E-Man Chapter 15
61. The degree to which someone is able to adjust behavior in response to external factors is referred to as ________. A. self-monitoring B. authoritarianism C. locus of control D. extraversion E. Machiavellianism
A
68. Which of the following components of individual attitudes reflects a belief or an opinion? A. Cognitive component B. Affective component C. Normative component D. Emotional component E. Behavioral component
A
73. Chris received negative feedback for his recent project. He has decided to concentrate and put in more effort in order to improve his work. This is an example of the ________ component of attitude. A. behavioral B. affective C. intentional D. emotional E. cognitive
A
6. Stereotypes are always negative and ill-intended.
False
41. The profile of characteristics making an individual unique from others is referred to as ________. A. stereotype B. personality C. self-serving bias D. locus of control E. cognitive dissonance
B
10. One of the tactics of impression management states that employees should avoid smiling when engaged in conversations as this creates personal bonds.
False
11. A person who lacks conscientiousness focuses on what can be accomplished and meets commitments.
False
1. Perception affects the impressions we form about ourselves, other people, and daily life experiences.
True
71. Graham is an advertising professional who loves his job. This is an example of the ________ component of Graham's attitude. A. cognitive B. affective C. intentional D. opinion E. behavioral
B
84. Which of the following refers to organizational commitment? A. The willingness to "go beyond the call of duty" in one's work B. The loyalty of an individual to the organization C. The predisposition of employees to act in a certain way D. The extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative E. The degree to which someone is able to adjust behavior in response to external factors
B
63. George is an executive analyst in the merchandising department of Title Inc. He loves to get feedback for his work as he believes that it helps to improve his performance. He is a fast-learner and has the ability to modify his behavior in response to the immediate situation and to external factors. Which of the following is true about George? A. He is a Type A personality. B. He is a high Mach personality. C. He is high in self-monitoring. D. He is an authoritarian. E. He is low in self-monitoring.
C
31. A ________ overestimates internal factors and underestimates external factors as influences on someone's behavior. A. fundamental attribution error B. stereotype C. halo effect D. projection E. self-serving bias
A
34. Jerry, the manager of a research organization, believes that women avoid arithmetic and statistics, whereas men prefer such topics. This assumption made by Jerry is an example of a ________. A. stereotype B. self-serving bias C. projection D. fundamental attribution error E. halo effect
A
95. Mood contagion refers to the: A. spillover of one's positive or negative moods onto others. B. ability to understand moods and manage relationships effectively. C. collection of strong feelings directed toward someone or something. D. mood of an employee to "go beyond the call of duty" or "go the extra mile" in one's work. E. discomfort felt when attitude and behavior are inconsistent.
A
101. Briefly explain the concept of impression management.
Answer: Impression management is the systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us. Impression management is a matter of routine in everyday life. We dress, talk, act, and surround ourselves with things that convey a desirable image to other persons. When well done, impression management can help us to advance in jobs and careers, form relationships with people we admire, and even create pathways to group memberships. And some basic tactics of impression management are worth remembering. Dress in ways that convey positive appeal—for example, know when to "dress up" and when to "dress down." Use words to flatter other people in ways that generate positive feelings toward you. Make eye contact and smile when engaged in conversations so as to create a personal bond. Display a high level of energy that is suggestive of lots of work commitment and initiative.
102. What are the three main distinctions of Jung's model of personality differences?
Answer: Jung's model of personality differences included three main distinctions. First is how people differ in the ways they relate with others—by extraversion or introversion, as just discussed. Second is how they differ in the ways they gather information—by sensation (emphasizing details, facts, and routine) or by intuition (looking for the "big picture" and being willing to deal with various possibilities). Third is how they vary in ways of evaluating information—by thinking (using reason and analysis) or by feeling (responding to the feelings and desires of others). Briggs and Briggs-Myers used all three of Jung's personality dimensions in developing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). But they also added a fourth dimension that describes how people vary in the ways they relate to the outside world— judging or perceiving.
