherine. a) freedom of movement b) expectancy c) reinforcement value d) behavior potential
C
Compared to earlier learning theorists, who depended primarily on principles of reinforcement to explain human behavior, Bandura views people as a) responsive to punishment. b) illogical. c) agents of experience. d) controlled by unconscious processes.
B
If Bandura observed a child caring for a "sick" doll in a compassionate way, his explanation of the child's behavior would probably emphasize most strongly a) inborn tendencies of the child toward such behavior. b) the child's observations of others acting in similar ways. c) operant conditioning. d) classical conditioning.
C
In Bandura's famous study involving a Bobo doll, young children observed an adult playing with the doll in an aggressive manner. Later, when the frustrated children were placed in a room with the Bobo doll, their a) behavior was similar to that of a control group. b) play did not include the doll. c) behavior was more aggressive than that of a control group. d) play included the doll but was not aggressive.
A
In Bandura's theory, the fact that people have self-reactive capacities that permit them to control their own thoughts, feelings, and actions is referred to as a) self-reinforcement. b) vicarious reinforcement. c) intrinsic reinforcement. d) extrinsic reinforcement.
A
In Rotter's theory, the individual's subjective evaluation about the outcome of his or her behavior is known as the a) expectancy. b) reinforcement value. c) behavior potential. d) psychological situation.
A
Jessica most experiences intrinsic reinforcement when she a) feels good after exercising in the gym. b) receives a pat on the back from her soccer coach. c) is named one of the top ten female high school athletes of the year. d) wins a medal after finishing second in the track meet.
B
Jorge is watching a karate demonstration. According to Bandura, the strongest predictor for whether Jorge will learn the behavior he is watching is Jorge's a) belief that the moves are easy to make. b) expectation that knowing these moves will be a positive addition to his life. c) low self-esteem. d) perception that the person demonstrating the moves is similar to him.
B
Josh considers complaining to a hotel manager about poor service he has received, but he decides not to because he thinks nothing good will come of it. According to Rotter, the component of behavior prediction that Josh's decision most clearly illustrates is a) behavior potential. b) expectancy. c) psychological situation. d) reinforcement value.
C
The concept of locus of control is most closely associated with a) Mischel. b) Skinner. c) Rotter. d) Bandura.
