e: Foster Care, Adoption, and Day Care

Dozier: Commitment

-Commitment was greater among foster parents who fostered fewer children in the past -committed parents showed more delight in their children -when parent not committed, increased risk for child to develop negative self-perceptions and problem behavior **stability and commitment are specific to high-risk caregiving

Social Development in Daycare

-some show more competent, others show less -positive: teacher/parent ratings considerateness, compliance, sociability, involvement and positive interactions with teachers -negative: high levels of aggression in children that attend daycare -how is this operationalized?

Child Characteristics

-temperament: negative mood, high activity level are risk factors -Crochenberg: explore specific aspect of temperament such as distress to novelty, distress to limits and reactivity, self-regulation -boys at greater risk (interaction) - negative mood, more active -parents and caregivers can moderate child characteristics

Increase in foreign adoptions

-until 2004, mostly from China, Russia, Korea and Romania -2014 - China, Columbia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Philippines -accessibility varies as does financial commitment -travel, length of stay, additional fees -over 30k for a child from China, and your income and BMI are considered

Open / Fully Disclosed Adoptions

birth parents and adoptees agree to share identifying info and make arrangements for contact, phone or "visitation"

Rosenberg Stage 2: Post-Partum Period

both physically and emotionally separated from bio mother temperamental differences: adaptability, need to be held, environmental responses make a difference environment can be a mediator or a stressor

Rosenberg Stage 1: Conception, Pregnancy, Birth

circumstances of conception bio issues of bio parents prenatal care stress levels (maternal) supports/connection with new family or not during pregnancy or birth process

Reading: Infants and Toddlers in Foster Care (Dozier)

Importance of Synchrony, Nurturance, Stability of Care, and Commitment, and 2 interventions

Rosenberg Phase 6: Puberty and Adolescence

Increased identity issues Body changes and sexuality especially relevant to fantasy about their conception/birth Recapitulation risks of sexual activity Complicates adolescent striving for independence Family romance revisited (adolescent thinking) Begin search for "birth parents," becomes complicated if adoptive parents do not support this process -works with identity/confusion phase (Erikson?) -easier if securely attached

A Home for Maisie

Insecure Resistant Attachment (read your own essay)

Traditional/Closed adoption shift to more open options

Mutual Consent Regestries allow contact/meet at a later date if child asks to seek bio parents, it's ok

Dozier: Nurturance

Nurturing response to distress--instills the belief in child that they can depend on their parent -ex: maisie's bio parents disorganized and not nurturing at all -some consider synchrony = nurturance = sensitivity

Dozier: Synchrony

Parents who follow children's lead in interactions -children need to feel a sense of control over their environment -children with neglecting parents show more blunted diurnal pattern of cortisol production (more vulnerable to behavioral dysregulation)

Foster care - options

Reuinification (main goal) adoption long-term foster care (not the goal) emancipation (must go before judge) living with relatives (gov. support should be greater for this option) guardianship no case plan goal (yay!)

State Requirements for Data

date and place of birth age of bio parents at placement and brief physical description race, city, religion of bio medical history type of termination and facts of placement age and sex of other children parents level of education

Russia

encourages domestic adoptions over international in 2012, restricted adoption from US

Rosenberg Stage 3: Infancy and Toddlerhood

enter a new home in various stages of well-being infant and family have strengths and weaknesses goodness of fit highly relevant best match: REALISTIC and RESPONSIVE to special needs of the adopted child + a child who RESPONDS to those efforts time to develop continuity and predictability literature on attachment: if child placed at young age and no history of significant deprivation = can develop secure attachment consistent with sample pop

What do they have in common?

exposed to care but not by parents

China

tighter restrictions on foreign adoptions married couple and single women married for 2 years if previously divorced, married 5 years no more than 2 divorced BMI under 40 net worth and annual income requirements can't be gay

High Quality Daycare

physical environment child-staff ratio (state regulated) activities (scheduled but also open) well-trained / educated staff/caregivers (legally, staff over 18 only need to be 18) stability of staff (not super high turnover)

Foster Care

reasons: parental mental illness, substance abuse, incarceration, abuse/maltreatment -some experience legal termination of parental rights leading to ability to be considered for adoption; usually goal is reunification with biological parents