103. What are the most commonly discussed and measured job satisfaction facets?
Answer: The following are among the job satisfaction facets most commonly discussed and measured: • Work itself—Does the job offer responsibility, interest, challenge? • Quality of supervision—Are task help and social support available? • Coworkers—How much harmony, respect, friendliness exists? • Opportunities—Are there avenues for promotion, learning, growth? • Pay—Is compensation, actual and perceived, fair and substantial? • Work conditions—Do conditions offer comfort, safety, support? • Security—Is the job and employment secure?
30. Which of the following refers to attribution? A. It is the set of individual expectations about the employment relationship. B. It is the process of explaining events. C. It is the process through which people receive, organize, and interpret information from the environment. D. It is the tendency to define problems from one's own point of view. E. It is the assignment of personal attributes to other individuals.
B
38. The revenues of Edge Corporation had been low for the past few months. The finance department of the firm believed that the financial meltdown in their nation was the primary reason for the poor performance of the firm. They failed to consider any other reason for the poor revenues. Which of the following perceptual tendencies is displayed in this case? A. Stereotype B. Selective perception C. Projection D. Fundamental attribution error E. Self-serving bias
B
50. Anne, a manager at a bank, is cooperative, sociable, dependable, and unworried. However, she lacks the interest to bring about any changes in the operations of the bank and is narrow minded. This implies that Anne lacks ________. A. conscientiousness B. openness to experience C. agreeableness D. extraversion E. emotional stability
B
56. Joshua is a senior executive at ANMR Inc. He accepts status differences in his organization and tends to be control-oriented when he leads a team of employees. When he interacts with his seniors, he is prepared to obey them unquestioningly. This implies that Joshua has a(n) ________ personality. A. Type A B. authoritarian C. high-Mach D. introvert E. self-monitored
B
58. Which of the following is true of Machiavellianism? A. A person with "high-Mach" personality is deferential in allowing others to exert power over him or her. B. A person with "high-Mach" personality often acts with the assumption that the end justifies the means. C. A person with "low-Mach" personality tends to be very manipulative. D. A person with "low-Mach" personality is viewed as exploitative and unconcerned about others. E. Machiavellianism is the extent to which one believes that what happens is within one's control.
B
65. A person with a Type A personality: A. believes in taking breaks during work. B. is oriented toward extreme achievement and perfectionism. C. does not interrupt the speech of others. D. believes in doing one task at a time. E. is oriented toward extreme patience.
B
75. Connie was against the use of animals for testing cosmetics. She believed that it amounted to cruelty toward animals. She worked in a certain organization as it was known for using alternative testing methods. When a special research team revealed that the firm actually used animals for testing purposes, she experienced a psychological discomfort. This discomfort Connie experienced is an example of ________. A. mood contagion B. cognitive dissonance C. constructive stress D. destructive stress E. workplace rage
B
78. Bruce works at Martin Bank Ltd. He receives task-related support from his leads, and has friendly and trustworthy colleagues. His job is stress-free and secure. These working conditions help in increasing Bruce's ________. A. emotional intelligence B. job satisfaction C. locus of control D. cognitive dissonance E. Machiavellianism
B
81. Alan looks up to his organization and speaks positively about it. He involves himself in group discussions and brain storming sessions to improve his skills and help in the overall growth of the organization. He is always ready to help his coworkers. From this information, which of the following does Alan possess? A. Mood contagion B. Employee engagement C. Emotional intelligence D. Cognitive dissonance E. Machiavellianism
B
88. Bertram is loyal toward his organization as he is very happy with his pay, his incentives, and all other employee benefits. This implies that he has a(n) ________ toward his organization. A. emotional commitment B. rational commitment C. self-serving bias D. cognitive dissonance E. affective commitment
B
89. Which of the following refers to organizational citizenship? A. It is the loyalty of an individual to the organization. B. It is a willingness to "go beyond the call of duty." C. It is an ability to understand emotions and manage relationships effectively. D. It is the spillover of an employee's positive or negative moods onto others. E. It is a strong positive feeling about one's job and the organization.
B
93. Which of the following is true of moods? A. Moods are clearly targeted. B. Moods are generalized positive and negative feelings. C. Moods tend to be short term. D. Moods are strong feelings directed toward someone or something. E. Moods are feelings that do not last for a long time.
B
98. Which of the following is true of distress? A. It is sometimes called constructive stress. B. It is dysfunctional. C. It helps prevent job burnout among employees. D. It acts in a positive way to increase effort and stimulate creativity. E. It enhances diligence.
B
49. Thomas, the business head of an organization, is broad-minded and well-informed. He believes in changing along with the changes in the environment. Also, he encourages all his coworkers to suggest new ideas to help in the growth of the organization. This implies that Thomas has ________. A. low conscientiousness B. low agreeableness C. high openness to experience D. high selective perception E. low emotional stability
C
52. The perceiving work style refers to: A. focusing on details while gathering data. B. focusing on details while working. C. acting with flexibility and spontaneity while working. D. acting with order and control while working. E. relying on rules and regulations while working.
C
67. Amanda is a Type A personality. Which of the following patterns of behavior would be observed in Amanda? A. Slow eating patterns B. Patience C. Multi-tasking D. Laziness E. Lack of stress
C
29. Which of the following is a consequence of an unbalanced psychological contract? A. Eustress B. Fundamental attribution error C. Projection D. Withdrawal E. False sense of confidence
D
35. A ________ occurs when one attribute is used to develop an overall impression of a person or situation. A. projection B. fundamental attribution error C. selective perception D. halo effect E. stereotype
D
91. Which of the following is true of emotions? A. Emotions tend to be long term. B. Emotions are more generalized positive and negative feelings. C. Emotions are states of mind that may persist for some time. D. Emotions tend to be clearly targeted. E. Emotions are not directed toward any person or any particular thing.
D
96. Julia felt very good as she reached office on time and completed her task before the deadline. This positive feeling spilled on to her coworkers as she interacted with them in a very cheerful manner. This is an example of ________. A. emotional intelligence B. organizational citizenship C. eustress D. mood contagion E. self-serving bias
D
28. A psychological contract refers to: A. the loyalty of an employee to the organization. B. the extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job. C. the mental exhaustion from work stress. D. a strong positive feeling about one's job and the organization. E. the set of individual expectations about the employment relationship.
E
33. Which of the following occurs when attributes commonly associated with a group are assigned to an individual? A. Fundamental attribution error B. Psychological contract C. Selective perception D. Self-serving bias E. Stereotype
E
40. Ben, a team lead, is quick at understanding concepts and in executing projects. He assumes that all his coworkers have the same ability to complete projects. Which of the following perceptual tendencies is displayed here? A. Stereotype B. Selective perception C. Fundamental attribution error D. Self-serving bias E. Projection
E
44. The degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, and careful is referred to as ________. A. agreeableness B. introversion C. perceptiveness D. extraversion E. conscientiousness
E
48. Which of the following is true of openness to experience? A. Openness to experience refers to the degree to which someone is outgoing and sociable. B. An open person is a source of conflict and discomfort for others. C. Openness to experience refers to the degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting. D. Openness to experience refers to the degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, and careful. E. An open person is broad-minded and receptive to new things.
E
55. Which of the following is true of authoritarianism? A. Authoritarianism is the system that opposes status differences. B. An individual with an authoritarian personality tends to act rigidly and be control-oriented in a follower capacity. C. An individual with an authoritarian personality is likely to be subservient and follow rules when in a leadership capacity. D. People with authoritarian principles never act unethically or illegally. E. Authoritarianism is the degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts status differences.