Reading: Children Adopted from China - Attachment and Security 2 Years Later (Cohen and Farnia)

results: adopted children show signs of secure attachment with their mothers at 2 years following adoption (as hypothesized). Some evidence for disorganized attachment moreso than control; FEWER insecure attachments conclusion: moderate degree of emotional deprivation does not hinder ability to form a secure attachment; supports Bowlby's idea of corrective attachment possible for under 5 years -attachment can change even after period when it should supposedly be established; this change is maintained -used Strange Situation -rapid change in physical, cognitive, language growth post-adoption (6m) -- took two years to catch up completely

Adoption

root word = "to choose" reasons: infertility social need larger/more diverse family bio/genetic reasons (can't have own kids)

Reading: Children's Voices: The Perceptions of Children in Foster Care (Chapman, Wall, and Barth)

-abused and neglected children findngs: children generally feel positively toward their out-of-home care providers and maintain hope for reunification with bio family -differences found by type of care (family, group, center) -circumstances generally more positive than portrayed in media -"traditional" preferred over group placements -personal warmth of foster fam is important -children perceive new neighborhoods as more firnedly, but felt underprepared for school or that not enough attention was placed on their schooling -majority report they desire more contact with bio parents; 12% avoid -50% would most like to live with bio mom, 19% bio dad, 16% current foster, 12% grandma and 13% aunt or uncle -kinship placements - more reported closeness -visits cancelled for number of reasons (34% reported this happened frequently)

other issues in adopted kids

-biological and adoptive children "competition" -TRAUMA VULNERABILITY: multiple factors determine outcomes that may put adopted children at higher risk -adoption is a significant protective variable promoting positive developmental outcomes for a vast number of children who have been permanently separated from their birth parents (Johnson, 2002)

Impact of Adoption on Adult Children

-children who had poor relationships with families blamed it on poor handling of adoption by parents -learning later in life (adolescence) increased risk for poor relationships (confound) -when asked, said they would have liked to have been told between ages 4 and 8

Rosenberg Stage 4: Preschool Years

-discomfort with child's healthy impulses may develop given "history" -often age parents have fuller conversation about the adoption -magical/concrete thinking at this age; "put up" for adoption -most critical is a relationship with adoptive parents -need access to child readiness to hear -need to choose words in a sensitive manner relevant to child's developmental age -clarify over time as child's cognitive capacity increases

Childcare in the US - Involvement in labor force

-huge increases in % of mothers in workforce -in 2013, almost 70% when single mothers -82% when single father -60% when married couples -mother-with-minor labor force increases as child ages (about 60% for children under 1 to 70% for children under 18)

Reading: Time Spent in Child Care: How and Why Does it Affect Social Development? (Huston, Bobbit, and Bently)

-in low-income, childcare not associated with problems -maternal employment lowered beh problems in single-parent -moderate aggression is adaptive in successful peer relationships -larger groups promote more aggression results: the quantity effect is small and context and population-specific, but important issues: emotionally supportive adult and problematic peer interactions; low-quality, long hours, large groups -quality related to social skills, quantity (time) to problem behaviors -children temperamentally fearful of behaviorally inhibited are more susceptible to stress in childcare than sociable or outgoing kids

Rosenberg Phase 5: School Years

-increased ability to understand roles and adoption -increased focus for the child on responsibility and blame (i.e. bad babies are left) -fam romance develops (trajectory - ex: maybe my bio dad is a rockstar) -challenges with identity as similar/different than adoptive parents; not available as "genetic" marker -worries of abandonment / inadequacy

Research on Impact of Daycare on Children

-kind of all over the place; underlying social, cultural, and political implications -intitial research on quality, but quality can be defined a number of ways -children in high quality more sociable, considerate, compliant and controlled, prosocial, less angry and defiant, have higher self-esteem than in lower-quality care THEN shift on focus to longitudinal data -Strange Situation -operationalized amount of care for many research studies -infants in full-time care more likely to show insecure attachments -however, over 50% in daycare still showed secure attachments -High quality care associated with lower cortisol levels compared to lower quality care. See that higher cortisol levels more associated with temperamentally shy, fearful children

Evaluating Daycare Options

-level of stimulation provided, matching child's temperament -health issues of diet, cleanliness, resources provided -home care: no backups, no one else, but 1-1 -daycare: more activities, less individual attention -daycare nightmares: many positive and loving programs, but also challenges finding both quality and affortable

Impacting Factors of Child Care

-mom's feelings about work -mom's feelings about daycare -satisfaction with daycare -reasons for working (money, career) -type of daycare (center, relative, family) -number of changes, staff turnover, motives (not high paying) -age of entry