E
64. Vanessa is low in self-monitoring. Which of the following characteristics would be observed in Vanessa? A. Learning skills B. Ability to change C. Willingness to change D. Flexibility E. Predictability
E
69. Bruno joined a law school in California as he had a good opinion about the institute. This is an example of the ________ component of individual attitudes. A. affective B. normative C. emotional D. behavioral E. cognitive
E
72. The ________ component of an attitude reflects an intention to act in a manner consistent with the belief and feeling. A. cognitive B. emotional C. affective D. intentional E. behavioral
E
74. Which of the following refers to cognitive dissonance? A. The predisposition to act in a certain way B. The extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative C. The degree to which someone is able to adjust behavior in response to external factors D. The degree to which an individual feels positive about a job E. The discomfort felt when attitude and behavior are inconsistent
E
79. Which of the following is true about job satisfaction? A. Job satisfaction tends to be lower in small firms and higher in large firms. B. The relationship between job satisfaction and temporary absenteeism is not strong. C. Performance does not influence job satisfaction. D. There is a strong relationship between job satisfaction and performance. E. A strong relationship exists between job satisfaction and actual job turnover.
E
83. Paula generally stays at the office beyond normal work hours in order to complete special projects. She also comes to work every weekend and on other holidays. Paula has high ________. A. personal wellness B. Machiavellianism C. self-serving bias D. openness to experience E. job involvement
E
85. Which of the following is true of organizational commitment? A. Organizational commitment refers to the extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job. B. Rational commitments are based primarily on values and interests of others. C. Rational commitments are generally more powerful in positively influencing performance than are emotional commitments. D. Emotional commitments are based on pay and self-interests. E. Individuals with a high organizational commitment identify strongly with the organization.
E
86. As Jeffrey shares mutual interests with his coworkers and respects their values, he has high regard for the company that he works in. This indicates that Jeffery has high ________. A. personal wellness B. rational commitment C. Machiavellianism D. self-serving bias E. emotional commitment
E
94. Which of the following implies the difference between an emotion and a mood? A. An emotion is a generalized feeling, while a mood is a strong feeling directed toward someone. B. Emotions have general effect on attitude and behavior, as opposed to moods that have specific effect on attitude and behavior. C. While an emotion tends to persist for some time, a mood tends to be brief. D. An emotion is a positive feeling, while a mood represents a negative feeling. E. Emotions are clearly targeted feelings, whereas moods are generalized states of mind.
E
99. Which of the following refers to job burnout? A. The aggressive behavior toward coworkers or the work setting B. A situation where the individual ends up in a job that does not match his talents C. The potential outcome of eustress D. The spillover of one's positive or negative moods onto others E. The physical and mental exhaustion from work stress
E
13. A person with high openness to experience has low curiosity.
False
15. The sensing vs. intuitive dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assesses whether a person tends to rely on logic or emotions in dealing with problems.
False
16. Locus of control is the belief that what happens is not within one's control.
False
20. A Type A personality feels guilty when relaxing.
True
21. The cognitive component of attitude reflects a belief or an opinion.
True
23. Job satisfaction is the degree to which an individual feels positive or negative about a job.
True
4. Self-serving bias explains personal success by internal causes and personal failures by external causes.
True
7. Halo effect errors often show up in performance evaluations.
True
8. Under selective perception, information that makes us uncomfortable is screened out; comfortable information is allowed in.
True
9. Impression management is the systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us.
True
37. Selective perception refers to: A. the tendency to define problems from one's own point of view. B. the assignment of personal attributes to other individuals. C. using a single attribute to develop an overall impression of a person or situation. D. the systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us. E. assigning attributes commonly associated with a group to an individual.
A
43. Jason is a senior executive at Brown Inc. He is well-mannered and has the ability to cooperate with all his colleagues. When employees have any work-related issues or personal issues, they approach him for support as they trust him. Which of the following personality traits does Jason most likely possess? A. Agreeableness B. Introversion C. Self-serving bias D. Locus of control E. Extraversion
A
45. Barney often tries to multi-task and fails to do well in any task. He tends to be careless and irresponsible while working on his projects. This implies that Barney: A. lacks conscientiousness. B. has low agreeableness. C. lacks emotional stability. D. lacks openness to experience. E. has low extraversion.
A
51. Sensing refers to: A. focusing on details while gathering data. B. relying on emotions while making decisions. C. focusing on the big picture in dealing with problems while gathering data. D. acting with flexibility and spontaneity while gathering data. E. being quiet and shy while interacting with people.
A
54. Ashton is an employee with an internal locus of control. Which of the following characteristics would be observed in Ashton? A. Self-confidence B. Lack of job satisfaction C. High alienation from work D. Denial of responsibility for his poor work E. Tendency to blame others for his negative feedback
A
77. Which of the following would result in job satisfaction? A. Opportunities B. Job attendance C. Cognitive dissonance D. Machiavellianism E. Mood contagion
A
82. Which of the following refers to job involvement? A. The extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job B. A strong positive feeling about one's job and the organization C. The comfort one feels with one's coworkers D. The predisposition of employees to act in a certain way E. The willingness to "go beyond the call of duty" in one's work
A
90. William is a financial analyst at Laurie Inc. He works over the weekend and on all public holidays in order to do additional work, without claiming for any extra pay or compensatory benefits. William's employee behavior is an example of ________. A. organizational citizenship B. personal wellness C. cognitive dissonance D. emotional intelligence E. emotional stability
A
100. Jonathan regularly gets into arguments with his colleagues due to excessive stress at work. He also harms them physically. This is an example of: A. constructive stress. B. workplace rage. C. eustress. D. job burnout. E. a low-Mach personality.
B
26. ________ is the process through which people receive, organize, and interpret information from the environment. A. Attribution B. Perception C. Projection D. Conversion E. Distortion
B
27. Which of the following is true about perceptions? A. Perceptions have a marginal influence on individual behavior. B. Perceptions will not have an impact on daily life experiences. C. People perceive the same people, things, or situations differently. D. People's perceptions are immune to their cultural background. E. Perceptions refer to the desire to achieve or to accomplish something.
C
32. Oliver's performance at work was declining as he had to meet unrealistic targets daily. Though he was able to meet the targets, the quality of his work was not very good. His supervisor assumed that this was due to his lack of concentration and laziness. This scenario is an instance of a ________. A. stereotype B. halo effect C. fundamental attribution error D. projection E. self-serving bias
C
39. ________ involves the assignment of personal attributes to other individuals. A. Fundamental attribution error B. Self-serving bias C. Projection D. Halo effect E. Stereotype
C
46. Which of the following is true of a conscientious person? A. A conscientious person focuses on new ideas and imaginations. B. A conscientious person is more withdrawn and reserved. C. A conscientious person focuses on what can be accomplished and meets commitments. D. A conscientious person has few interests and is resistant to change. E. A conscientious person often engages in multi-tasking.
C
47. Which of the following examples displays the personality trait of emotional stability? A. A manager encouraging unique suggestions from employees for the promotion of a product B. A supervisor being careful about making merger decisions C. A manager staying calm and confident when his team fails to meet quarterly targets D. A proprietor implementing changes in his organization E. A team lead exhibiting good communication skills with his subordinates
C
59. Fred works for a financial consulting firm. He is generally manipulative and not concerned about the interests and values of his coworkers. He does not care about emotions and feelings and lacks basic social skills. This implies that Fred has: A. high self-monitoring skills. B. low authoritarianism. C. a "high-Mach" personality. D. high extraversion. E. an internal locus of control.