Dozier: Stability of Care

Children who experience more disruptions in care can show deficits in executive functioning, such as in their ability to inhibit behavior (ex: Maisie)

National Institute of Health

-more time, more problems in school at 4.5 y, but fewer probs if high-quality -higher vocab scores -louder, more assertive, aggressive, disobedient -externalizing beh noted, not at a clinical level main idea: MAJORITY OF KIDS ARE FINE. Above average levels for beh problems tho -80/20 rule: 20% of the kids require 80% of the resources -maternal sensitivity partially mediates -kids who were in daycare are more popular in preschool

Intellectual and Cognitive Development of Children in Daycare

-most studies say it's not significant -some say scored higher in center care than in other daycare settings

Childcare in US

-over 11 million children under 5 in some kind of childcare -36 hrs/ week -25% have MULTIPLE ARRANGEMENTS -almost half cared for by relative or mother WHILE she worked -about 25% center-based -14% non-relative, in-home based environment -role of fathers up 15 - 19% since 1985

Focus: family preservation and increased focus on permanency planning

-reduce child abuse/neglect in permanent homes and foster care -increase permanence in children in foster care -reduce time in FC to reunification w/o reentry -increase placement stability -reduce placements of young children in group homes or residential facilities

Adoption's Impact on a Child (Rosenberg): 6 Phases

1) Conception, pregnancy, birth 2) Post-partum period 3) Infancy and Toddlerhood 4) Preschool Years 5) School Years

Effects of Daycare: Persistent Questions, Elusive Answers (Shapancer)

1) Social Science and the Problem of Proof -context-dependent, and context changes 2) Non-experimentation and causality -correlational regression models -can't assign treatments or agree on how to measure them 3) Is significance important? -message to consumers? Not the point of science -statistically significant may not mean anything in real life -at what point do we support women's full participation in society (political)? 4) Does effect size matter? -measure of magnitude of an outcome? -many "effects" of daycare diminish over time, so does it really matter? 5) The 80-20 Problem -ambiguous cutoff between "extreme" and "middle road" groups in research 6) The Problem of the Science-Policy Interface -research is affected by pre-existing relationship with policy and scientists' relationship with politics -danger of doing each others' jobs -should we focus on creating excellent care or eliminating poor care? main idea: inconsistent results ARE the answer. It's complicated and it's a personal decision.

Infants and Toddlers in Foster Care: 4 key aspects of Quality Caregiving

1) Synchrony 2) Nurturance 3) Stability of care 4) commitment -programs to improve these exist and they result in more positive outcomes for at-risk infants and toddlers

Semi-Open / Agency Dependent Adoption

Agency or independent facilitator is conduit for contact; letters/photos; "secondary contact only"

Interventions for Abused Children

Attachment and Behavioral Catch-up (ABC) -developed to enhance synchrony and nurturance and reduce threatening beh -most important aspect is in-the-moment comments about parents' synchronous beh AS THEY OCCUR in the session -it worked. More synchronous beh, less disorganized, children had better executive functioning New Orleans Intervention -comprehensive, large-systems framework; community-based -mental health services to kids in foster care -integration of intervention efforts -results: less foster care placement, risk reduction; at age 7, rates of problem beh similar to children who were not maltreated Takeaways: Developmental approach is necessary -best if parents can commit to child but also support relationship with bio parents

Confidential/Closed Adoption

adoptive and birth parents have no contact; minimal info about; records are sealed and are only opened if life/death

Cross-Cultural Experience of Daycare

granny care sibling care paternal care nanny care multi-age settings (young/elderly combo) -40% of ppl have a young and elderly person to take care of -kids in this type of care had better manners and were better at recognizing emotions

Parental Characteristics as Mediators in Child Care

greater competence emotional responsivity warmth acceptance of role of parenthood supportive partners CONTINUITY OF CARE important to stable attachments and social competence of child

Cost of Childcare in US

in MI, averages $10,114 a year (unbelievable)

The Hauge Adoption Convention

international rules about foreign adoption signed in 1994 and put into effect in 2008

Choosing a Care Childcare Provider

interview caregivers check references visit center stay involved choose "quality care"

Open - Traditional Adoption Continuum

it's a continuum

Fewer babies to adopt now than in history

more single women choose to keep the baby increased contraception legalized abortion greater demand to adopt babies (ppl get married later and have children later than in the old days)