C
70. The ________ component of an attitude reflects a specific feeling. A. cognitive B. intentional C. affective D. opinion E. behavioral
C
87. Rational commitments are primarily based on ________. A. values B. interests of other employees C. self-interests D. effective employee relationships E. personal wellness
C
92. Elaine works for a magazine publisher. She worked hard and did intensive research to write an article. When her boss criticized her article, she felt very upset at him for some time. This feeling experienced by Elaine is an example of a(n) ________. A. mood B. attitude C. emotion D. behavior E. projection
C
97. Which of the following is true of eustress? A. It impairs the performance of an individual. B. It occurs when intense stress breaks down a person's mental system. C. It encourages diligence in one's work. D. It acts in a negative way to increase effort and stimulate creativity. E. It helps increase the personal wellness of an employee.
C
42. The degree to which someone is outgoing, sociable, and assertive is referred to as ________. A. agreeableness B. perceptiveness C. cognitive dissonance D. extraversion E. conscientiousness
D
53. Which of the following is true of locus of control? A. It is the degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts status differences. B. People with an internal locus of control are more prone to blame others for what happens to them. C. Individuals with an external locus of control are more self-confident and accept responsibility for their own actions. D. People with an internal locus of control tend to be more satisfied and less alienated from their work. E. It describes the extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative.
D
57. Which of the following refers to Machiavellianism? A. The degree to which someone is able to adjust behavior in response to external factors B. The degree to which a person tends to defer to authority C. The degree to which someone is curious, open to new ideas, and imaginative D. The extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative E. The degree to which someone is relaxed, secure, and unworried
D
60. A person with a "low-Mach" personality: A. often acts with the assumption that the end justifies the means. B. is viewed as exploitative and unconcerned about others. C. is emotionally detached and manipulative. D. is deferential in allowing others to exert power over him or her. E. is not interested in others' emotions and values.
D
62. Which of the following is true of self-monitoring? A. A person high in self-monitoring is not comfortable with feedback. B. A person high in self-monitoring is predictable. C. A person high in self-monitoring tends to act consistently regardless of circumstances. D. A person high in self-monitoring tends to be a good learner. E. Low self-monitors are flexible in changing behavior from one situation to the next.
D
66. Nick is a general manager in an organization. He always works toward achieving all his goals and believes in perfection. He engages in many tasks at once and tends to hurry the speech of others. Which of the following individual personality variations does Nick possess? A. Authoritarianism B. Machiavellianism C. Self-monitoring D. Type A orientation E. Locus of control
D
76. Lily feels that her job is challenging as she has many important responsibilities. She believes that she has been growing along with her organization, and that she has been able to learn many new skills. She is happy that she receives fair pay and promotions on time. Which of the following is Lily experiencing? A. Organizational citizenship B. Mood contagion C. Halo effect D. Job satisfaction E. Machiavellianism
D
80. An employee's strong positive feeling about one's job and the organization is referred to as ________. A. mood contagion B. emotional intelligence C. cognitive dissonance D. employee engagement E. Machiavellianism
D
36. Reese was given a promotion as she met all quality and productivity standards. However, she did not exhibit effective interpersonal skills in her new job role. She was promoted due to her performance skills without taking her people skills into consideration. Which of the following perceptual tendencies is displayed here? A. Anchoring effect B. Selective perception C. Projection D. Fundamental attribution error E. Halo effect
E
18. A person with a "low-Mach" personality is viewed as exploitative and unconcerned about others, often acting with the assumption that the end justifies the means.
False
19. A high self-monitor is predictable and tends to act consistently regardless of circumstances.
False
22. The affective component reflects an intention to behave in a manner consistent with the belief and feeling.
False
24. Employee engagement refers to the willingness to "go beyond the call of duty" or "go the extra mile" in one's work.
False
25. Moods tend to be short term and clearly targeted.
False
3. Fundamental attribution error neglects possible internal explanations for the poor-quality work.
False
5. Self-serving bias explains personal failures by internal causes.
False
12. An open person is broad-minded, receptive to new things, and comfortable with change.
True
14. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assesses personalities based on a questionnaire that probes into how people act or feel in various situations.
True
17. Authoritarianism is the degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts status differences.
True
2. A healthy psychological contract offers a balance between individual contributions made to the organization and inducements received.
True